Graph Paper of Yellowstone Caldera Chain with Lat and Long Listed

Name: Greg Engel Date:Wife Hour:All Yellowstone is a super volcano that has had super eruptions in the past and has a history of erupting roughly every 600,000- 700,000 years between eruptions. We have not had an eruption at Yellowstone in 640,000 years. Archeologists and genetists have noted that human beings

barely survived species extinction during the last super eruption on Earth. The next time we may not be so lucky. 74,000 years ago, Toba super volcano blew up on the Island of Sumatra. It cloaked the planet in sulphur, reducing the daily temperatures by 20 degrees, wiping out growing seasons for at least six years with snow cover nearly all year and causing mass starvation. The cooling effects of the ash in the atmosphere some models suggest could have lasted for almost 1,000 years. Geneticists say the disaster reduced the human population to as few as 1000 pairs, causing the present mitochondrial genetic similarity between individuals which is traced to the same time period. Yellowstone national park sits on top of a sleeping giant of a volcano. A volcano that has potential to change life in the world as we know it. South of Norris basin under Yellowstone Lake is a bulge in the earth about 28 miles across and 7 miles deep that has pushed the ground up 28.5 inches (72 cm) since 1923, according to research by the U.S. Geological Survey. This

1 summer already has shown signs that the caldera might be waking. Norris Geyser Basin, the hottest thermal area in Yellowstone in 2008, sprouted new mud pots. Ground temperature on the trail soared to 200 degrees Fahrenheit, too hot to touch. Pork chop Geyser, dormant since 1989, erupted on July 16. Park officials this last summer blocked access to half of the 2 miles of Norris Geyser trails. Scientists studying Yellowstone Lake found that the caldera has been rising and falling for at least 15,000 years, sometimes “breathing” more than 10 feet. Maybe with luck, we can see some volcanic activity on a larger scale at Yellowstone!

Key ideas- The greenhouse gas CO2 is denser than air, CO2 does not support fire. Hotspots are cyclical in nature and burn through weak spots in earth’s crust as they remain mostly stationary under the moving crust above.

Materials: Graph Paper of Yellowstone caldera chain with Lat and Long listed 400 ml beaker 10 grams crushed limestone (CACO3) 20 ml of vinegar 1 paper clip Procedure: Step 1- Cut the graph paper on the dotted lines and use the idea of geologic superposition to determine which side faces the table top (A or B). (Remember Latitude is side to side and Longitude is up and down!) Tape and use the provided paper clip to poke holes at the (black dots with the ages next to them) following locations:

Lat 44 N Long 110.85 W Lat 44.1N Long 110.65W

Lat 44.3N Long 110.45 W Lat 44.6N Long 110.25W

Lat 44.9N Long 110.05W Lat 45N Long 110W

Steps 2- Flip the box onto the top edge with the feet of the box pointed to the ceiling. Seal all edges to the bottom of the wooden four legged box with tape so that about half the tape is on the wooden surface and half is on the paper. Take the box to your instructor so

2 they can spray fire retardant on the both sides of the paper and uses the foam brush to spread it evenly over the surface.

Step 3- Put 10 grams of powered limestone (CACO3), into the 400 ml beaker, and then pour 20 ml of vinegar over the ground up limestone.

Step 4- Wait until the acid reacts and most of the bubbles produced pop. AVOID movements around the beaker. The gas is invisible until the next step. The tear out two matches and then throw the lit, burning matches to the bottom of the beaker. This should produce match head smoke that remains suspended in the denser CO2 gas.

Step 5- Pour ONLY the CO2 that powered limestone and acid reaction produced in the beaker out into the wooden box with the graph paper taped to the bottom. Cover the top of the box with clear saran wrap and secure using the four thumb tacks LIGHTLY pushed into the tops of the four wooden legs of the box.

Step 6- Light the tea candle, let burn 5 seconds. After 5 seconds, complete step 7.

Step 7- Hold the edge of the CO2 filled box and slide it at a rate of one second per square from the leg labeled “1” to “2”. When you hit a paper clip punched hole, pause for two seconds then continue on at one square per second.

Step 8- Count the number of “mantle plumes” burned through in the paper “Crust”.

Step 9- Clean up your materials and answer the following questions as a lab group. If the entire history of the planet Earth was only a day, here is how it scales out;

3 Answer the questions that follow as a lab table. Base your answers to question on the map and passage below. The map shows the outlines and ages of several calderas created as a result of volcanic activity over the last 16 million years as the North American Plate moved over the Yellowstone Hot Spot. A and B represent locations within the calderas.

The Yellowstone Hot Spot The Yellowstone Hot Spot has interacted with the North American Plate, causing widespread outpourings of basalt that buried about 200,000 square miles under layers of lava flows that are a half mile or more thick. Some of the basaltic magma produced by the hot spot accumulates near the base of the plate, where it melts the crust above. The melted crust, in turn, rises closer to the surface to form large reservoirs of potentially explosive rhyolite magma. Catastrophic eruptions have partly emptied some of these reservoirs, causing their roofs to collapse. The resulting craters, some of which are more than 30 miles across, are known as volcanic calderas.

1. Describe the texture and color of the basalt produced by the Yellowstone Hot Spot. Fine texture, black

2. Based on the age pattern of the calderas shown on the map, in which compass direction has the North American Plate moved during the last 16 million years? Southwest

3. Calculate, in miles per million years, the rate at which the North American has moved over the Yellowstone Hot Spot between point A and point B. 21miles per million years

4. This diagram provides evidence that the Pacific Crustal Plate was moving toward the A. south B. southwest C. east D. northwest

4 Base your answers to questions on the map below. The triangle represents Mt. Hekla, a volcano in Iceland. The isolines represent the thickness of ash, in centimeters, that settled on Earth’s surface after a volcanic eruption of Mt. Hekla on March 29, 1947. Point X is a location on the surface of the ash.

5. At the time of the eruption, the wind direction was primarily from the A. east B. north C. west D. south

6. How many centimeters thick was the ash beneath point X? A. 0 B. 20 C. 15 D. 25

7. In addition to the ash, solid rock formed on Mt. Hekla from the lava extruded during this eruption. This rock is most likely A. light-colored metamorphic B. fine-grained igneous C. dark-colored metamorphic D. coarse-grained igneous

The graph below shows atmospheric temperature variations on Earth between 1956 and 1993. The dates of three major volcanic eruptions are indicated.

8. What is the most probable reason that Earth’s atmospheric temperature decreased shortly after each major volcanic eruption?

A. Water droplets produced by the eruptions absorbed terrestrial reradiation.

B. Ozone produced by the eruptions absorbed ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

C. Volcanic dust from the eruptions blocked solar radiation.

D. Carbon dioxide gas from the eruptions blocked terrestrial reradiation.

5 The table below indicates the presence of various minerals in different rock samples.

9. Which statement is an accurate conclusion based on the information provided in the table?

A. Most rocks are monomineralic.

B. All rocks are Polymineralic.

C. Many rocks have a number of minerals in common.

D. Only igneous rocks contain quartz.

Letters A through D shown on the map below are locations on Earth’s surface.

10. Which location is closest to a major zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic activities? (1) A (3) C (2) B (4) D

Below is a list of some mineral resources and the number of years that supplies are estimated to last (supply time) if use continues at the current rate.

11. State one way humans could increase the estimated supply time for many of these resources. ___recycle______

______

6 When done with reading this lab and doing the questions, play this!- http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/supervolcano/flash/supervolcano.shtml See if you can keep people from dying in this simulation. What appears to be the best defense against massive number of casualties? http://www.mantleplumes.org/CRBEllipse.html

Approximate extent of ash deposits from Yellowstone's eruption 630,000 years ago.

http://www.cnn.com/interactive/nature/0003/volcano/frameset.exclude.html http://www.cnn.com/interactive/nature/0201/volcano/volcano.swf http://dan-ball.jp/en/javagame/dust/ Mom and Dad Volcano: What did the dad volcano say to the mom volcano? Do you lava me like I lava you?

A man goes into a restaurant, sits down and starts reading the menu. The menu says: Broiled Accountant $5.95 per plate Fried Engineer $7.95 per plate Toasted Teacher $7.95 per plate Grilled Geologist $25.95 per plate The man calls a waiter over and asks "Hey, why does the Grilled Geologist cost so much more?" The waiter says, “Are you kidding? Do you know how hard it is to clean one of them!?" http://www.dolphinbayhilo.com/cook.html The main problem associated with limestone aquifers is Lyme disease.

Top Worst Volcano disasters EVER

As Measured by Death Toll

This list of the world’s worst volcanic eruptions includes only those whose death toll can be reasonably documented. The death toll from some of the worst eruptions in history can only be guessed. The eruption of 7 Santorini in Greece in 1650 BC destroyed completely destroyed entire civilizations. Scientists have genetically inferred an eruption of Toba around 75,000 years ago caused a volcanic winter that came close to wiping out mankind.

1. Mt. Tambora, Indonesia April 10 - 15, 1816 Death Toll: 92,000

The eruption of Tambora killed an estimated 92,000 people, including 10,000 from explosion and ash fall, and 82,000 from other related causes.

The concussion from the explosion was felt as far as a thousand miles away. Mt. Tambora, which was more than 13,000 feet tall before the explosion was reduced to 9,000 feet after ejecting more than 93 cubic miles of debris into the atmosphere.

The effects of the eruption were felt worldwide: 1816 became known as the “year without a summer” because of the volcanic ash in the atmosphere that lowered worldwide temperatures. It snowed in New England that June, and crop failures were common throughout Northern Europe and North America. As many as 100,000 additional deaths from starvation in these areas are thought to be traced to the eruption.

2. Mt. Pelee, West Indies April 25 - May 8, 1902 Death Toll: 40,000

Thought to be dormant, Mt. Pelee began a series of eruptions on April 25, 1902. The primary eruption, on May 8 completely destroyed the city of St. Pierre, killing 25,000. The only survivors were a man held in a prison cell, and a man who lived on the outskirts of the town. Several ships also were destroyed with all hands.

3. Mt. Krakatau, Indonesia August 26 - 28, 1883 Death Toll: 36,000

The August 1883 of Mt. Krakatau destroyed 2/3 of the island, ejecting more than six cubic miles of debris into the atmosphere. The sound of the explosion was the loudest ever documented, and was heard as far away as Australia.

Interestingly, it’s probable that no one died in the initial explosion. The casualties all came from the resulting tsunami.

4. Nevado del Ruiz, Columbia November 13, 1985 Death Toll: 23,000

A small eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz volcano melted part of the volcano’s ice cap, creating an enormous mudslide that buried the city of Armero, killing 23,000.

8 5. Mt. Unzen, Japan 1792 Death Toll: 12,000 - 15,000

The eruption of Mt. Unzen was followed by an earthquake, which collapsed the east flank of the dome. The resulting avalanche created a tsunami which killed 12,000 to 15,000 in nearby towns.

6. Mt. Vesuvius, Italy April 24, AD 79 Death Toll: 10,000+

In one of the most famous eruptions of all time, Mt. Vesuvius erupted and completely destroyed the Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The eruption, which is said to have lasted 19 hours, buried Pompeii in ten feet of volcanic ash. The intense heat—perhaps as much as 750 degrees—carbonized much of the organic material in the area. Many of the victims have been found with the tops of their heads missing—their brains having boiled and exploded.

7. The Laki Volcanic System, Iceland June 8, 1783 - February 1784 Death Toll: 9350

Nearly a year of constant eruptions created a dusty volcanic haze that created massive food shortages. Iceland suffered 9,350 deaths mostly due to starvation.

8. Mt. Vesuvius, Italy December 1631 Death Toll: 6,000

The notorious Mt. Vesuvius has erupted more than a dozen times since it destroyed the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum. The 1631 eruption killed as many as 6,000 people when lava flows consumed many of the surrounding towns. Boiling water ejected from the volcanoes added to the destruction.

9. Mt. Kelut, Indonesia May 19, 1919 Death Toll: 5,110

Most of the casualties apparently were the result of mudslides.

10. Mt. Galunggung, Java, Indonesia 1882 Death Toll: 4,011

9 http://www.gamerboat.com/tags/super-volcano/