Electronic Supplementary Material D

S4. Data set for male resource-holding potential vs. male reproductive success. Effect size (r) and sample size (N) for relationship between male resource-holding potential (RHP) and male mating/reproductive success (RS) as well as the male RHP category and type of study (O = observation; E = experiment). Type Male RHP of Species Measure of male RHP category Measure of male RS N r study Reference Amphibian Rana catesbeiana snout-ischium length body size size of female mate 55 0.34 O Howard (1978b) Rana catesbeiana snout-ischium length body size no. females/male 58 0.26 O Howard (1978b) Rana catesbeiana snout-ischium length body size no. females/male 37 0.59 O Howard (1978b) Rana clamitans total time in territory signal observed egg masses 21 0.83 E Wells (1977) Rana clamitans total time in territory signal observed egg masses 25 0.69 E Wells (1977) Rana clamitans mean residence time signal observed egg masses 21 0.82 E Wells (1977) Rana clamitans mean residence time signal observed egg masses 25 0.71 E Wells (1977) Rana clamitans no. of sites occupied signal observed egg masses 21 0.18 E Wells (1977) Rana clamitans no. of sites occupied signal observed egg masses 25 0.04 E Wells (1977) Rana clamitans no. of residence periods signal observed egg masses 21 -0.40 E Wells (1977) Rana clamitans no. of residence periods signal observed egg masses 25 0.02 E Wells (1977) Rana clamitans snout-vent length body size observed egg masses 21 0.31 E Wells (1977) Rana clamitans snout-vent length body size observed egg masses 25 0.37 E Wells (1977) Uperoleia rugosa tibia length body size in amplexus 385 0.14 O Robertson (1986) Uperoleia rugosa weight body size in amplexus 385 0.13 O Robertson (1986) Bird Agelaius phoeniceus age age harem size 25 0.49 O Yasukawa (1981) Agelaius phoeniceus no. years breeding other harem size 54 0.71 O Yasukawa (1981) Agelaius phoeniceus wing length body size harem size 54 0.37 O Yasukawa (1981) Agelaius phoeniceus courting time per female signal harem size 54 0.49 O Yasukawa (1981) Agelaius phoeniceus incipient display rate signal harem size 54 0.13 O Yasukawa (1981) Agelaius phoeniceus low intensity display rate signal harem size 54 0.04 O Yasukawa (1981) Agelaius phoeniceus medium intensity display rate signal harem size 54 -0.08 O Yasukawa (1981)

1 Agelaius phoeniceus high intensity display rate signal harem size 54 -0.13 O Yasukawa (1981) Euplectes axillaris tail length signal female visits 80 0.04 O Pryke & Andersson (2003b) Euplectes axillaris tail length signal nesting decisions 80 0.10 O Pryke & Andersson (2003b) Euplectes axillaris tail length signal no. nesting females 21 1.00 E Pryke & Andersson (2003b) Euplectes macrourus tail length signal number of nests 34 0.09 E Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus weight body size number of nests 13 -0.09 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus tarsus length body size number of nests 13 -0.35 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus tail length signal number of nests 13 0.03 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus epaulette size signal number of nests 13 -0.40 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus weight body size number of nests 13 -0.07 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus tarsus length body size number of nests 13 0.52 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus epaulette size signal number of nests 13 0.21 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus singing signal number of nests 18 -0.11 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus hisstrilling signal number of nests 18 -0.32 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus wing/tail flicking signal number of nests 18 -0.11 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus crouch-flicking signal number of nests 18 -0.31 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus flight display signal number of nests 18 0.22 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus singing signal number of nests 24 -0.34 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus hisstrilling signal number of nests 24 -0.30 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus wing/tail flicking signal number of nests 24 0.41 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus crouch-flicking signal number of nests 24 -0.10 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes macrourus flight display signal number of nests 24 0.20 O Savalli (1994b) Euplectes orix number of nests built signal number of nests accepted 24 0.89 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix number of nests built signal number of nests accepted 36 0.88 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix number of nests built signal number of nests accepted 31 0.72 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix number of nests built signal number of nests accepted 33 0.89 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix wing length body size number of nests accepted 24 0.44 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix wing length body size number of nests accepted 36 0.31 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix wing length body size number of nests accepted 31 0.12 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix wing length body size number of nests accepted 33 -0.18 O Friedl & Klump (1999)

2 Euplectes orix tarsus length body size number of nests accepted 24 0.10 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix tarsus length body size number of nests accepted 36 0.06 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix tarsus length body size number of nests accepted 31 0.43 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix tarsus length body size number of nests accepted 33 0.28 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix culmen length body size number of nests accepted 24 -0.26 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix culmen length body size number of nests accepted 36 0.22 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix culmen length body size number of nests accepted 31 0.01 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix culmen length body size number of nests accepted 33 0.30 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix body weight body size number of nests accepted 24 0.11 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix body weight body size number of nests accepted 36 0.30 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix body weight body size number of nests accepted 31 0.28 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix body weight body size number of nests accepted 33 0.39 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix number of nests built signal number of eggs laid 24 0.89 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix number of nests built signal number of eggs laid 36 0.90 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix number of nests built signal number of eggs laid 31 0.72 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix number of nests built signal number of eggs laid 33 0.88 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix wing length body size number of eggs laid 24 0.47 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix wing length body size number of eggs laid 36 0.31 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix wing length body size number of eggs laid 31 0.10 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix wing length body size number of eggs laid 33 -0.18 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix tarsus length body size number of eggs laid 24 0.10 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix tarsus length body size number of eggs laid 36 0.03 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix tarsus length body size number of eggs laid 31 0.45 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix tarsus length body size number of eggs laid 33 0.24 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix culmen length body size number of eggs laid 24 -0.39 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix culmen length body size number of eggs laid 36 0.14 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix culmen length body size number of eggs laid 31 0.00 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix culmen length body size number of eggs laid 33 0.30 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix body weight body size number of eggs laid 24 0.12 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix body weight body size number of eggs laid 36 0.31 O Friedl & Klump (1999)

3 Euplectes orix body weight body size number of eggs laid 31 0.28 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix body weight body size number of eggs laid 33 0.36 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix number of nests built signal number of hatchlings 24 0.86 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix number of nests built signal number of hatchlings 36 0.81 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix number of nests built signal number of hatchlings 31 0.76 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix number of nests built signal number of hatchlings 33 0.75 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix wing length body size number of hatchlings 24 0.32 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix wing length body size number of hatchlings 36 0.30 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix wing length body size number of hatchlings 31 0.25 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix wing length body size number of hatchlings 33 -0.16 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix tarsus length body size number of hatchlings 24 0.12 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix tarsus length body size number of hatchlings 36 0.01 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix tarsus length body size number of hatchlings 31 0.05 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix tarsus length body size number of hatchlings 33 0.21 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix culmen length body size number of hatchlings 24 -0.55 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix culmen length body size number of hatchlings 36 0.26 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix culmen length body size number of hatchlings 31 -0.16 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix culmen length body size number of hatchlings 33 0.36 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix body weight body size number of hatchlings 24 0.05 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix body weight body size number of hatchlings 36 0.31 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix body weight body size number of hatchlings 31 -0.13 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix body weight body size number of hatchlings 33 0.35 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix number of nests built signal no. of 10-day-old nestlings 24 0.49 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix number of nests built signal no. of 10-day-old nestlings 36 0.83 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix number of nests built signal no. of 10-day-old nestlings 31 0.50 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix number of nests built signal no. of 10-day-old nestlings 33 0.65 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix wing length body size no. of 10-day-old nestlings 24 0.23 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix wing length body size no. of 10-day-old nestlings 36 0.24 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix wing length body size no. of 10-day-old nestlings 31 0.23 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix wing length body size no. of 10-day-old nestlings 33 -0.19 O Friedl & Klump (1999)

4 Euplectes orix tarsus length body size no. of 10-day-old nestlings 24 0.00 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix tarsus length body size no. of 10-day-old nestlings 36 0.00 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix tarsus length body size no. of 10-day-old nestlings 31 -0.15 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix tarsus length body size no. of 10-day-old nestlings 33 0.12 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix culmen length body size no. of 10-day-old nestlings 24 -0.26 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix culmen length body size no. of 10-day-old nestlings 36 0.25 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix culmen length body size no. of 10-day-old nestlings 31 0.02 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix culmen length body size no. of 10-day-old nestlings 33 0.08 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix body weight body size no. of 10-day-old nestlings 24 0.14 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix body weight body size no. of 10-day-old nestlings 36 0.31 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix body weight body size no. of 10-day-old nestlings 31 0.00 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Euplectes orix body weight body size no. of 10-day-old nestlings 33 0.05 O Friedl & Klump (1999) Ficedula hypoleuca plumage darkness (%) signal female settlement 37 -0.05 O Alatalo et al. (1986) Ficedula hypoleuca tarsus length body size female settlement 35 -0.07 O Alatalo et al. (1986) Ficedula hypoleuca wing length body size female settlement 35 0.10 O Alatalo et al. (1986) Ficedula hypoleuca weight body size female settlement 35 -0.04 O Alatalo et al. (1986) Ficedula hypoleuca age age female settlement 32 0.06 O Alatalo et al. (1986) Ficedula hypoleuca mean song phrase length signal female settlement 36 -0.08 O Alatalo et al. (1986) Ficedula hypoleuca total song repertoire size signal female settlement 36 -0.01 O Alatalo et al. (1986) Ficedula hypoleuca time of arrival signal female settlement 37 0.16 E Alatalo et al. (1986) Ficedula hypoleuca time of arrival signal female settlement 226 0.40 O Alatalo et al. (1986) Ficedula hypoleuca song length signal pairing status 50 0.26 O Lampe & Espmark (2003) Ficedula hypoleuca repertoire size signal pairing status 50 0.28 O Lampe & Espmark (2003) Ficedula hypoleuca song versatility signal pairing status 50 0.32 O Lampe & Espmark (2003) Ficedula hypoleuca stroph versatility signal pairing status 50 0.18 O Lampe & Espmark (2003) Ficedula hypoleuca arrival order other pairing status 49 0.05 O Lampe & Espmark (2003) Ficedula hypoleuca colour signal pairing status 50 0.22 O Lampe & Espmark (2003) Ficedula hypoleuca white patch signal pairing status 41 0.40 O Lampe & Espmark (2003) Ficedula hypoleuca body weight body size pairing status 46 0.29 O Lampe & Espmark (2003) Ficedula hypoleuca wing length body size pairing status 48 0.26 O Lampe & Espmark (2003)

5 Ficedula hypoleuca tarsus length body size pairing status 41 0.21 O Lampe & Espmark (2003) Ficedula hypoleuca body condition condition pairing status 40 0.36 O Lampe & Espmark (2003) Passerina caerulea plumage intensity signal female preference 11 0.25 E Ballentine & Hill (2003) Phasianus colchicus spur length (small vs. large) signal no. offspring sired 21 0.08 E Grahn et al. (1993) Phasianus colchicus spur length (small vs. large) signal no. offspring hatched 23 0.06 E Grahn et al. (1993) Phasianus colchicus age age harem size 23 0.25 O Göransson et al. (1990) Phasianus colchicus weight signal harem size 23 0.38 O Göransson et al. (1990) Phasianus colchicus spur length weapon harem size 23 0.51 O Göransson et al. (1990) Phasianus colchicus tarsus length body size harem size 23 0.43 O Göransson et al. (1990) Phasianus colchicus tail length body size harem size 23 0.25 O Göransson et al. (1990) Phasianus colchicus bill length body size harem size 23 0.12 O Göransson et al. (1990) Phasianus colchicus wing length body size harem size 23 0.60 O Göransson et al. (1990) Phasianus colchicus dominance rank signal harem size 23 0.37 O Göransson et al. (1990) Phasianus colchicus spur length weapon no. hatched chicks 47 0.22 O von Schantz et al. (1994) Phasianus colchicus spur length weapon females per day 101 0.30 O von Schantz et al. (1994) Phasianus colchicus spur length weapon females per day 35 0.35 O von Schantz et al. (1994) Phasianus colchicus spur length weapon surviving chicks 54 0.22 O von Schantz et al. (1994) Phylloscopus fuscatus age age harem size 86 0.24 O Forstmeier (2002) Phylloscopus fuscatus wing length signal no. offspring sired 14 0.02 O Forstmeier (2002) Phylloscopus fuscatus tail length (moulted) signal no. offspring sired 14 -0.28 O Forstmeier (2002) Phylloscopus fuscatus PC body size body size no. offspring sired 14 0.45 O Forstmeier (2002) Phylloscopus fuscatus lean body mass body size no. offspring sired 14 0.36 O Forstmeier (2002) Phylloscopus fuscatus body condition condition no. offspring sired 14 -0.04 O Forstmeier (2002) Phylloscopus fuscatus age age no. offspring sired 14 0.00 O Forstmeier (2002) Phylloscopus fuscatus arrival date other no. offspring sired 13 0.16 O Forstmeier (2002) Promerops cafer tail length signal female fecundity 8 -0.62 O Calf et al. (2003) Promerops cafer tail length signal fledging success 8 -0.59 O Calf et al. (2003) Promerops cafer tail length signal female fecundity 9 0.00 O Calf et al. (2003) Promerops cafer tail length signal fledging success 9 -0.24 O Calf et al. (2003) Promerops cafer width of 6th primary feather signal female fecundity 7 -0.28 O Calf et al. (2003)

6 Promerops cafer width of 6th primary feather signal fledging success 7 -0.34 O Calf et al. (2003) Promerops cafer width of 6th primary feather signal female fecundity 7 0.38 O Calf et al. (2003) Promerops cafer width of 6th primary feather signal fledging success 7 -0.12 O Calf et al. (2003) Troglodytes troglodytes body weight body size breeding attempts 21 0.19 O Evans & Burn (1996) Troglodytes troglodytes wing length body size breeding attempts 24 0.16 O Evans & Burn (1996) Troglodytes troglodytes tail length body size breeding attempts 25 0.60 O Evans & Burn (1996) Troglodytes troglodytes number of nests built signal breeding attempts 25 0.72 O Evans & Burn (1996) Troglodytes troglodytes number of nests built signal breeding attempts 27 0.82 E Evans & Burn (1996) Troglodytes troglodytes tail length body size breeding attempts 19 0.04 E Evans & Burn (1996) Ficedula hypoleuca arrival date other mating frequency 31 -0.68 E Dale & Slagsvold (1990) Ficedula hypoleuca plumage colour signal mating frequency 31 -0.14 E Dale & Slagsvold (1990) Ficedula hypoleuca wing length body size mating frequency 31 0.13 E Dale & Slagsvold (1990) Ficedula hypoleuca body weight body size mating frequency 31 0.17 E Dale & Slagsvold (1990) Ficedula hypoleuca tarsus length body size mating frequency 31 0.09 E Dale & Slagsvold (1990) Ficedula hypoleuca song phrase length signal mating frequency 29 0.05 E Dale & Slagsvold (1990) Ficedula hypoleuca song phrase rate signal mating frequency 29 0.08 E Dale & Slagsvold (1990) Ficedula hypoleuca song census signal mating frequency 30 -0.09 E Dale & Slagsvold (1990) Ficedula hypoleuca arrival date other mating frequency 31 -0.33 E Dale & Slagsvold (1990) Ficedula hypoleuca plumage colour signal mating frequency 31 0.07 E Dale & Slagsvold (1990) Ficedula hypoleuca wing length body size mating frequency 31 0.05 E Dale & Slagsvold (1990) Ficedula hypoleuca body weight body size mating frequency 31 -0.09 E Dale & Slagsvold (1990) Ficedula hypoleuca tarsus length body size mating frequency 31 -0.05 E Dale & Slagsvold (1990) Ficedula hypoleuca song phrase length signal mating frequency 30 0.22 E Dale & Slagsvold (1990) Ficedula hypoleuca song phrase rate signal mating frequency 30 -0.42 E Dale & Slagsvold (1990) Ficedula hypoleuca song census signal mating frequency 31 -0.04 E Dale & Slagsvold (1990) Acrocephalus arundinaceus age age harem size 13 0.53 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus age age harem size 24 0.40 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus age age harem size 29 0.28 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus age age harem size 18 0.51 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus age age harem size 23 0.47 O Hasselquist (1998)

7 Acrocephalus arundinaceus tarsus length body size harem size 10 0.51 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus tarsus length body size harem size 21 -0.08 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus tarsus length body size harem size 29 0.26 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus tarsus length body size harem size 18 -0.13 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus tarsus length body size harem size 23 0.09 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus wing length body size harem size 13 0.34 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus wing length body size harem size 21 0.62 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus wing length body size harem size 29 0.03 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus wing length body size harem size 15 0.69 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus wing length body size harem size 22 0.30 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal harem size 13 0.32 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal harem size 24 0.09 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal harem size 29 0.33 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal harem size 18 0.61 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal harem size 23 0.45 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus arrival date other harem size 13 0.22 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus arrival date other harem size 24 0.48 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus arrival date other harem size 29 0.61 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus arrival date other harem size 18 0.52 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus arrival date other harem size 23 0.35 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus age age number of fledglings 13 0.20 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus age age number of fledglings 24 0.33 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus age age number of fledglings 29 0.47 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus age age number of fledglings 18 0.49 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus age age number of fledglings 23 0.17 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus tarsus length body size number of fledglings 10 -0.07 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus tarsus length body size number of fledglings 21 -0.05 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus tarsus length body size number of fledglings 29 0.25 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus tarsus length body size number of fledglings 18 0.05 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus tarsus length body size number of fledglings 23 0.22 O Hasselquist (1998)

8 Acrocephalus arundinaceus wing length body size number of fledglings 13 -0.14 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus wing length body size number of fledglings 21 0.60 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus wing length body size number of fledglings 29 0.40 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus wing length body size number of fledglings 15 0.55 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus wing length body size number of fledglings 22 -0.06 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal number of fledglings 13 0.62 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal number of fledglings 24 -0.02 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal number of fledglings 29 0.52 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal number of fledglings 18 0.52 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal number of fledglings 23 0.05 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus arrival date other number of fledglings 13 0.29 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus arrival date other number of fledglings 24 0.54 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus arrival date other number of fledglings 29 0.52 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus arrival date other number of fledglings 18 0.64 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus arrival date other number of fledglings 23 0.27 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus age age no. offspring recruits 13 -0.39 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus age age no. offspring recruits 24 0.21 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus age age no. offspring recruits 29 0.29 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus age age no. offspring recruits 18 0.31 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus age age no. offspring recruits 23 0.27 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus tarsus length body size no. offspring recruits 10 0.03 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus tarsus length body size no. offspring recruits 24 0.17 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus tarsus length body size no. offspring recruits 29 0.22 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus tarsus length body size no. offspring recruits 18 -0.07 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus tarsus length body size no. offspring recruits 23 0.02 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus wing length body size no. offspring recruits 13 -0.01 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus wing length body size no. offspring recruits 21 0.37 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus wing length body size no. offspring recruits 29 0.16 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus wing length body size no. offspring recruits 15 0.34 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus wing length body size no. offspring recruits 22 0.12 O Hasselquist (1998)

9 Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal no. offspring recruits 13 0.52 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal no. offspring recruits 24 0.18 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal no. offspring recruits 29 0.27 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal no. offspring recruits 18 0.62 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal no. offspring recruits 23 0.27 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus arrival date other no. offspring recruits 13 0.02 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus arrival date other no. offspring recruits 24 0.53 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus arrival date other no. offspring recruits 29 0.12 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus arrival date other no. offspring recruits 18 0.37 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus arrival date other no. offspring recruits 23 0.29 O Hasselquist (1998) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal harem size 52 0.42 O Forstmeier & Leisler (2004) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal harem size 62 0.04 O Forstmeier & Leisler (2004) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal clutch size 39 0.30 O Forstmeier & Leisler (2004) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal clutch size 47 -0.21 O Forstmeier & Leisler (2004) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal postfledgling survival 35 0.10 O Forstmeier & Leisler (2004) Acrocephalus arundinaceus song repertoire size signal postfledgling survival 44 -0.11 O Forstmeier & Leisler (2004) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus body weight body size female density 39 0.32 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus bill length body size female density 39 0.02 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus wing length body size female density 39 -0.20 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus tarsus length body size female density 39 0.02 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus head coloration signal female density 39 0.01 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus body weight body size harem size 39 0.38 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus bill length body size harem size 39 0.01 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus wing length body size harem size 39 -0.21 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus tarsus length body size harem size 39 0.01 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus head coloration signal harem size 39 0.02 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus body weight body size young/nest 39 0.02 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus bill length body size young/nest 39 0.30 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus wing length body size young/nest 39 0.02 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus tarsus length body size young/nest 39 0.03 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987)

10 Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus head coloration signal young/nest 39 0.03 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus body weight body size young/successful nest 39 0.02 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus bill length body size young/successful nest 39 0.31 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus wing length body size young/successful nest 39 0.02 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus tarsus length body size young/successful nest 39 0.05 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus head coloration signal young/successful nest 39 0.00 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus body weight body size % nests successful 39 0.02 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus bill length body size % nests successful 39 0.30 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus wing length body size % nests successful 39 0.03 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus tarsus length body size % nests successful 39 0.05 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus head coloration signal % nests successful 39 0.00 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus body weight body size nestling feedings 39 0.01 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus bill length body size nestling feedings 39 0.25 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus wing length body size nestling feedings 39 -0.02 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus tarsus length body size nestling feedings 39 0.05 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus head coloration signal nestling feedings 39 -0.01 O Lightbody & Weatherhead (1987) Ficedula hypoleuca dominance rank signal female choice 17 0.33 O Dale et al. (1992) Acrocephalus arundinaceus repertoire size signal harem size 3 0.49 O Catchpole (1986) Acrocephalus arundinaceus repertoire size signal polygynous vs. monogamous 30 0.39 O Catchpole (1986) Acrocephalus arundinaceus repertoire size signal mated vs. non-mated 17 0.65 O Catchpole (1986) Acrocephalus arundinaceus repertoire size signal no. eggs 37 0.56 O Catchpole (1986) Acrocephalus arundinaceus repertoire size signal no. of young 37 0.28 O Catchpole (1986) Acrocephalus arundinaceus repertoire size signal no. of young 32 0.53 O Catchpole (1986) Acrocephalus arundinaceus repertoire size signal no. of young 25 0.50 O Catchpole (1986) Crustaceans Hommarus gammarus body length body size copulations 6 -0.13 E Debuse et al.(2003) Hommarus gammarus fluctuating asymmetry signal courtship 22 0.25 E Debuse et al. (2003) Paracerceis sculpta morphotype body size harem size 276 0.10 O Shuster (1987) Paracerceis sculpta morphotype body size mating success 535 0.03 O Shuster & Wade (1991) Fish

11 Bothus poda inter-orbital distance body size no. female residents 9 0.84 O Carvalho et al. (2003) Malacanthus plumieri standard length body size harem size 39 -0.18 O Baird (1988) Ophioblennius atlanticus total length body size no. egg batches 44 0.60 O Côte & Hunte (1989) Ophioblennius atlanticus total length body size hatching success 44 0.58 O Côte & Hunte (1989) Pseudolabrus celidotus standard length body size spawing rate 10 0.22 O Jones (1981) Pseudolabrus celidotus standard length body size spawing rate 10 0.21 O Jones (1981) Pseudolabrus celidotus body weight body size spawing rate 10 0.08 O Jones (1981) Pseudolabrus celidotus age age spawing rate 10 0.06 O Jones (1981) Pseudolabrus celidotus coloration signal spawing rate 10 -0.55 O Jones (1981) Pseudolabrus celidotus coloration signal spawing rate 10 -0.71 O Jones (1981) Pseudolabrus celidotus courtship time signal spawing rate 59 0.68 O Jones (1981) Pomatoschistus minutus total length body size number eggs in nest 24 0.75 E Lindström (2001) Pomatoschistus minutus total length body size number eggs in nest 24 0.23 E Lindström (2001) Pomatoschistus minutus total length body size no. of matings 36 0.38 E Lindström & Seppä (1996) Ophioblennius atlanticus age age no. eggs 25 0.65 O Côte & Hunte (1993) Ophioblennius atlanticus body length body size no. eggs 25 0.43 O Côte & Hunte (1993) Parablennius tentacularis total length body size no. eggs 23 0.30 O Giacomello & Rasotto (2005) Parablennius tentacularis glandular volume other no. eggs 18 0.25 O Giacomello & Rasotto (2005) Parablennius tentacularis spot area other no. eggs 13 0.09 O Giacomello & Rasotto (2005) Parablennius sanguinolentus body length body size No. female spawnings 14 0.68 O Oliveira et al. (2000) parvicornis Insects Hemideina crassidens head length weapon harem size 108 0.39 O Kelly (2005) Hemideina crassidens head length weapon harem size 16 0.26 E Kelly (2006b) Hemideina maori head length weapon harem size 28 0.30 O Jamieson (2002) Hemideina maori head length weapon harem size 29 0.49 O Jamieson (2002) Hemideina maori head length weapon harem size 40 0.49 O Jamieson (2002) Hemideina maori hean width weapon harem size 211 0.33 O Leisnham & Jamieson (2004) Anthidium manicatum head width weapon copulatory frequency 168 0.28 O Severinghaus et al. (1981) Anthidium manicatum head width weapon female visits 19 0.37 O Severinghaus et al. (1981)

12 Anthidium palliventre wing length body size mating frequency 26 0.40 O Villalobos & Shelly (1991) Anthidium palliventre wing length body size successful copulations 26 0.09 O Villalobos & Shelly (1991) Anthidium porterae wing length body size mating frequency 16 0.45 O Villalobos & Shelly (1991) Anthidium porterae wing length body size successful copulations 16 0.52 O Villalobos & Shelly (1991) Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis wing pigmentation condition copulations 8 0.90 O Cordoba-Aguilar (2002) Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis wing pigmentation condition copulations 8 0.93 E Cordoba-Aguilar (2002) Coenonympha pamphilus wing length body size mating frequency 11 -0.71 O Wickman (1985) Dendrobias mandibularis major vs minor body size copulation duration 37 0.21 O Goldsmith (1987) Dryomyza anilis wing length body size contest for females 145 0.90 O Otronen (1984a) Hemideina maori head width weapon harem size 41 0.37 O Gwynne & Jamieson (1998) Hemideina maori head width weapon harem size 16 0.45 O Gwynne & Jamieson (1998) Hemideina maori head width weapon harem size 19 0.22 O Gwynne & Jamieson (1998) Hoplothrips pedicularis dominance signal no. copulations 270 0.21 O Crespi (1986) Ips pini body length body size harem size 70 0.40 O Robertson (1998) Ips pini body length body size no. eggs in gallery 70 0.28 O Robertson (1998) Ips pini body length body size no. eggs laid/female 70 0.30 O Robertson (1998) Leistotrophus versicolor head width weapon number of mates 67 0.26 E Forsyth & Alcock (1990) Monochamus scutellatus length body size pair-bond duration 10 0.78 E Hughes (1985) Monochamus scutellatus length body size copulations 10 1.00 E Hughes (1985) Monochamus scutellatus length body size rate of copulation 10 0.62 E Hughes (1985) Monochamus scutellatus length body size no. ovipositions 10 0.74 E Hughes (1985) Monochamus scutellatus length body size rate of oviposition 10 0.66 E Hughes (1985) Nannophya pygmaea forewing length body size lifetime mating success 15 0.52 O Tsubaki & Ono (1987) Neacoryphus bicrucis dry weight body size territory ownership 38 0.57 O McLain (1984) Neacoryphus bicrucis dry weight body size mated vs. non-mated 224 0.42 O McLain (1984) Neacoryphus bicrucis dry weight body size mated vs. non-mated 98 0.43 O McLain (1984) Neacoryphus bicrucis body length body size no. of matings 63 0.35 O McLain (1984) Neacoryphus bicrucis body length body size mating efficiency 63 0.27 O McLain (1984) Neacoryphus bicrucis body length body size number of mates 63 0.35 O McLain (1992) Neacoryphus bicrucis body length body size mating efficiency 63 0.27 O McLain (1992)

13 Notobitus meleagris body length body size harem size 34 0.53 O Miyatake (2002) Notobitus meleagris body length body size harem size 30 0.43 O Miyatake (1995) Plathemis lydia body length body size estimated mating success 502 0.13 O Koenig & Albano (1985) Plathemis lydia wing wear age estimated mating success 218 -0.17 O Koenig & Albano (1985) Promachus albifacies wing length body size males in copula vs. those not 75 0.05 O Hastings et al. (1994) Rhagoletis juglandis wing display signal probability of mating 76 0.29 O Alonso-Pimentel et al. (2000) Rhagoletis juglandis wing display signal probability of mating 41 0.60 E Alonso-Pimentel et al. (2000) Trachyderes mandibularis elytra length & length of body size copulation frequency 84 0.07 O Goldsmith & Alcock (1993) mandibles Zorion guttigerum elytra length body size mating status 109 0.16 O Wang (2002) Zorion guttigerum colour morph signal mating status 65 0.40 O Wang (2002) Zorion guttigerum antennal length body size mating status 107 -0.14 O Wang (2002) Megaloprepus coerulatus wing size body size mated vs. non-mated 33 0.28 O Fincke (1992) Megaloprepus coerulatus wing size body size mated vs. non-mated 206 0.11 O Fincke (1992) Megaloprepus coerulatus wing length body size no. matings 359 0.13 O Fincke & Hadrys (2001) Phytalmia mouldsi wing length body size pairing success 52 0.28 O Wilkinson & Dodson (1997) Phytalmia alcicornis wing length body size pairing success 58 0.33 O Wilkinson & Dodson (1997) Ligurotettix coquilletti active signallers signal mating success 18 0.90 O Greenfield & Shelly (1985) Mammals Cervus elaphus sedentary vs. wandering other harem size 99 0.43 O Carranza (1995) Kobus vardoni neckpatch intensity signal female presence 17 0.77 O Balmford et al. (1992) Kobus vardoni subjective assessment condition female presence 17 0.57 O Balmford et al. (1992) Saccopteryx bilineata territorial vs. peripheral signal mean no. offspring sired 32 0.77 O Heckel & von Helversen (2002)