Afolayan Moji 1, Bawa G.S., 2Sekoni A.A.3And Abeke F.O.3

EFFECT OF GRADED LEVELS OF LOCUST BEAN (Parkia biglobosa) PULP ON

THE EGG QUALITY PARAMETERS OF LAYING HENS

Afolayan Moji 1, Bawa G.S., 2Sekoni A.A.3and Abeke F.O.3

1Samaru College of Agriculture, Division of Agricultural Colleges, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

2 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

3National Animal Production Research Institute , Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

Email:[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The yellow fruit pulp obtained from the African Locust bean tree is edible and non- toxic. This study was conducted to determine some minerals and vitamins contained in the locust bean pulp and possible effects of this feed ingredients on the egg quality parameters of laying hen. Results obtained from the mineral and vitamin analysis in this study revealed that the Calcium (Ca) content in the locust bean pulp was 221.77mg/l while phosphorus was 31.40mg/l,Beta carotenoid (Vitamin A) content in locust bean pulp was 10.46mg/l while that of Vitamin C was 5.42mg/l. 43 weeks old Zartech Brown hens to evaluate the effects of graded levels of locust bean pulp (LBP) on the egg quality parameters. 270 birds were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments of 54 birds and three replicate of 18 birds each in a completely randomized design. The test ingredient was included at 0%, 7.5%, 15%, 22.5% and 30% for treatment 1,2,3,4 and 5 respectively. Two freshly laid eggs were randomly selected per replicate for the egg quality assessment. Parameters such as egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, yolk colour, albumen height and diameters were measured. The result showed a significant (P<0.05) increased in the egg weight and yolk colour as the level of LBP increased in the diets of the hens. It was therefore concluded that the egg weight and yolk colour can be improved by the inclusion of locust bean pulp in the diet of laying hens

Key words: Locust bean pulp, egg quality parameters, laying hen

1 INTRODUCTION

The locust bean belongs to the family of Leguminoceae, sub- family Mimosoideae and genus Parkia. The locust bean tree was discovered by Mungo Park - an African explorer in the mid- 1800’s, hence the name “Parkia” originated from Mungo Park’s name (Sina and Traore 2002; NRC 2006; Sacande and Clethero, 2007; Orwa et al., 2009). The fruit is a slightly curved indehiscent pod of 30-40 cm long and 2-3 cm wide. They are leathery, hang in clusters by the club-shaped fruit base, and are dry and brown in colour when ripe. Each pod contains up to 20 seeds, which are embedded in a sweet, yellow, floury pulp ( Salim, et al., 2002; Sacande and Clethero, 2007; Olorunmaiye, et al., 2011). Flowering occurs during the second half of the dry season, usually before the leaves flush. This is usually from December to May in West Africa, The fruits ripen over the rainy season, approximately 3 months after flowering. The locust bean pulp is edible and non- toxic, it is eaten raw or used in making local drinks and as sweeteners. It is very reach in vitamin C, with the value of 200mg/100g ( Muller, 1988;Owoyele et al., 1989; Akoma et al., 2001).The yellow colour indicates the presence of phyto- nutrients possibly carotenoids which are important precursors of retinol (vitamin A) (Gernah et al., 2005). Vitamin A improves the laying performance and immune function of laying hens under heat stress conditions (Lin et al., 2002). Locust bean-pulp has high value of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) which has beneficial effects on birds during stressful conditions, it also increase egg production and egg weight in cold-stressed hens (Muller 1988; Gernah et al., 2005). The estimated concentration of calcium in locust bean pulp was 11650mg/kg (Bello et al., 2008). The yellow fruit pulp obtained from the African Locust bean tree is called “Dorowa” in Hausa, “Igba” in Yoruba. It is a potential source of energy because it is very high in carbohydrate. There are a lot of findings from the literatures indicating the significant usage of the pulp. Therefore, if it is incorporated into the laying birds feed it may be a potential source of calcium which is very essential in the formation of egg-shell and bone. Also the yellow color may aid the egg- yolk coloration. The physical appearance of an egg is critical to consumer acceptance, consumer confidence diminished if the product fail to meet perceived expectations, yolk colour is an important factor for marketing eggs in some countries, because many consumers prefer a golden to pale yellow yolk which gives the yolk an appetizing look, therefore egg yolk pigmentation is a practical subject for the egg production industry the colour of the yolk varies from yellow to deep orange. (Aduku and olukosi 2000; Dafwang 2006; Hosseini et al., 2007; Buba et al., 2012). However, “hen cannot synthesized yolk pigments, therefore egg yolk colour closely depends on the fat soluble pigments in the diets fed. Poultry absorb xanthophylls from their feed and deposit them in the yolk, therefore as the pigment content of the feed increased, the pigment content of the yolks also increased the amount of xanthophylls in the diet is one major determinant of yolk colour ( Donald , 2010). The quality of egg shell is of primary concern to the poultry industry because; the successful development of a chicken embryo is dependent upon a robust egg shell for mechanical protection from infection, water loss and as a source of calcium for the embryonic skeleton. Also good shell quality such as can withstand rough handling to some extent is essential for the commercial production and marketing of eggs” (Ken et al.,1992; Roberts et al., 1998; Pines, 2007). Egg volume and egg surface area can be used in research to predict chick weight, egg hatchability shell quality characteristics and egg interior parameters (Bawa, 2011) ..

2 Recently more effort has been directed towards harnessing and utilizing feedstuff of which there is less competition between man and animals. Some researchers had earlier reported that the locust bean pulp could be a good replacement for the scarce cereal grains as sources of energy in feed formulation, and it is readily available at the time when maize is expensive. Research had been done on the use of Locust Bean Pulp LBP on broilers, some backyard farmers also use it in feeding pigs. It has been reported that Locust Bean Pulp (LBP) can replaced some portion of maize in broiler diets (Kwari and Igwebuike, 2002; Bot, et al., 2012). However, reports on the inclusion of locust bean pulp in the diets of laying birds is rare, therefore, there is the need to evaluate the effect of locust bean pulp diets on the egg quality parameters.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental site The study was conducted at the Poultry Unit of the Animal Science Teaching and Research Farm, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru- Zaria .

Experimental birds and diets The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of graded dietary levels of locust bean pulp on the egg quality parameters of laying hens. 270 brown hens were randomly assigned into five treatments with three replicates per treatment in a completely randomized design, each replicate having 18 birds. Table 1 represent the gross composition of layer diets fed to the hens. Five experimental diets were formulated containing locust bean pulp at 0%,7.5%,15%,22.5% and 30%. Methodology Mineral and vitamin analysis Mineral (calcium, phosphorus,) was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry the method described by AOAC (1980). and vitamin ( Vitamin A and Vitamin C) content of the locust bean pulp was determined colorimetrically as described by Falade, et al.,(2003) using UV spectrophotometer in the Biochemical laboratory of National Research Institute for Chemical Technology, Zaria, Kaduna, Nigeria.

Two freshly laid eggs were randomly picked from each replicate; the egg weight was recorded after which the eggs were carefully broken into a flat white plate for the measurement of the egg quality parameters such as; egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, yolk colour, albumen height and diameter. The shell were washed with water to remove adhering albumen, the egg shell was then dried at room temperature and weighed. Eggs were weighed using an electronic top loading scale. Egg length and diameter were measured with vernier caliper and egg shape index were calculated as egg diameter divided by the length. Egg shell weight and thickness were measured using digital electronic scale and micrometer screw gauge respectively. Yolk index was calculated as yolk diameter divided by yolk height. The haugh unit which is the most significant measure of egg quality was calculated from the measured height of thick albumen and weight of egg using the formula outlined by Oluyemi and Roberts (2007)

Where; HU = Haugh unit H = observed height of the albumen in mm W = weight of egg in g

Egg Surface Area was calculated relating egg weight to its surface area using the equation proposed by Carter (1968)

SA = K x EW 2/3 Where SA = Surface Area K = constant with a value of 4.834 for egg weight > 60g

Egg shell Index was calculated according to Iposu et al. (1994) using the formula

I = (100 x SW) / SA Where I = Egg Shell Index SW = Shell weight (g) SA = Surface Area (cm2)

Egg specific gravity was calculated based on the weight of the egg and shell using the formula postulated by Poultry Adviser (1992).

ESG Where ESG = Egg specific gravity EW = Egg weight SW = Shell weight

Data Analysis

4 Data collected were subjected to the analysis of variance using SAS, (2004), General Linear Model procedure.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2 represents the concentration of selected minerals and vitamins in locust bean pulp (LBP). Results obtained in this study revealed that the Calcium (Ca) content in the locust bean pulp was 22177mg/100g while phosphorus was 31.40mg/l, however, Vitamin A content in locust bean pulp was 10.46mg/lit while that of Vitamin C was 5.42mg/lit which falls within the range of 0.61 – 4.03 mg/lit reported for some wild fruits by Eromosele, et al., (1991), however the value 215mg/100g (2.15mg/lit) reported by Musa, et al., (2005) was lower than values obtained in this study. Calcium content (221.77mg/lit) obtained in this study is an indication that locust bean pulp has high calcium content which may be of good advantage in improving the egg shell quality. Similarly, Musa, et al., (2005) had reported that locust bean pulp contained (400mg/100g) of calcium. Table 3 represents the effect of graded dietary levels of locust bean pulp on the egg quality parameters. There was a significance (P<0.05) differences in the egg weight, egg shape index, surface area, and Roche yolk fan colour (RYCF) across the dietary treatments. Effect of the locust bean pulp was significant (P<0.05) on egg weight, which was observed to increase as the level of the LBP increases in the diets. This is an indication that the locust bean pulp has a positive effect on the egg weight. The result tallies with the report by Onimisi, (2010) who fed graded levels of quality protein maize to laying hens; he reported a gradual increased in the egg weight as the level of quality protein maize increased in the diets. Similarly the values obtained for egg weight in this study is in line with those reported by Vantsawa, (2007) who fed graded level of maize offal to laying hens. However, reports of Abeke, (2005) contradict the results obtained in this study, the author reported a decreased in egg weight as the level of lablab increased in the in the diet of laying hens. Dietary treatments had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the shell thickness, shell index, shell percentage across the dietary treatments this is an indication that the LBP has no detrimental effect on the egg shell formation. This observation is in agreement with the reports of other researchers such as (Babangida and Ubosi, 2006; Oladunjoye et al., 2008; Bawa, 2011). The values obtained for %percent shell in this study is similar to those reported by Abeke, (2005), However, Bawa, (2011) reported a lower values of percent% shell for the Japanese quails. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in result obtained for egg shape index in this study. It may be that graded level of LBP has no effect on egg shape. which is contrary to the reports by Bawa,(2011) who indicated that there was no significant (P>0.05) difference in the egg shape index of Japanese quails fed graded levels of dietary proteins. No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed for Egg specific gravity, albumin index, yolk index and Haugh unit in this study. This observation agrees with the findings of Bawa, (2011) who reported that there was no significant (P>0.05) difference for all the egg quality parameter measured in Japanese quails fed graded levels of dietary proteins.

5 The test ingredient had a significant (P<0.05) effect on the egg surface area which was smaller at 0% inclusion level of LBP when compared to that of 30% diet, however, the value obtained at 7.5%, 15% and 22.5% were similar. This is an indication that correlation exist between the egg weight and the egg surface area and that locust bean pulp contained nutrients that enhance egg weight and consequently larger egg surface area. This is in agreement with the report of Lin, et al., (2004), whothe author indicated that egg weight is one of the criteria for assessment of nutritional status, if they are obtained from birds of the same age and nutritional status. This is an indication that 30% inclusion level LBP will outperformed the control diet if used in layer breeder diets, it is possible to obtain better chicks’ weight at hatch with 30% LBP in the breeders diet. This is in agreement with the findings of Bawa, (2011) who reported low chicks’ weight at hatch for the breeding quails fed on low protein diets. No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed for albumen index, yolk index and haugh Unit. However, There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in the Roche yolk colour fan score (RYCF score) as the level of locust bean pulp increased in the diets, the yolk colour at 0% was pale yellow in colour with the value of 1.27 when compared with bright yellow colour obtained at 30% inclusion level of LBP with the value of 5.5 on the RYCF score. This is an indication that locust bean pulp contained xanthophylls which aids in egg yolk coloration . This result agrees with the reports of Donald , (2010) who reported that the presence of xanthophylls in the diet determines the colour of the eg yolk.

CONCLUSION In conclusion the study indicate that graded dietary levels of locust bean pulp had a significant effect on some egg quality parameters especially the egg weight and yolk colour. Ttherefore, 30% inclusion level of the LBP in the diet of hens gives better result in terms of egg weight and yolk colour. Further studies to be carried out at higher inclusion level of LBP in layer diets and also in the breeder flock and to acertain the hatcherbility of eggs from the flock LBP

6 REFERENCES

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9 TABLES

Table 1 Gross Composition of Layer Diets Dietary Inclusion Levels (%) Ingredients 0 % 7.5% 15% 22.5% 30% Maize 45.00 37.5 30.00 22.50 15.00 GNC 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 11.00 Soya cake 15.40 15.30 15.30 15.30 15.30 LBP 0.00 7.50 15.00 22.50 30.00 Fishmeal 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Maize offal 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 Limestone 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 Bone meal 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 3.50 Common Salt 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 Methionine 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 Lysine 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 Premix ** 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 Total 100 100 100 100 100 Calculated Analysis ME kcals/kg 2727 2717 2700 2688 2675 Crude Protein %) 17.06 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 Crude Fibre (%) 3.80 4.47 5.15 5.82 6.50 Calcium (%) 4.07 4.11 4.15 4.20 4.24 Total- Phos.(%) 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.72 Meth. (%) 0.59 0.58 0.57 0.56 0.55 Lysine (%) 1.13 1.14 1.14 1.15 1.15 Cost/ kg (N) 51 48 45 42 38

** Biomix layer premix supplied the following per kg of diet: vit. A 8,000 I.U, vit D3 1,500 I.U, vit. E 7,000mg, vit. K 3 1,500mg,vit B1

2,000mg, vit B2 2,500mg, Niacin 15,000mg, pantothenic acid 5,500mg,vit. B6 2,000mg, vit B12 10mg, folic acid 500mg, Biotin H2 250, choline chloride 175,000mg, cobalt 200mg, copper 3,000mg, iodine 1,000mg, iron 21,000mg, manganese 40,000mg, selenium 200mg, zinc 31,000mg, Antioxidant 1250mg.

Table 2 Concentration of selected minerals and vitamins in locust bean pulp Calcium 221.77mg/l Phosphorus 31.4mg/l Vitamin A 10.46mg/l Vitamin C 5.42mg/l

10 Table 3 Effect of Graded Dietary Levels of Locust Bean Pulp on the Egg Quality Parameters

Dietary Inclusion Levels (%) Parameters 0 7.5 15 22.5 30 SEM LOS Egg Weight (g) 60.39b 61.22ab 62.28ab 62.11ab 64.67a 0.43 * Shell Thickness (mm) 29.50 29.33 29.78 30.28 29.56 0.27 NS Shell Index 14.61 14.97 14.56 15.32 14.62 0.16 NS Shell percentage (%) 10.68 10.89 10.53 11.09 10.47 0.12 NS Shape Index 1.28a 1.27ab 1.23b 1.26ab 1.24ab 0.06 * Egg specific gravity 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.15 1.14 0.05 NS Egg surface area 44.12ab 44.53ab 45.04ab 44.96ab 45.94a 0.21 * Albumin Index 0.13 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.04 NS Yolk index 0.49 0.50 0.50 0.49 0.51 0.05 NS Haugh Unit 96.89 101.32 103.12 102.91 101.40 1.05 NS RYCF 1.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.50 0.09 * abc Means within the same row with different letter superscripts are significantly different (P < 0.05) LOS = Level Of Significance NS= Not Significant *=Significant SEM = Standard Error of the Means RYCF = Roche Yolk Color Fan