Bone and Skeletal Tissue Guided Notes

3 Types of Cartilage: 1. Hyaline -Function- ______and flexibility. It makes up ______cartilage, laryngeal cartilage, ______cartilage (windpipe), nasal cartilage, and ______plates. 2. Elastic -______bending. Makes up external ______and ______3. Fibrocartilage -highly ______. It makes up the ______between the ______, meniscus of the ______, and the pelvic ______Five Functions of Bone 1. ______2. Protection 3. ______4. ______storage 5. Blood cell formation= ______Hematopoesis -Infants have ______marrow in the medullary ______-Adults have red marrow in ______bone, and ______marrow in the medullary cavity Parts of a Bone Periosteum - A ______layer membrane around the ______-contains ______and blood ______-The ______periosteum is ______-provides protection -The ______periosteum is made of ______cells: -Osteoblasts- bone (bone builders) -Osteoclasts- bone ______Endosteum -______lining of the ______cavity. It also lines ______of the ______in bones Types of Bone Compact vs. Spongy -______bone-made of long ______called osteons -Supplied with ______by ______canals-up and down. They are linked by ______canals-across Structure of Bone: Spongy Bone -Spongy bone- ______resist ______in adults, it contains marrow (produces ______) Long Bones -Longer than they are ______-Diaphysis-______; surrounds the medullary ______. Mostly ______bone -Epiphysis-______; ______bone inside, compact bone ______-Joint surface= ______cartilage -Epiphyseal line= growth ______Short Bones -roughly ______like. Examples: ______, ankle, sesamoid -Mostly ______bone, ______compact cover Flat Bones -Flat, ______, curved. Examples- ______, skull -Parallel ______bone surface, ______bone inside Irregular Bones -______shapes. Examples- ______, hip -Mostly ______bone that’s enclosed by ______compact bone

Bones are Made of ______and ______components -Organic: ______and osteoclasts (cells) -______, collagen fibers -Inorganic: hydroxyapatites, ______salts Calcium -Necessary for: -nerve ______, muscle ______, blood coagulation, secretion of glands, cell ______How Calcium’s Obtained -Calcium is obtained in your ______and absorbed in the ______under the control of vitamin ______-Diet should contain: proteins, ______C, vitamin A, vitamin ______, calcium, phosphorus, ______, and manganese for bone health. Vitamin D is ______in ______High Calcium Levels -Change in plasma calcium homeostasis -Detected by the ______gland  secretes ______. Affects ______in bone tissue  osteoblasts ______bone by depositing ______ removes calcium from plasma (blood)  ______plasma calcium levels Low Calcium Levels A change in plasma calcium homeostasis -Detected by the ______gland  secretes ______hormone (PTH)  affects ______in bone tissue  osteoclasts ______down bone by ______calcium  deposits the calcium in the ______ ______plasma calcium levels Low vs. High Calicum Levels -Calcium is absorbed from the ______intestine under the control of vitamin _____ -Low calcium causes ______of many body systems -High calcium causes ______deposits in the ______and blood vessels Osteogenesis: ______Creation -Bone is always ______, growing, ______, and repairing

-______Law- a bone will ______in response to ______or forces placed upon it. Example: ______dancer, weight lifter

Steps in Ossification 1. Starts as ______cartilage 2. Bone replaces cartilage at ______3. Bone replaces cartilage at ______4. Bone replaces cartilage at ______5. Only cartilage remaining is at the ends (______cartilage) and ______plate (growth plate) Fractures 1. Simple- clean ______break 2. Compound- broken ends, ______through skin 3. Comminuted- ______(aged) 4. Compression- ______5. Depressed- pressed ______(skull) 6. Impacted-ends ______into each other (result of a ______) 7. Spiral- ______, twisted (sports, trauma) 8. Greenstick- break is ______(common in children) Steps in Repair 1. Hematoma ______2. Fibrocartilaginous ______formation- ______the broken bone 3. ______(hard) callus 4. Remodeling-excess bone is broken down by ______Problems -Osteoporosis-bone ______due to ______changes that interfere with ______deposits in bone. It leads to ______problems and fractures-occurs at/after ______-Rickets-______disorder caused by the ______of ______and vitamin D in the diet. The bones are ______and do not support the weight, so they ______(bowed legs) -Paget’s Disease- caused by the ______deposits of ______-Spina Bifida- birth ______. Bones of the ______(vertebrae) don’t form ______around the ______cord, so the cord ______out. It can be mild or severe