Newquay Strategic Route Newquay Cornwall

Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

for Duchy of Cornwall

CA Project: 3564 & 3560 CA Report: 11247

November 2011

Newquay Strategic Route Newquay Cornwall

Archaeological Evaluation and Watching Brief

CA Project: 3564 & 3560 CA Report: 11247

prepared by Stuart Joyce, Project Officer

date 23 November 2011

checked by Laurent Coleman, Project Manager

date 23 November 2011

approved by Simon Cox, Head of Fieldwork

signed

date 23 November 2011

issue 01

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

© Cotswold Archaeology Building 11, Kemble Enterprise Park, Kemble, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, GL7 6BQ t. 01285 771022 f. 01285 771033 e. [email protected] © Cotswold Archaeology Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall: Archaeological evaluation and watching brief

CONTENTS

SUMMARY...... 2

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 3

2. RESULTS (FIGS 2-12) ...... 6

3. DISCUSSION...... 18

4. CA PROJECT TEAM ...... 21

5. REFERENCES ...... 21

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 23 APPENDIX B: THE FINDS ...... 34 APPENDIX C: THE PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE ...... 35 APPENDIX D: OASIS REPORT FORM...... 36

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Site location plan (1:25,000) Fig. 2 Trench location plan, showing geophysical survey results (1:6000) Fig. 3 Trench location plan (Trenches 1-5), showing archaeological features and geophysical survey results (1:1000) Fig. 4 Trench location plan (Trenches 6-10), showing archaeological features and geophysical survey results (1:1000 and 1:250) Fig. 5 Trench location plan (Trenches 13-17), showing archaeological features and geophysical survey results (1:1000) Fig. 6 Trench location plan (Trenches 18-22), showing archaeological features and geophysical survey results (1:1000) Fig. 7 Trench location plan (Trenches 23-26), showing archaeological features and geophysical survey results (1:1000) Fig. 8 Trench location plan (Trenches 27-30), showing archaeological features and geophysical survey results (1:100, 1:250 and 1:1000) Fig. 9 Trenches 7 and 8; sections and photographs Fig. 10 Trench 27: Sections and photographs Fig. 11 Trench 29: Sections and photographs Fig. 12 Trench 30: Sections and photographs

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SUMMARY

Project Name: Newquay Strategic Route Location: Newquay, Cornwall NGR: SW 8447 6187 to SW 8325 6029 Type: Evaluation and watching brief Date: 19 September to 7 October 2011 Location of Archive: To be deposited with Royal Cornwall Museum Accession Number: TRURI: 2011.61 Site Code: TRR 11 and TCR 11

An archaeological evaluation and watching brief was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology between September and October 2011 along the proposed Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall. The fieldwork comprised the excavation of 28 trenches and a watching brief on geotechnical investigation works which were undertaken at the same time as the evaluation.

The evaluation identified archaeological remains, with a high density of archaeological remains within the southern (south of the railway) and northern (north of the Quintrell Road) parts of the site. A lower density of archaeological remains was identified within the central portion of the site. Archaeological features identified ranged in date from the Bronze Age to the modern period.

Within the northern part of the evaluation area, a ditch terminus was identified dating to the Bronze Age, as well as a possible roundhouse with a possible in situ floor surface. Limited Late Iron Age to Romano-British activity was also identified in this area. Further Bronze Age activity, comprising a small number of pits, was identified in the southern part of the site. An intensive zone of Late Iron Age to Romano-British settlement activity was also identified within the southern part of the site, this included enclosures, possible roundhouses, pits and possible field system ditches.

Features associated with medieval and post-medieval agricultural land use were also recorded. The watching brief undertaken during geotechnical investigation works identified one undated pit. Further archaeological evaluation (to the east and west of the southern part of the road corridor) has been undertaken and is subject to a separate evaluation report.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Between September and October 2011 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological evaluation for the Duchy of Cornwall along the proposed Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall (NGR: SW 8447 6187 to SW 8325 6029). The evaluation was undertaken to fulfil a condition attached to planning permission for the development of a relief road, which forms part of the infrastructure for the Newquay Growth Area. A watching brief was also undertaken during geotechnical investigation works.

1.2 The evaluation was carried out in accordance with a brief (CCHES 2011) for Archaeological Recording prepared by Dan Ratcliffe, Senior Archaeological Advice Officer, Cornwall Council (CC), and with a subsequent detailed Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) produced by CA (2011a) and approved by Mr Ratcliffe. The fieldwork also followed the Standard and guidance for archaeological field evaluation (IfA 2008), the Management of Archaeological Projects (English Heritage 1991) and the Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MORPHE): Project Manager’s Guide (EH 2006). It was monitored by Mr Ratcliffe, including a site visit on 21 September 2011.

1.3 Further archaeological evaluation was undertaken to the east and west of the southern end of the road corridor (to the south of the railway). The results of these works are presented in a separate report (CA 2011b).

The site 1.4 The proposed road corridor has an average width of 40m and extends south- westwards for a distance of c. 1.8km from its junction with Rialton Road (A3059) to the A392, close to its junction with Trencreek Road. The route crosses the A3058 and then the valley of a small stream, which flows north-westwards towards the coast. It then crosses the Newquay Harbour to St Dennis Railway. From Rialton Road the ground generally slopes to the south-west, descending from approximately 65m to 25m AOD at the point where the road passes over the stream. From there, the ground rises to the south, to c. 70m AOD at the A392.

1.5 The land is currently occupied by agricultural enclosures characterised on the Cornwall HER as ‘anciently enclosed land’.

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1.6 The underlying solid geology of the area is mapped as Lower Devonian slates and sandstones of the Meadfoot Group (BGS 2011). The natural geological substrate was identified within all of the trenches.

Archaeological background 1.7 The archaeological and historical background to the site has been presented in detail in the desk-based assessments prepared by South West Archaeology (2004) and RPS (2007 and 2009). In brief, the proposed development area lies within a landscape where archaeological remains, primarily dating from the Neolithic to Iron Age/Romano-British periods, have been identified and investigated. Sites include a late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age settlement at Tregunnell Hill, an ‘open’ settlement at Trevithick Manor and a late Iron Age/Romano-British settlement complex at Manuel’s Farm.

1.8 Geophysical survey has been undertaken within parts of the corridor of the proposed Strategic Route and across extensive areas to the east and west (Fig. 2). Within the southern part of the corridor (in the fields immediately to the north of the A392), geophysical survey identified an area of possible prehistoric settlement. An extensive pattern of field boundaries probably dating from the prehistoric to post- medieval periods was identified in the central part of the road corridor (PCG 2011a).

1.9 Following the compilation of the WSI for the archaeological evaluation further geophysical survey was undertaken at the north-eastern end of the Strategic Route corridor. A number of anomalies were identified including probable post-medieval field boundaries, a probable trackway and undated pits and ditches (PCG 2011b). Once the geophysical survey had been completed the number of trial trenches required in this part of the site was reduced, in consultation with Dan Ratcliffe, Senior Archaeological Advice Officer, CC, and Trenches 11 and 12 were not therefore excavated.

Archaeological objectives 1.10 The principal objective of the evaluation, as stated in the brief (CCHEA 2011), is to evaluate the survival of below-ground archaeological deposits along the road corridor. This information will assist Cornwall Council in making an informed judgement on the significance of the archaeological resource, and the likely impact upon it of the proposed development.

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1.11 The specific aims of the evaluation were to:  Establish the presence/absence of archaeological remains,  Evaluate the extent, condition, nature, character, date and significance of any archaeological remains encountered,  Evaluate the palaeoenvironmental potential of the site,  Test areas shown as apparently ‘blank’ by geophysical surveying,  Establish the nature of the activity on the site,  Identify any artefacts relating to the occupation or use of the site,  Begin to develop research strategies for advancing understanding from the evidence encountered on this site with reference to regional and national research agenda.

Methodology Evaluation 1.12 The fieldwork comprised the excavation of 28 trenches, each measuring 50m in length and 1.8m in width, in the locations shown on the attached plan (Fig. 2). The number of trenches was reduced from 30 to 28 following additional geophysical survey in the north-eastern part of the site, with the approval of Dan Ratcliffe, Senior Archaeological Advice Officer, CC. Trench 29 was divided into two (Trenches 29a and 29b), where it crossed an extant field boundary. Trenches were set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co-ordinates using a Leica 1200 series SmartRover GPS and surveyed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 4 Survey Manual (2011).

Watching brief 1.13 The watching brief comprised the observation by an archaeologist of 50 geotechnical pits. The aim of the watching brief was to identify archaeological features and to excavate and record any identified features. If complex or highly significant archaeological remains were identified then the test pits would have been relocated.

General 1.14 All trenches and test pits were excavated by mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless grading bucket. All machine excavation was undertaken under constant archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or the natural substrate, whichever was encountered first. Where archaeological

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deposits were encountered they were excavated by hand in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual (2007).

1.15 Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential in accordance with CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites (2003). Four bulk samples were recovered during the evaluation and have been processed (Appendix C). All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance with Technical Manual 3 Treatment of Finds Immediately after Excavation (1995).

1.16 The archive and artefacts from the evaluation and watching brief are currently held by CA at their offices in Kemble. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the artefacts will be deposited with the Royal Cornwall Museum under accession number: TRURI: 2011.61, along with the site archive. A summary of information from this project, set out within Appendix D, will be entered onto the OASIS online database of archaeological projects in Britain.

2. RESULTS (FIGS 2-12)

2.1 This section provides an overview of the evaluation and watching brief results; detailed summaries of the recorded contexts, finds and environmental samples (palaeoenvironmental evidence) are to be found in Appendices A, B and C respectively.

2.2 Within the northern part of the site undisturbed natural shale in a clay matrix was revealed at depths of between 0.5m and 0.7m below present ground level (bpgl). This was in turn overlain by silt clay subsoil, 0.3m to 0.4m in thickness and sealed by sandy clay silt topsoil. In the central part of the site, the natural geological substrate consisting of yellow clay was identified at a depth of c. 0.3m bpgl, overlain by subsoil, up to 0.1m in thickness. This was in turn sealed by topsoil c. 0.25m thick. In the southern part of the site, the natural geological substrate of gravel within a clay matrix was observed at a depth of c. 0.5m bpgl. This was overlain by silty clay subsoil, 0.25m in thickness, which was sealed by clay silt topsoil, 0.25m thick. The majority of identified archaeological features cut the natural substrate. The exceptions being where re-cutting of earlier features occurred and where a small number of features (generally post-medieval field boundary ditches) cut the subsoil.

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2.3 The results of the fieldwork broadly correlated well with the preceding geophysical survey. Anomalies identified by the geophysical survey were generally found to correspond to archaeological features during the trial trenching. In Trenches 10, 13 and 17 anomalies were identified during the geophysical survey but not during subsequent trial trenching.

2.4 No archaeological features or deposits were identified within Trenches 10, 13, 17- 19, 21, 24 and 25. Trenches 11 and 12 were not excavated. Natural geological features were identified in Trenches 1 and 4.

Trench 1 (Figs 2 & 3) 2.5 Located at the eastern end of the trench were north-west/south-east orientated parallel ditches, 104 and 106. The single fill, 103, of ditch 104, contained a single worked flint dating to the later Neolithic to earlier to Middle Bronze Age. The single fill 105 of ditch 106 was artefactually sterile.

2.6 Ditch 104 corresponds to a north-west/south-east orientated anomaly depicted on the geophysical survey. Natural features were identified in this trench, one (108) corresponded to an anomaly identified by the geophysical survey.

Trench 2 (Figs 2 & 3) 2.7 Parallel north-west/south-east orientated ditches 204 and 207 were identified within the north-eastern part of the trench. Ditch 204 contained two fills 205 and 206. The primary fill, 206, contained one worked flint flake dating to the later Neolithic to earlier to Middle Bronze Age. No dateable material was recovered from the single fill, 208, of ditch 207.

2.8 Ditch 204 corresponded to a north-west/south-east orientated geophysical anomaly. No dating evidence was recovered from the fills, 205 and 206. The sub-oval geophysical anomaly identified at the centre of the trench and the north-east/south- west orientated geophysical anomaly, identified at the western end of the trench, were not identified.

Trench 3 (Figs 2 & 3) 2.9 Located at the centre of the trench was wide, shallow north-west/south-east orientated probable holloway, 306. Its single fill, 307, contained one sherd of Late

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Iron Age/Romano-British pottery. This was cut by parallel north-west/south-east orientated ditches; 303 to the south-west and 308 to the north-east. No dateable material was recovered from the two fills, 304 and 305, of ditch 303 and the single fill, 309, of ditch 308.

2.10 Parallel ditches 310 and 313 were identified at the north-eastern end of the trench and were orientated north-west/south-east. Both features cut both the subsoil and the natural. A single sherd of modern pottery was recovered from the single fill, 311, of ditch 310. No dateable material was recovered from the single fill, 314, of ditch 313. Located between these two ditches was deposit 312, consisting of redeposited natural and topsoil/subsoil. This represented the remains of a bank which, along with its flanking ditches, would have formed part of a field boundary.

2.11 Holloway 306, along with associated ditches 303 and 308 corresponded to a north- west/south-east orientated anomaly depicted on the geophysical survey. Field system ditches 310 and 313 and deposit 312 were not identified by the geophysical survey.

Trench 4 (Figs 2 & 3) 2.12 Located at the north-eastern end of the trench was north-west/south-east orientated ditch, 403, which contained a single fill, 404. Pit 411, was located at the centre of the trench. Its single fill, 412, was cut by curvilinear ditch 407/409. No dating evidence was recovered from the features within this trench.

2.13 Ditches, 403, and 407/409 corresponded to anomalies identified by the geophysical survey. The circular anomaly identified by the geophysical survey towards the south- western area of the trench was not identified.

Trench 5 (Figs 2 & 4) 2.14 North-east/south-west orientated ditch, 503, was identified within the north-western part of the trench. To the south-east pit 505, was identified. No dateable material was recovered from their respective fills, 504 and 506.

2.15 Ditch 503, corresponded to a north-west/south-east orientated anomaly depicted on the geophysical survey. The anomaly to the north of this was not identified.

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Trench 6 (Figs 2 & 4) 2.16 Located towards the south-western end of the trench was pit/ditch terminus, 605. The single fill, 606, of which contained one sherd of possible Early Bronze Age pottery in association with a worked flint flake dating to the later Neolithic to earlier/Middle Bronze Age. Within the north-eastern part of the trench, north- west/south-east orientated ditch, 603, was identified. No dating evidence was recovered from single fill 604.

2.17 Ditch 603, corresponds to a north-west/south-east orientated anomaly identified by the geophysical survey. The north-west/south-east orientated linear anomaly, further to the west identified during the geophysical survey was not identified. Pit/ditch terminus 605 was not identified by the geophysical survey.

Trench 7 (Figs 2, 4 & 9) 2.18 Sub-oval pit/ditch terminus, 720, was located towards the south-western end of the trench. The single fill, 721, contained three sherds of late Iron Age/Romano-British pottery. To the south-west was north-west/south-east orientated ditch, 722 (Fig. 9, section BB). No finds were recovered from its single fill, 723.

2.19 Located at the centre of the trench was pit 703. The single fill, 704, did not contain any dating evidence. To the north-east of this were three north-west/south-east orientated ditches, 705, 710 (Fig. 9, section AA) and 707. No dateable material was recovered from their respective fills, 706, 711 and 708.

2.20 Within the north-eastern part of the trench was east/west orientated ditch 718. Parallel ditches 712 and 716 were located to the south-west, their respective fills, 713 and 717, were cut by ditch 714 on the same alignment. The fill, 715, of the latter, and fills 713 and 717, were devoid of dating evidence.

2.21 Parallel field boundary ditches 712, 714, 716 and 718 corresponded to linear east/west orientated anomalies depicted on the geophysical survey. Parallel ditches 705, 707 and 710, corresponded to north-west/south-east orientated linear anomalies identified through the geophysical survey. An anomaly identified during the geophysical survey in the centre of the trench corresponds to variations within the natural substrate.

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Trench 8 (Figs 2, 4 & 9) 2.22 Within the north-eastern part of the trench a series of intercutting features were identified. North-west/south-east orientated ditches 821 and 829 (the former unexcavated) are considered to be contemporary, based on the similarity of their form, fills and alignment. Within the area delineated by these two ditches was occupation deposit 813 which extended for c. 10m, to the south-west from ditch 821, and contained two sherds of probable Bronze Age pottery, as well as two worked stone perforated discs, interpreted as lids for pottery vessels. The deposit may have been truncated by later farming activity and land division, and may formerly have extended as far as ditch 829. Deposit 813 did not intersect with either ditch 821 or 829 and no stratigraphic relationships could therefore be established.

2.23 Deposit 813 was cut by pits 805 and 809 and their respective fills, 806 (which contained two sherds of Late Iron Age/Romano-British pottery) and 810 (which was undated), were subsequently cut by pit 807. An environmental sample <4> from fill 810 of pit 809 contained charcoal and CBM. An environmental sample <3> from fill the fill, 808, of pit 807 contained charcoal, carbonised barley and wheat and may indicate cereal processing or domestic cooking activities were taking place. Deposit 813, was also cut by unexcavated pits 803, 811 and 823. Iron working slag was recovered from the fill, 804, of pit 803 during the cleaning of the surface of the feature. No dating evidence was recovered from the fills, 812 and 824, of the latter two pits.

2.24 At the centre of the trench a further group of intercutting features was identified (Fig. 9, section CC). The earliest was undated pit/ditch terminus 818. This contained two fills, 819 and 820, the latter was cut by pit 816. The single fill, 817 of this feature contained four sherds of probable Early/Middle Bronze Age pottery. Ditch 829 was orientated north/south and single fill 830 was undated. Fills 817 and 830 were both overlain by subsoil 801 which was cut by north-west/south-east orientated parallel ditches; 814 (to the north-east) and 825 (to the south-west). Single fill 815 of ditch 814 contained one sherd of 16th to 18th-century pottery. Single fill 826 of ditch 825 contained an iron nail dated to the post-medieval period and was truncated by parallel ditch 827. The fill, 828, of this ditch was undated.

2.25 North-east/south-west orientated ditch terminus 832/834 was identified at the south- western end of the trench. No dateable material was recovered from the fills 831/833 of this feature.

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2.26 Deposit 813, located within the north-eastern part of the trench corresponded to a sub-oval anomaly identified during the geophysical survey. The intercutting features located within the centre of the site corresponded with anomalies depicted on the geophysical survey and interpreted as forming part of a double ditched field system, with a postulated central earthen bank (although no evidence for this bank was identified during fieldwork). Earlier features may be masked in this area by later agricultural practices and field subdivision. The ditch terminus within the south- western part of the trench corresponded with a north-east/south-west anomaly depicted on the geophysical survey.

Trench 9 (Figs 2 & 4) 2.27 East/west orientated ditch, 903, was located at the centre of the trench. No dateable material was recovered from its primary fill, 905 or secondary fill 904.

2.28 This feature corresponds to an east/west orientated anomaly identified during the geophysical survey. The geophysical anomaly identified at the south-western end of the trench was not identified during fieldwork.

Trench 14 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.29 North/south orientated ditch, 1403, was identified at the centre of the trench. No dateable material was recovered from its fills, 1405 (primary) and 1404 (secondary).

2.30 This feature corresponded with an anomaly depicted on the geophysical survey, interpreted as representing a field system ditch.

Trench 15 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.31 Located towards the south-eastern end of the trench was north-east/south-west orientated linear feature, 1503. Interpreted as a probable holloway due to its wide shallow profile, measuring up to 2.9m in width and 0.15m in depth, it contained a single fill, 1504, from which no dating evidence was recovered.

2.32 This feature coincided with an anomaly depicted on the geophysical survey. The anomaly identified by geophysical survey to the north-west was not identified during fieldwork.

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Trench 16 (Figs 2 & 5) 2.33 Located at the centre of the trench was a wide, shallow, east/west orientated holloway, 1603. Its single fill, 1604, did not contain any dating evidence. North- east/south-west orientated ditch, 1605, was located at the northern end of the trench. No dateable material was recovered from its primary fill 1606 or secondary fill 1607.

2.34 Ditch 1605 was located to the north of, and parallel to, a linear anomaly identified during the geophysical survey and probably represents it. A feint anomaly seen on the grey scale geophysical plot appears to correspond to holloway, 1603.

Trench 20 (Figs 2 & 6) 2.35 Natural substrate 2002 and overlying subsoil 2001 were cut by a north-west/south- east orientated ditch, 2003, in the north-eastern end of the trench. No dating evidence was recovered from the single fill, 2004.

2.36 No geophysical survey was undertaken within this area.

Trench 22 (Figs 2 & 6) 2.37 Natural substrate 2202 and overlying subsoil 2201 were cut by north-west/south- east orientated parallel ditches, 2203 and 2205, within the north-eastern part of the trench. No dating evidence was recovered from the respective fills, 2204 and 2206. They probably represent the flanking ditches of a trackway, the westward continuation of which is still in existence to the west of the field.

2.38 No geophysical survey was undertaken within this area.

Trench 23 (Figs 2 & 7) 2.39 Natural substrate 2302 and overlying subsoil 2301 were cut by north-east/south- west orientated ditch, 2303, in the north-western end of the trench. No dating evidence was recovered from its single fill, 2304.

2.40 No geophysical survey was undertaken within this area.

Trench 26 (Figs 2 & 7) 2.41 North-west/south-east orientated ditch, 2606, was identified at the centre of the trench. No dating evidence was recovered from the single fill, 2605.

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2.42 The geophysical anomaly targeted by this trench was not identified.

Trench 27 (Figs 2, 8 & 10) 2.43 East/west orientated ditch 2727, was identified towards the south-eastern end of the trench. It was filled by primary fill 2728 and secondary fill 2729 and the latter was cut by pits 2730 and 2733. Pit 2730 contained a primary fill 2731 and secondary fill, 2732 which contained one sherd of Late Iron Age/Romano-British pottery. Pit 2733 contained a single undated fill, 2734.

2.44 Located to the north-west, at the centre of the trench, was sub-oval pit, 2724. It contained a primary fill 2723, a secondary fill, 2722, from which one sherd of Romano-British pottery was recovered and an upper fill, 2721. Located to the south- east was undated oval pit 2711, the uppermost fill, 2712, was cut by north- west/south-east orientated ditch 2714/2720, which also cut the uppermost fill, 2721, of pit 2724. No finds were recovered from the fill 2715/2719 of ditch 2714/2720.

2.45 Circular and oval pits 2709, 2716 and 2747, were identified within the south-eastern part of the trench. No dating evidence was recovered from their fills 2710, 2717 and 2748 respectively. A north-east/south-west orientated ditch terminus, 2745 was also identified within the south-eastern part of the trench, this contained undated fill 2746.

2.46 Three circular pits 2740, 2704 and 2706 were identified within the north-western part of the trench. No datable artefacts were recovered from their fills, 2741, 2703 and 2705 respectively. A pit/ditch terminus, 2742 was revealed in the same part of the trench. No datable finds were recovered from its two fills 2743 and 2744 (Fig. 10, section FF).

2.47 North-east orientated ditch, 2708 (Fig. 10, section DD), was located in the north- western part of the trench. Its single fill, 2738, was cut by ditch 2707, which contained three fills 2735, 2736 and 2737 (Fig. 10, section DD), and probably represents part of an enclosure ditch. Located approximately 7m to the south-east was north/south orientated ditch 2725 which contained fill 2726 (Fig. 10, section EE). This possibly forms part of a roundhouse ring gully along with ditch 2708. No dating evidence was recovered from the respective fills of these features.

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2.48 Enclosure ditch 2707 and possible roundhouse ring gully 2708/2725 corresponded to curvilinear anomalies identified through the geophysical survey. Ditch 2720 also corresponded to an anomaly depicted on the geophysical survey. Pit/ditch terminus 2742, may represent the continuation of a geophysical anomaly seen to the north. The smaller features identified during the evaluation were not seen in the geophysical survey.

Trench 28 (Figs 2 & 8) 2.49 East/west orientated ditch, 2803, was observed at the north-western end of the trench. Its single fill, 2803, contained three sherds of Late Iron Age/Romano-British pottery, as well as one residual worked flint flake dating to the later Neolithic to earlier/Middle Bronze Age.

Trench 29a (Figs 2, 8 & 11) 2.50 Located at the western end of the trench was north/south oriented ditch 2904 containing fill 2903. To the immediate east of this, parallel north-east/south-west orientated ditches 2906 and 2912 (Fig. 11, section GG) were located. Ditch 2906 contained fill 2905, and ditch 2912 contained three fills 2909, 2910 and 2911. Further to the east, pit 2908 contained a single fill 2907. No dating evidence was recovered from the respective fills of these features. Charcoal was recovered from an environmental sample <1> taken from fill 2907 of pit 2908.

2.51 Ditch 2912 corresponded with a linear anomaly identified by the geophysical survey and probably represented part of a field system. The remaining ditches were not identified by the geophysical survey.

Trench 29b (Figs 2, 8 & 11) 2.52 Pit 2934 was identified at the centre of the trench. The primary fill, 2932, contained one sherd of Early to Middle Bronze Age pottery, the secondary fill 2933 was undated. Located to the west of this was pit 2915, containing a primary fill 2916 and secondary fill, 2917 from which was recovered three sherds of Late-Iron Age/Romano-British pottery. Charcoal was recovered from an environmental sample <2> recovered from fill 2916. Curvilinear ditch 2925/2927 (Fig. 11, section II) was located at the western end of the trench. Its single fill, 2924/2926 did not contain any dateable material, and was cut by curvilinear ditch 2913/2921/2923/2929 (Fig. 11, section GG), the single fill, 2914/2920/2922/2928, did not contain any dating evidence. These curvilinear features may represent round house ditches and were

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not identified by the geophysical survey. To the east of pit 2934 was north- east/south-west orientated ditch 2919; single fill 2918 was undated.

2.53 Ditch 2919 corresponded to a north-east/south-west orientated anomaly identified by the geophysical survey.

Trench 30 (Figs 2, 8 & 12) 2.54 A group of pits was identified at the eastern end of the trench. Sub-oval pit 3011 contained single fill 3012 which was cut by pit 3013 (Fig. 12, section KK). The secondary fill, 3014, of pit 3013 contained one sherd of Early to Middle Bronze Age pottery. Pits 3009, 3016 and 3018 were also identified in this area. No dateable material was recovered from their respective fills, 3010, 3017 and 3019. Although they are considered to be broadly contemporary with pit 3013, based on spatial proximity and similarity of form and fills.

2.55 Located in the centre of the site was pit 3007 its single fill 3008 contained two sherds of prehistoric pottery and one broken flint flake dating to the later Neolithic to earlier/Middle Bronze Age. Immediately to the west of this was north-east/south- west orientated ditch 3003 (Fig. 12, section JJ). Its single fill, 3004, was cut by north- east/south-west orientated ditch 3005. No dating evidence was recovered from their respective fills.

2.56 North/south orientated ditches 3003 and 3005, corresponded to an anomaly depicted on the geophysical survey.

Geotechnical Trial Pits 1-50 2.57 The stratigraphic sequence described above was also identified during the archaeological monitoring of geotechnical trial pits (1-50), excavated along the centre of the Newquay Strategic Route (Parsons Brinckerhoff 2011). A sub-rounded pit, 2204, measuring 0.8m in diameter was identified cutting the natural geological substrate within Trial Pit 22. No dating evidence was recovered from the fill, 2203. No further archaeological features or deposits were identified during the excavation of the remaining trial pits.

The Finds Evidence 2.58 Artefactual material was recovered from a total of 22 deposits (Appendix B). Included are 31 sherds of pottery dating from the earlier Bronze Age to the post-

15 © Cotswold Archaeology Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall: Archaeological evaluation and watching brief

medieval periods. The condition of the pottery is good with surfaces surviving well. There are however few ‘featured’ sherds (rim or decorated sherds), a factor which makes appreciation of dating difficult in some instances.

2.59 Pottery of earlier prehistoric type occurs as a single small sherd from deposit 606 (fill of pit or ditch terminus 605). The sherd exhibits decoration as parallel horizontal lines, probably twisted cord impressions. The fabric is typical of Bronze Age and earlier pottery, characterised by bi-partite firing (dark-firing interior and red-brown exterior surface), and sparse tempering made up of igneous rock fragments (probably gabbro). The dating of this small sherd is uncertain, though an earlier Bronze Age date is considered most likely. Pottery from fill 2932 (within pit 2934) and from fill 3014 (within pit 3013), comprising thick-walled bodysherds in coarse reduced (dark-grey) firing gabbroic fabric, is provisionally identified as of Trevisker type pottery of Early/Middle Bronze Age type. Material from occupation deposit 813 and fill 817 of pit 816 which occur in similar fabrics are also probably of Trevisker type. Included from deposit 813 is a rimsherd from a jar-like vessel with bevelled, everted rim and with incised triangles to the neck.

2.60 Deposit 606 also included a worked flint tertiary flake of probable later Neolithic to earlier/Middle Bronze Age date. Further broadly contemporary flakes, all tertiary removals and not exhibiting secondary working, were recorded from deposits 103, 206, 2804 and 3008. That from deposit 2804 is ‘rolled’ (it exhibits heavy edge damage) and is clearly residual, occurring with pottery of Late prehistoric or Romano-British date.

2.61 Pottery of Late Iron Age/Romano-British type was recorded from several deposits (Appendix B). Most occurs in a moderately fine, dark-grey firing fabric with common igneous rock (gabbro) inclusions. All appear to be examples of Gabbroic pottery known from the Late Iron Age to Late or post-Roman periods (Quinnell 2004, 109- 111). As noted above, there are few featured sherds making identification of vessel form and dating difficult. Undecorated, rounded-bodied jars with short everted rims from deposits 2732 and 2804 resemble examples from Trethurgy and elsewhere (ibid. fig 54, nos 30a-43) and probably date to the early Roman period (1st/2nd centuries AD).

16 © Cotswold Archaeology Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall: Archaeological evaluation and watching brief

2.62 Little other pottery was recovered: a single post-medieval sherd was identified from ditch fill 815. This was a rimsherd from a wide-mouthed bowl in North Devon Gravel- Tempered ware; a type common in the area in the 17th and 18th centuries.

2.63 Other artefact classes recorded are limited to two worked slate objects from occupation deposit 813, quantities of ironworking slag from fill 804 of pit 803, and an iron nail from fill 826 of ditch 825. The date of the latter is uncertain, although a post- medieval date is most likely. The ironworking slag is moderately dense, but lacks the ropey structure of free-flowing (smelting) slags and cannot be assigned with certainty to a particular process. The slate objects comprise fragments from roughly- worked discs with central perforations. The date and function of such objects is uncertain although similar objects are reportedly common in pre-Roman Iron Age and early Roman contexts in the area (ibid, 142) and in this context have been interpreted as lids for pottery vessels.

The Palaeoenvironmental Evidence 2.64 Environmental samples (25 litres of soil) were retrieved from four different deposits with the intention of recovering evidence of industrial or domestic activity and material for possible future radiocarbon dating. The samples were processed by standard flotation procedures (CA Technical Manual No. 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites (2003)).

2.65 Sample 2 was taken from lower fill 2916 within pit 2915 which dated to the Romano- British period. The material recovered consisted of charcoal identified as oak (Quercus spp). Whilst this represents discarded firing debris, since there were no other finds recovered from this deposit no assessment of function can be deduced.

2.66 Sample 1 was taken from the single undated fill 2907 within pit 2908. The material recovered consisted of charcoal identified as hazel (Corylus avellana). Whilst this represents discarded firing debris, since there were no other finds recovered from this pit no assessment of function can be deduced.

2.67 Sample 3 was recovered from the single undated fill 808 within pit 807. The material recovered consisted of charcoal identified as oak and alder/hazel (Alnus glutinosa/Corylus avellana) carbonised plant macrofossils (barley (Hordeum vulgare) and wheat spp (Triticum spp)), CBM and fired clay. As only five cereal grains were recovered it is not possible to deduce whether cereal processing or domestic

17 © Cotswold Archaeology Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall: Archaeological evaluation and watching brief

cooking activities were taking place. The remaining material most likely represents discarded domestic waste.

2.68 Sample 4 was recovered from the single undated fill 810 within pit 809. The material recovered consisted of charcoal identified as alder/hazel and oak and CBM. Whilst this represents discarded firing debris, since there were no other finds recovered from this pit no assessment of function can be deduced.

2.69 Any of the carbonised plant macrofossil material and any of the charcoal (with the exception of oak) would be suitable for radiocarbon dating.

3. DISCUSSION

3.1 The evaluation has revealed archaeological activity within the proposed road corridor. The majority of these features were concentrated within the northern and southern parts of the site. Archaeological features identified range in date from the Early Bronze Age to the modern period. Within the northern part of the site, these included an Early Bronze Age ditch terminus and a possible Bronze Age roundhouse, represented by an in situ floor surface. An intensive zone of Romano- British settlement activity was identified within the southern part of the site, comprising enclosures and possible roundhouses. In addition agricultural features dating to the medieval, post-medieval and modern periods were also identified. An environmental sample from an undated pit in Trench 8 showed possible evidence for cereal processing, and samples from other pits contained fire debris indicate the discarding of domestic waste.

3.2 The results of the evaluation correlate well with the preceding geophysical surveys, which suggested that enclosures, trackways, pits and agricultural ditches, might be present in discrete areas across the site (PCA 2011a and 2011b). In a small number of trenches, however, the targeting of geophysical anomalies revealed an absence of archaeological features which may be explained by changes noted in the natural geological substrate. In some trenches archaeological remains were identified during the evaluation but not by the preceding geophysical surveys.

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Prehistoric (later Neolithic to earlier/Middle Bronze Age) 3.3 Worked flint artefacts of probable later Neolithic to earlier/Middle Bronze Age date were recovered from the respective fills of ditches 104 and 204. These features do not fit within the current field alignment, and are broadly attributed to the prehistoric period although the possibility exists that the flint is residual within later features.

Bronze Age 3.4 Within the northern part of the site, features containing Bronze Age pottery were identified within Trenches 6 and 8. Pit/ditch terminus 605 contained one sherd of Early Bronze Age pottery. Located c. 120m to the south-west, deposit 813 was identified within Trench 8, and was found to contain Early to Middle Bronze Age pottery. This appears to represent the in situ floor surface of a possible roundhouse with the ditches to the north-east and south-west possibly representing the ditch of the roundhouse. The feature had an estimated diameter of c. 15m. In association with this deposit was pit 816, which also contained Early to Middle Bronze Age pottery.

3.5 Within the southern part of the site, Early to Middle Bronze Age pottery was recovered from pit 3013, within Trench 30. This represents one of a group of pits at the eastern end of the trench, although the majority remain undated, it is likely that they are broadly contemporary based on form and fill characteristics. Pit 2934, within Trench 29b also contained Early to Middle Bronze Age pottery. These features may represent settlement activity of Bronze Age date.

3.6 Features with similar Early to Middle Bronze Age dates have been identified c. 2.7km to the north-west at Tregunnel Hill, Newquay. These features comprised features suggestive of occupation activity (CA 2011c).

Romano-British 3.7 Within the southern part of the site the geophysical survey depicted a series of enclosures, partial field systems and possible trackways (Figs 2 and 8). These features were investigated through the excavation of Trenches 27 to 30 but they also extended to the east and west of the Strategic Route corridor.

3.8 A partial sub-oval enclosure measuring c. 30m in width and 45m in length was identified through geophysical survey and investigated through the excavation of Trench 27. Ditch 2707 correlated with this geophysical anomaly and represents part

19 © Cotswold Archaeology Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall: Archaeological evaluation and watching brief

of the enclosure. Curvilinear ditches 2708 and 2725 appeared to represent the possible remains of a roundhouse with an estimated internal diameter of 12m or alternatively an internal sub-division within the enclosure. Pits and ditches identified at the centre and south-eastern part of the trench were indicative of settlement activity and dated to the Late Iron Age/Romano-British period. Further limited settlement evidence, in the form of a small ditch or gully (2803), was identified within Trench 28.

3.9 To the south the geophysical survey depicted a series of ditches, predominantly orientated north-east/south-west. These were investigated by Trenches 29 and 30. The features identified within Trench 29 predominantly comprised ditches but two pits were also identified, one of which (2915) contained Romano-British pottery. Intercutting curvilinear ditches 2925/2927 and 2921/2923 appeared to represent the possible remains of roundhouses, which would have had estimated internal diameters of c. 7m.

3.10 The eastward and westward continuation of the settlement identified in the southern part of the site was investigated during evaluation works for the Newquay Growth Area. The features were interpreted as part of a Late Iron Age to 3rd/4th-century AD Romano-British settlement (CA 2011c). A number of further small-scale Romano- British settlements with Iron Age origins have been identified both in the vicinity of Newquay, at Trevithick Manor, c. 0.5km to the south of the proposed development area (CCHER ECO3280), and further away at Restormel located c. 25km to the east, which dated to the Late Iron Age/Romano-British period AD (CCHER 169824), located to the south of the proposed development area, where activity dated from the Late Iron Age into the Romano-British period (EHNMR 1300108).

3.11 Late Iron Age/Romano-British activity was also identified in the northern part of the site where pit/ditch terminal 720 and pit 805 both contained pottery of this date.

3.12 Although there is some evidence for Bronze Age activity, the artefactual evidence suggests that permanent settlement within the southern part of the investigation area had been established by the Late Iron Age/Early Roman period. The majority of the finds recovered were broadly dated to the Late Iron Age/Romano-British period; this material is most likely attributable to the 1st to 2nd centuries AD. Material recovered from a contiguous evaluation suggests that occupation of the site continued into the 4th century AD (CA 2011b, Trenches 1, 7, 8 and 10). Although no

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definitive structural evidence was identified, a number of the excavated features appeared to represent settlement activity and this is supported by the character of the features identified during the geophysical survey.

Medieval, post-medieval and modern 3.13 The evidence for medieval/post-medieval activity largely comprised the remains of field system ditches. Evidence of this was seen in Trenches 3, 7, 8, 14, 20 and 22. A number of these features were found to cut the subsoil, as well as the natural substrate.

3.14 Field boundaries and trackways together with evidence offered by the current agricultural land use within the proposed development area is indicative of a long lived and successful agricultural tradition.

Undated 3.15 Undated features were identified in Trenches 1-9, 14-16, 20, 22, 23, 26, 27, 29a, 29b and 30. The majority of the features which remained undated may be attributed to the Bronze Age, Romano-British, medieval or modern periods.

4. CA PROJECT TEAM

Fieldwork was undertaken by Stuart Joyce and Steven Sheldon, assisted by Alexandra Wilkinson, Anthony Beechey, Daniel Sausins and Roy Poulter. The report was written by Stuart Joyce, assisted by Alexandra Wilkinson. The illustrations were prepared by Jonathan Bennett, with specialist reports written by Ed McSloy (finds and Jonny Geber (palaeoenvironmental). The archive has been compiled by Stuart Joyce, and prepared for deposition by James Johnson. The project was managed for Cotswold Archaeology by Laurent Coleman.

5. REFERENCES

BGS (British Geological Survey) 2011 Geology of Britain Viewer http://maps.bgs.ac.uk/geology viewer_google/googleviewer.html Accessed 14 September 2011

21 © Cotswold Archaeology Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall: Archaeological evaluation and watching brief

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2011a Trencreek relief Road, Newquay, Cornwall: Written Scheme of Investigation for an Archaeological Evaluation

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2011b Newquay Growth Area, Newquay, Cornwall: Archaeological Evaluation. CA typescript report 11267

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2011c Land at Tregunnel Hill, Newquay, Cornwall: Archaeological Evaluation. CA typescript report 11007

CCHES (Cornwall Council Historic Environment Service) 2011 Trencreek Relief Road: Brief for Archaeological Recording

Parsons Brinckerhoff 2011 Newquay Strategic Route; Ground Investigation Report

PCG (Pre-Construct Geophysics) 2011a Geophysical Survey: Proposed Newquay Growth Area, Cornwall; Land at Higher Trencreek, Newquay, Cornwall

PCG (Pre-Construct Geophysics) 2011b Geophysical Survey: Proposed Newquay Growth Area, Cornwall; Land off Trevenson Road, Newquay Cornwall

Quinnell, H. 2004 Trethurgy: Excavations at Trethurgy Round, St Austell: Community and status in Roman and Post-Roman Cornwall Truro; Cornwall County Council and English Heritage

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APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Trench 1

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 100 Layer Topsoil: Mid greyish brown clay silt 0.25 101 Layer Subsoil: Mid brown clay silt 0.42 102 Layer Natural: Light whitish brown clay with shale and gravel mottling 103 Fill Fill of 104: Mid reddish brown silt clay with frequent 0.72 0.65 small angular stones 104 Cut Cut of NW/SE ditch 0.72 0.65 105 Fill Fill of 106:Mid yellowish brown silt clay 1.01 0.54 106 Cut Cut of NW/SE ditch 1.01 0.54 107 Deposit Geological silting within natural depression 1.3 0.14 108 Deposit Geological silting within natural depression 1.15 0.11

Trench 2

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 200 Layer Topsoil: Mid greyish brown clay silt 0.25 201 Layer Subsoil: Mid brown clay sand with gravel inclusions 0.3 202 Layer Lower Subsoil: Mid brown clay silt (only at eastern 0.2 end of trench) 203 Layer Natural: Light yellowish brown sand 204 Cut Cut of NW/SE ditch 1.1 0.6 205 Fill Fill of 204: Orangey brown silt sand with occasional 1.1 0.4 sub-rounded and sub-angular pebbles 206 Fill Fill of 204: Greenish grey sand silt with common 0.5 0.2 sub-angular pebbles 207 Cut Cut of NW/SE gully 0.34 0.25 208 Fill Orangey brown silt sand with common sub-angular 0.34 0.25 pebbles

Trench 3

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 300 Layer Topsoil: Mid greyish brown clay silt 0.38 301 Layer Subsoil: Mid orangey brown silt clay with occasional 0.46 small stone fragments 302 Layer Natural: Mid yellow clay with frequent shale 303 Cut Cut of NW/SE ditch 1.4 0.54 304 Fill Fill of 303: Mid yellowish brown silt clay with 0.98 0.22 occasional shale fragments 305 Fill Fill of 303: Mid brown silt clay with rare stone 1.4 0.3 fragments 306 Cut Cut of trackway running NW/SE 4.38 0.52 307 Fill Fill of 306: Mid brown silt clay with occasional mid 4.38 0.52 LIA/RB yellow clay flecks 308 Cut Cut of NW/SE ditch 1.2 0.38 309 Fill Fill of 308: Mid brown silt clay with occasional small 1.2 0.38 stone fragments 310 Cut Cut of NW/SE ditch 2.6 0.46

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311 Fill Fill of 310: Mid brown clay silt with occasional shale 2.6 0.46 C19 inclusions 312 Deposit Bank deposit 0.86 0.18 313 Cut Cut of NW/SE ditch 2.22 0.24 314 Fill Fill of 313: Mid brown clay silt 2.22 0.24

Trench 4

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 400 Layer Topsoil: Dark brown sand silt 0.28 401 Layer Subsoil: Mid orangey brown sand silt with grit 0.28 402 Layer Natural: Light yellowish brown stony clay silt 403 Cut Cut of N/S ditch 1.41 0.2 404 Fill Fill of 403: Light orangey brown sand silt with 1.41 0.2 regular small stones 405 Cut Cut of natural water channel 0.53 0.07 406 Fill Fill of 405: Mid orangey brown sand silt 0.53 0.07 407 Cut Cut of curvilinear ditch 0.72 0.37 408 Fill Fill of 407: Light orangey brown sand silt with 0.72 0.37 occasional small stones 409 Cut Cut of curvilinear ditch (same as 407) >0.3 >0.1 410 Fill Fill of 409: Mid orangey brown sand silt with >0.3 >0.1 occasional small stones 411 Cut Cut of possible small pit >0.23 0.05 412 Fill Fill of 411: Mid orangey brown sand silt with rare >0.23 0.05 small stones

Trench 5

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 500 Layer Topsoil: Dark brown clay silt with occasional shale 0.27 inclusions 501 Layer Subsoil: Mid orangey brown sand silt with 0.37 occasional stone fragments 502 Layer Natural: Mid yellowish brown silt clay with natural shale inclusions 503 Cut Cut of NE/SW ditch 1.45 0.13 504 Fill Fill of 503: Light orangey brown sand silt with 1.45 0.13 abundant shale inclusions 505 Cut Cut of shallow pit >0.7 0.09 506 Fill Fill of 505: Mid orangey brown sand silt with >0.7 0.09 frequent shale

Trench 6

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 600 Layer Topsoil: Mid greyish brown clay silt with moderate 0.25 stone inclusions 601 Layer Subsoil: Mid greyish brown clay silt with occasional 0.5 small stone inclusions 602 Layer Natural: Grey shale/mudstone platelets 603 Cut Cut of N/S ditch 1.2 0.2 604 Fill Fill of 603: Mid orangey brown clay silt with 1.2 0.2

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mudstone flecks and fragments 605 Cut Cut of pit/ ditch terminus 0.6 0.12 606 Fill Fill 0f 605: Mid orange brown clay silt with rare 0.6 0.12 EBA? mudstone flecks

Trench 7

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 700 Layer Topsoil: Mid greyish brown clay silt with moderate 0.3 stone inclusions 701 Layer Subsoil: Orangey brown clay sand with frequent 0.2 gravel inclusions 702 Layer Natural: Yellowish white sandy clay mixed with stone 703 Cut Cut of pit 2 >1 0.2 704 Fill Fill of 703: Dark brown sand clay with occasional 2 >1 0.2 sub-rounded pebbles 705 Cut Cut of N/S gully 0.3 0.2 706 Fill Fill of 705: Light greyish brown silt sand with 0.3 0.2 common sub-angular stones 707 Cut Cut of NE/SW ditch 0.81 0.42 708 Fill Fill of 707: Mid brown clay silt with occasional small 0.81 0.24 shale fragments 709 Fill Fill of 707: Mid greyish brown silt clay 0.45 0.18 710 Cut Cut of NW/SE ditch 0.6 0.35 711 Fill Fill of 710: Light brown clay sand with frequent small 0.6 0.35 stones 712 Cut Cut of NW/SE ditch >1.2 0.45 713 Fill Fill of 712: Greyish brown silt sand with common >1.2 0.45 sub-angular pebbles 714 Cut Cut of NW/SE ditch 1.2 0.3 715 Fill Fill of 714: Brownish grey silt sand with occasional 1.2 0.3 sub-angular pebbles 716 Cut Cut of NW/SE ditch 1 0.2 717 Fill Fill of 716: Light brown silt sand with rare gravel 1 0.2 718 Cut Cut of E/W ditch 1.3 0.09 719 Fill Fill of 718: Mid brown clay silt 1.3 0.09 720 Cut Cut of pit 0.8 0.05 721 Fill Fill of 720: Yellowish brown silt sand with occasional 0.8 0.05 LIA/RB gravel 722 Cut Cut of E/W ditch 0.9 0.4 723 Fill Fill of 722: Light greyish brown silt sand with 0.9 0.4 occasional sub-angular stones

Trench 8

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 800 Layer Topsoil: Mid brown clay silt with occasional shale inclusions 801 Layer Subsoil: Mid orangey brown clay silt with frequent shale inclusions 802 Layer Natural: Mid yellowish grey silt clay-shale 803 Cut Cut of pit 804 Fill Fill of 803: Mid brown silt clay with occasional stone fragments

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805 Cut Cut of shallow pit 0.45 0.07 LIA/RB 806 Fill Fill of 805: Mid brown silt clay with occasional stone 0.45 0.07 fragments and rare charcoal 807 Cut Cut of oval pit 0.89 0.06 808 Fill Fill of 807: Dark blackish brown clay silt with 0.89 0.06 abundant charcoal and rare fired clay 809 Cut Cut of pit 0.72 0.09 810 Fill Fill of 809: Mid greyish brown silt clay with rare 0.72 0.09 charcoal flecks 811 Cut Cut of posthole 812 Fill Fill of 811 813 Deposit Occupation deposit 12 0.05 BA? 814 Cut Cut of E/W ditch 2.7 0.49 815 Fill Fill of 814: Mid orangey brown clay silt with 2.7 0.49 C16- moderate medium sized mudstone platelets/shale C18 816 Cut Cut of pit 1 0.2 817 Fill Fill of 816: Mid to dark orange brown clay silt with 1 0.2 PRE moderate stone inclusions 818 Cut Cut of pit or ditch terminus 0.27 819 Fill Fill of 818: Mid yellowish brown silt clay 0.2 820 Fill Fill of 818: Mid greyish brown clay silt with frequent 0.07 shale/mudstone 821 Cut Cut of gully 822 Fill Fill of 821: stone rich 823 Cut Cut of posthole 824 Fill Fill of 823 825 Cut Cut of NW/SE ditch 2.2 0.14 826 Fill Fill of 825: Mid yellowish grey clay silt with frequent 2.2 0.14 P-MED charcoal flecks and common angular stone pieces 827 Cut Re-cut of NW/SE ditch 3.3 0.38 828 Fill Fill of 827: Mid greyish brown silt clay with 2.2 0.38 occasional charcoal flecks and common stone pieces 829 Cut Cut of NW/SE gully 0.7 0.08 830 Fill Fill of 829: Mid orangey brown clay silt with frequent 0.7 0.08 large stone inclusions 831 Fill Fill of 832: Mid reddish brown silt clay with >0.4 0.06 occasional charcoal flecks and common angular stone pieces 832 Cut Cut of NE/SW ditch terminus >0.4 0.06 833 Fill Fill of 834: Mid reddish brown silt clay with 0.89 0.18 occasional charcoal flecks and common angular stone pieces 834 Cut Cut of ditch 0.89 0.18

Trench 9

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 900 Layer Topsoil: Mid brown clay silt with occasional shale inclusions 901 Layer Subsoil: Mid orangey brown clay silt with frequent shale inclusions 902 Layer Natural: Mid yellowish grey silt clay-shale 903 Cut Cut of E/W ditch 0.75 0.63 904 Fill Fill of 903: Mid orange brown clay silt with moderate shale/mudstone platelets

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905 Fill Fill of 903: Mid orange brown clay silt with large stones throughout

Trench 10 No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 900 Layer Topsoil: Mid brown clay silt with occasional shale inclusions 901 Layer Subsoil: Mid orangey brown clay silt with frequent shale inclusions 902 Layer Natural: Mid yellowish grey silt clay-shale

Trench 13

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1300 Layer Topsoil: Mid yellowish grey clay silt with occasional 0.26 shale inclusions 1301 Layer Subsoil: Mid yellowish brown clay silt with moderate 0.3 shale inclusions 1302 Layer Natural: Mid yellowish grey silt clay-shale

Trench 14

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1400 Layer Topsoil: Mid yellowish grey clay silt with occasional 0.3 shale inclusions 1401 Layer Subsoil: Mid yellowish brown clay silt with moderate 0.3 shale inclusions 1402 Layer Natural: Mid yellowish grey silt clay-shale 1403 Cut Cut of N/S ditch 1.46 0.52 1404 Fill Fill of 1403: Mid greyish brown silt clay with 1.46 0.48 occasional shale fragments 1405 Fill Fill of 1403: Mid yellowish brown clay silt with 0.86 0.1 occasional stone fragments

Trench 15

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1500 Layer Topsoil: Mid orangey brown clay silt with occasional 0.25 shale inclusions 1501 Layer Subsoil: Mid orangey brown clay silt with occasional 0.35 shale inclusions 1502 Layer Natural: Yellowish orange mudstone/clay with some grey shale outcrops 1503 Cut Cut of trackway 1504 Fill Fill of 1503

Trench 16

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1600 Layer Topsoil: Mid orangey brown clay silt with occasional 0.25 shale inclusions 1601 Layer Subsoil: Mid orangey brown clay silt with occasional 0.3 shale inclusions 1602 Layer Natural: Grey shale platelets 1603 Cut Cut of trackway 2.9 0.15

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1604 Fill Fill of 1603: Mid orangey brown clay silt with 2.9 0.15 moderate shale 1605 Cut Cut of NE/SW ditch 0.75 0.39 1606 Fill Fill of 1605: Mid yellowish brown silt clay with 0.33 0.05 occasional shale fragments 1607 Fill Fill of 1605: Mid reddish brown silt clay with 0.75 0.34 occasional stone fragments

Trench 17

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1700 Layer Topsoil: Mid orangey brown clay silt with occasional 0.25 shale inclusions 1701 Layer Subsoil: Mid orangey brown clay silt with occasional 0.6 shale inclusions 1702 Layer Natural: Orange clay

Trench 18

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1800 Layer Topsoil: Dark greyish brown clay silt 0.21 1801 Layer Subsoil: Mid blue grey clay with bands of organic 0.09 material and occasional small shale inclusions 1802 Layer Natural: Mid to dark yellow clay with bands of blue grey clay

Trench 19

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 1900 Layer Topsoil: Mid brown silt clay with some organic 0.18 inclusions 1901 Layer Subsoil: Mid brownish grey silt clay 0.12 1902 Layer Natural: Mid to dark yellow clay 1903 Cut Cut of natural feature 1904 Fill Fill of 1903: Mottled greyish brown and yellow clay silt

Trench 20

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2000 Layer Topsoil: Dark greyish brown clay silt with rare small 0.25 stone inclusions 2001 Layer Subsoil: Light greyish brown clay silt 0.15 2002 Layer Natural: Mid to dark yellow clay 2003 Cut Cut of N/S ditch 0.85 0.14 2004 Fill Fill of 2003: Mid brownish grey silt clay 0.85 0.14

Trench 21

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2100 Layer Topsoil: Dark greyish brown clay silt with rare small 0.26 stone inclusions

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2101 Layer Subsoil: Light brownish grey clay silt with angular 0.2 gravel inclusions 2102 Layer Natural: Mottled yellow and grey clay, patches of gravel inclusions

Trench 22

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2200 Layer Topsoil: Dark greyish brown clay silt with rare small 0.2 stone inclusions 2201 Layer Subsoil: Light grey clay with angular gravel 0.16 inclusions 2202 Layer Natural: Yellow clay with grey gravel at NE end of trench 2203 Cut Cut of E/W ditch 0.9 0.26 2204 Fill Fill of 2203: Mid to light brownish grey silt clay with 0.9 0.26 occasional gravel and shale fragments 2205 Cut Cut of E/W ditch 1.4 0.32 2206 Fill Fill of 2205: Mid to light greyish brown silt clay with 1.4 0.32 occasional gravel and shale fragments

Trench 23

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2300 Layer Topsoil: Dark greyish brown clay silt with rare small 0.3 stone inclusions 2301 Layer Subsoil: Light grey clay with stone inclusions 0.3 2302 Layer Natural: Mottled yellow and grey clay 2303 Cut Cut of NE/SW ditch 2.3 0.14 2304 Fill Fill of 2203: Mid grey silt clay with occasional shale 2.3 0.14 fragments

Trench 24

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2400 Layer Topsoil: Mid greyish brown clay silt with occasional 0.2 small stone inclusions 2401 Layer Subsoil: Light orangey grey clay silt with stone and 0.4 gravel inclusions 2402 Layer Natural: Yellowish brown clay

Trench 25

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2500 Layer Topsoil: Mid greyish brown clay silt with occasional 0.2 small stone inclusions 2501 Layer Subsoil: Mid reddish brown shale silt with 0.35 occasional large stone inclusions 2502 Layer Natural: Yellowish brown silt clay with occasional blue grey clay bands

Trench 26

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date

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2600 Layer Topsoil: Mid reddish brown sand silt with rare small 0.22 pebbles 2601 Layer Subsoil: Mid reddish brown gritty sand silt with 0.3 occasional small stones 2602 Layer Natural: Yellowish brown clay silt with occasional blue grey bands 2603 Cut Cut of natural feature 0.3 0.3 2604 Fill Fill of 2603 0.3 0.3 2605 Fill Fill of 2606: Light yellowish brown silt clay with 3.84 0.26 angular stone pieces and rare charcoal flecks 2606 Cut Cut of NW/SE ditch 3.84 0.26

Trench 27

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2700 Layer Topsoil: Mid reddish brown sand silt with regular grit 0.18 2701 Layer Subsoil: Light reddish brown gritty sand silt with 0.1 occasional small stones 2702 Layer Natural: Yellowish grey clay silt with occasional shale 2703 Fill Fill of 2704: Yellowish brown silt sand with frequent 0.4 0.35 0.15 gravel 2704 Cut Cut of small pit/post-hole 0.4 0.35 0.15 2705 Fill Fill of 2706: Dark yellowish brown silt sand with 1.5 >0.5 0.15 occasional sub-angular pebbles 2706 Cut Cut of sub-circular pit 1.5 >0.5 0.15 2707 Cut Cut of E/W ditch 1 0.4 2708 Cut Cut of E/W ditch 1 0.25 2709 Cut Cut of oval pit 0.95 0.6 0.1 2710 Fill Fill of 2709: Mid brown sand silt with regular shale 0.95 0.6 0.1 and grit 2711 Cut Cut of shallow pit 1.3 0.23 2712 Fill Fill of 2711: Dark brown sand silt with occasional 0.3 0.03 charcoal and rare fired clay 2713 Fill Fill of 2711: Dark brown sand silt with occasional >0.98 0.14 shale 2714 Cut Cut of NW/SE gully 0.55 0.16 2715 Fill Fill of 2714: Mid brown sand silt with frequent shale 0.55 0.16 2716 Cut Cut of shallow pit >0.9 0.06 2717 Fill Fill of 2716: Mid reddish brown clay silt with regular >0.9 0.06 small shale stones 2718 Not Not used used 2719 Fill Fill of 2720: Mid brown sand silt with frequent shale 0.58 0.18 inclusions 2720 Cut Cut of NW/SE gully 0.58 0.18 2721 Fill Fill of 2724: Mid orangey brown sand silt with >0.36 0.23 occasional shale inclusions 2722 Fill Fill of 2724: Mid yellowish brown sand silt with 0.68 0.14 RB occasional shale inclusions 2723 Fill Fill of 2724: Mid greyish brown sand silt with 0.6 0.38 abundant shale inclusions 2724 Cut Cut of pit/ditch >0.76 0.65 2725 Cut Cut of N/S gully 0.6 0.25 2726 Fill Fill of 2725: Mid brown silt sand with occasional 0.6 0.25 sub-rounded pebbles 2727 Cut Cut of E/W ditch 1 0.28 2728 Fill Fill of 2727: Light yellowish brown clay silt with 0.17 frequent shale inclusions

30 © Cotswold Archaeology Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall: Archaeological evaluation and watching brief

2729 Fill Fill of 2727: Mid reddish brown sand silt with regular 1 0.12 shale inclusions 2730 Cut Cut of oval pit 1.19 0.45 0.19 2731 Fill Fill of 2730: Light yellowish brown clay silt with 0.75 0.07 frequent shale inclusions 2732 Fill Fill of 2730: Mid reddish brown silt sand with regular 0.75 0.45 0.16 LIA/RB shale inclusions 2733 Cut Cut of pit >0.8 0.21 2734 Fill Fill of 2733: Mid reddish brown silt sand with regular >0.8 0.21 shale inclusions 2735 Fill Fill of 2707: Mid brown silt sand with occasional 1 0.2 angular stones 2736 Fill Fill of 2707: Dark brownish yellow silt sand clay 1 0.3 2737 Fill Fill of 2707: Yellowish brown silt sand with frequent 0.6 0.1 sub-angular stones 2738 Fill Fill of 2708: Dark yellowish brown sand silt with very 1 1.25 frequent angular and sub-angular stones 2739 Fill Fill of 2711: Mid yellowish brown sand silt with >0.98 0.08 frequent stone pieces 2740 Cut Cut of sub-circular pit 0.8 0.5 0.05 2741 Fill Fill of 2740: Yellowish brown silt sand with frequent 0.8 0.5 0.05 sub-angular stones 2742 Cut Cut of pit 0.8 0.37 2743 Fill Fill of 2742: Mid brown sand silt with regular shale 0.8 0.18 and occasional medium sized granite pieces, also regular charcoal flecks 2744 Fill Fill of 2742: Dark brown sand silt with regular 0.71 0.19 charcoal flecks and occasional shale inclusions 2745 Cut Cut of shallow NW/SE gully 0.5 0.05 2746 Fill Fill of 2745: Orangey brown silt sand with 0.5 0.05 occasional gravel 2747 Cut Cut of pit 0.8 0.7 0.3 2748 Fill Fill of 2747: Orangey brown silt sand with 0.8 0.7 0.3 occasional sub-angular pebbles

Trench 28

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2800 Layer Topsoil: Light greyish brown sand silt 0.25 2801 Layer Subsoil: Light brown clay silt with occasional 0.15 angular stones 2802 Layer Natural: Yellow sand clay with shale inclusions 2803 Cut Cut of E/W gully 0.45 0.15 2804 Fill Fill of 2803: Mid yellowish brown sand silt with 0.45 0.15 LIA/RB occasional sub-angular and sub-rounded pebbles

Trench 29

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2900 Layer Topsoil: Mid greyish brown clay silt 0.22 2901 Layer Subsoil: Mid yellowish brown silt clay with common 0.25 gravel and occasional shale inclusions 2902 Layer Natural: Brownish yellow gravely clay and light greyish white slate and clay 2903 Fill Fill of 2904:Mid reddish brown clay silt with 0.65 0.12 occasional stones 2904 Cut Cut of N/S gully 0.65 0.12 2905 Fill Fill of 2906: Mid brown silt clay with occasional 0.68 0.18

31 © Cotswold Archaeology Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall: Archaeological evaluation and watching brief

shale inclusions 2906 Cut Cut of NE/SW ditch 0.68 0.18 2907 Fill Fill of 2908: Dark blackish grey clay silt with 0.7 0.12 abundant charcoal pieces and regular heat-affected stones 2908 Cut Cut of circular pit 0.7 0.12 2909 Fill Fill of 2912: Dark greyish brown and yellowish 1.43 0.38 brown silt clay with frequent charcoal flecks and occasional stone pieces and common gravel 2910 Fill Fill of 2912: Mid to light yellowish brown silt clay 0.66 0.33 with regular gravel and occasional stone pieces 2911 Fill Fill of 2912: Mid brownish yellow clay silt with 0.51 0.22 occasional gravel, rare charcoal and occasional clay mottling 2912 Cut Cut of NE/SW ditch 1.43 0.85 2913 Cut Cut of curvilinear gully 0.3 0.06 2914 Fill Fill of 2913: Mid reddish brown sand silt with 0.3 0.06 occasional shale inclusions 2915 Cut Cut of sub-circular pit 0.88 0.34 2916 Fill Fill of 2915: Dark reddish brown sand silt with 0.44 0.09 regular charcoal fragments and occasional shale inclusions 2917 Fill Fill of 2915: Light reddish brown sandy silt with 0.88 0.25 LIA/RB medium sized stone pieces 2918 Fill Fill of 2919: Mid reddish brown silt clay with 1.16 0.3 occasional charcoal flecks and common angular stone pieces 2919 Cut Cut of NE/SW ditch 1.16 0.3 2920 Fill Fill of 2921: Mid reddish brown clay silt with 0.32 0.08 occasional charcoal flecks and grit 2921 Cut Cut of curvilinear 0.32 0.08 2922 Fill Fill of 2923: Mid reddish brown clay silt with >0.13 0.08 occasional charcoal flecks and grit 2923 Cut Cut of curvilinear >0.13 0.08 2924 Fill Fill of 2925: Mid yellowish brown silt clay with 0.17 0.08 regular grit and occasional charcoal flecks 2925 Cut Cut of curvilinear 0.17 0.08 2926 Fill Fill of 2927: Mid yellowish brown silt clay with 0.49 0.11 PRE regular grit and occasional charcoal flecks 2927 Cut Cut of curvilinear 0.49 0.11 2928 Fill Fill of 2929: Mid reddish brown clay silt with regular 0.29 0.03 grit and occasional charcoal flecks 2929 Cut Cut of curvilinear terminus 0.29 0.03 2930 Fill Fill of 2931: Dark blackish grey silt with frequent 0.07 0.06 charcoal 2931 Cut Cut of stakehole 0.07 0.06 2932 Fill Fill of 2934: Mid yellowish brown silt clay with 1.3 0.11 PRE regular grit , occasional charcoal flecks and occasional sub-angular stone pieces 2933 Fill Fill of 2934: Mid to light brownish yellow clay silt 1.02 0.21 with very rare charcoal flecks, frequent gravel and common angular stone pieces 2934 Cut Cut of tree throw 1.02 0.21

Trench 30

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 3000 Layer Topsoil: Mid greyish brown clay silt 0.3 3001 Layer Subsoil: Mid yellowish brown sand clay with 0.25

32 © Cotswold Archaeology Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall: Archaeological evaluation and watching brief

common gravel and occasional shale inclusions 3002 Layer Natural: Yellow sand clay with gravel inclusions 3003 Cut Cut of N/S ditch 0.8 0.3 3004 Fill Fill of 3003: Dark orangey brown silt sand 0.8 0.3 3005 Cut Cut of N/S ditch 0.8 0.3 3006 Fill Fill of 3006: Light orangey brown silt sand with 0.8 0.3 frequent granite-like stones 3007 Cut Cut of circular pit >0.5 0.05 3008 Fill Fill of 3007: Mid brown silt sand with occasional >0.5 0.05 PRE gravel and occasional charcoal 3009 Cut Cut of pit 1.1 0.6 0.25 3010 Fill Fill of 3009: Dark yellowish brown silt sand 1.1 0.6 0.25 3011 Cut Cut of pit 0.7 0.5 0.15 3012 Fill Fill of 3011: Light yellowish brown silt sand with 0.7 0.5 0.15 occasional sub-angular and angular stones 3013 Cut Cut of pit/post-hole 0.45 0.25 3014 Fill Fill of 3013: Mid yellowish brown silt sand with 0.45 0.15 PRE occasional sub-angular and angular pebbles 3015 Fill Fill of 3013: Light yellowish brown silt sand with 0.45 0.1 occasional sub-rounded stones 3016 Cut Cut of pit/post-hole 0.4 0.05 3017 Fill Fill of 3016: Dark brown clay sand with occasional 0.4 0.05 sub-angular stones and occasional charcoal flecks 3018 Cut Cut of pit/post-hole 0.45 0.05 3019 Fill Fill of 3018: Mid to dark brown clay sand with 0.45 0.05 occasional sub-angular and sub-rounded stones

Test pit 22

No. Type Description Length Width Depth Spot- (m) (m) (m) date 2200 Layer Topsoil: Mid brown silty clay 0.18 2201 Layer Subsoil: Mid brownish grey silty clay 0.17 2202 Layer Natural: Yellow sand clay with gravel inclusions 2203 Fill Fill of 2204: Dark greyish brown silt, frequent chalk >0.6 0.82 and burnt stone 2204 Cut Pit >0.6 0.82

33 © Cotswold Archaeology Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall: Archaeological evaluation and watching brief

APPENDIX B: THE FINDS

Context Description Count Weight(g) Spot-date 103 Worked flint: flake 1 2 - Stone; natural cobble 1 170 206 Worked flint: flake 1 5 - 307 Late Prehistoric/Roman pottery: reduced gabbroic (crumb) 1 1 LIA/RB 311 Post-medieval/modern pottery: refined whiteware; clear glazed 2 20 C19 earthenware 606 Prehistoric pottery: igneous fabric 1 2 EBA? Worked flint: broken flake 1 9 721 Late Prehistoric/Roman pottery: reduced gabbroic (crumbs) 3 4 LIA/RB 804 Ironworking slag: smelting? 3 60 - 805 Late Prehistoric/Roman pottery: reduced gabbroic 2 86 LIA/RB 813 Prehistoric pottery: coarse gabbroic/igneous 3 212 BA? Worked stone: perforated discs 2 223 815 Post-medieval pottery: North Devon Gravel-tempered 1 74 C16-C18 817 Late Prehistoric pottery: coarse gabbroic/igneous 5 149 Pre 826 Fe nail 1 - Pmed? 1604 Fired clay 1 2 - 2722 Late Prehistoric/Roman pottery: reduced gabbroic 1 18 RB 2732 Late Prehistoric/Roman pottery: reduced gabbroic (burnt) 1 3 LIA/RB 2744 Fired clay 1 3 - 2804 Late Prehistoric/Roman pottery: reduced gabbroic 3 12 LIA/RB Worked flint: flake (rolled) 1 20 2917 Late Prehistoric/Roman pottery: reduced gabbroic 3 40 LIA/RB 2926 Prehistoric pottery: crumb gabbroic/igneous 1 1 Pre Worked flint: flakes; broken flake 3 10 2932 Prehistoric pottery: coarse gabbroic 1 7 Pre 3008 Prehistoric pottery: crumbs inclusionless 2 1 Pre Worked flint: broken flake 1 1 3014 Late Prehistoric/Roman pottery: coarse gabbroic/igneous 1 6 Pre

34 © Cotswold Archaeology Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall: Archaeological evaluation and watching brief

APPENDIX C: THE PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE xt No xt Sample No Conte Volume (L) Percentage of sample processed Flots Flot Weight (g) Material Weight (g) Identificatio n (where applicable) 1 2907 7L 50% 1mm 210 Charcoal 4 plus Corylus avellana (Hazel) and flot 0.25mm

2 2916 3L 100% 1mm 14 Charcoal 3 plus Quercus spp (Oak spp) and flot 0.25mm

3 808 8L 50% 1mm 73 Charcoal <1 Alnus glutinosa/Corylus avellana and plus (Alder/hazel) 0.25mm flot Quercus spp (Oak spp) Plant In flot Hordeum vulgare (Barley) macrofossils Poaceae (Indeterminate cereal grains) Triticum spp (Wheat spp) CBM 1 Fired clay 4 3 115 11L 100% 1mm 3 Charcoal <1 Alnus glutinosa/Corylus avellana and plus (Alder/hazel) 0.25mm flot Quercus spp (Oak spp) CBM <1

35 © Cotswold Archaeology Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall: Archaeological evaluation and watching brief

APPENDIX D: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS Project Name Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall Short description An archaeological evaluation and watching brief was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology between September and October 2011 along the proposed Newquay Strategic Route, at Higher Trencreek, Newquay, Cornwall. The fieldwork comprised the excavation of 28 trenches and a watching brief on geotechnical investigation works which were undertaken at the same time as the evaluation. The evaluation identified archaeological deposits within the evaluation area, with a high density of archaeological remains within the southern and northern parts of the site. A lower density of archaeological remains was identified within the central portion of the site. Archaeological features identified ranged in date from the Bronze Age to the modern period. Within the northern part of the evaluation area, a ditch terminus was identified dating to the Bronze Age, as well as a possible roundhouse with a possible in situ floor surface. An intensive zone of Romano-British settlement activity was identified within the southern part of the site, including enclosures, possible roundhouses, pits and possible field system ditches. Features associated with medieval and post-medieval agricultural land use were also recorded. The watching brief during geotechnical investigation works identified one undated pit.

Project dates 19 September to 7 October 2011 Project type Field Evaluation Previous work Pre-Construct Geophysics 2011a Geophysical Survey: Proposed Newquay Growth Area, Cornwall; Land at Higher Trencreek, Newquay, Cornwall Pre-Construct Geophysics 2011b Geophysical Survey: Proposed Newquay Growth Area, Cornwall; Land off Trevenson Road, Newquay Cornwall Future work Unknown PROJECT LOCATION Site Location Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall Study area (M2/ha) n/a Site co-ordinates SW 8447 6187 to SW 8325 6029 PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology Project Brief originator Cornwall Council Historic Environment Service Project Design (WSI) originator Cotswold Archaeology Project Manager Laurent Coleman Project Supervisor Stuart Joyce MONUMENT TYPE Settlement, Enclosed Hut Circle Settlement SIGNIFICANT FINDS None PROJECT ARCHIVES Intended final location of archive Content Physical Royal Cornwall Museum Pottery, flint and metalwork Paper Royal Cornwall Museum WSI, pro forma registers, recording forms and photographs Digital Royal Cornwall Museum Digital photographs BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2011 Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay, Cornwall: Archaeological Evaluation. CA typescript report 11247

36 N t 01285 771022 Cotswold f 01285 771033 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE

LL Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay WA N Cornwall OR C FIGURE TITLE Site location plan

0 1km

FIGURE NO. Reproduced from the 2003 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with the PROJECT NO. 3564 DATE 17-10-2011 permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeological Trust 100002109 APPROVED BY PJM SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1

Trench 7, section AA Trench 7, section BB

700 SW NE NE 701 SW 60.5m 60m AOD AOD 723

711

ditch 710 ditch 722 01m 01m

Trench 7, ditch 710, looking south-east (scale 1m)

Trench 8, section CC

NE SW 59.5m AOD 800 801 801 801 828 820 817 815 830 826 ditch pit 819 829 ditch ditch 816 ditch pit/ditch terminus 814 827 825 818

0 3m

Trench 8, intercutting pits 805, 807 and 809, lookign south-east (scale 1m)

t 01285 771022 Cotswold f 01285 771033 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay Cornwall

FIGURE TITLE Trenches 7 and 8: Sections and photographs

Trench 8, ditches 814 and pits 816 and 818, looking east (scale 1m) PROJECT NO. 3564 DATE 18-10-2011 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LECC SCALE@A3 1:20 and 1:50 9 Trench 27, Section DD

S N 68m 2738 AOD 2736

2737 ditch ditch 2708 2707

Trench 27, Section EE Trench 27, Section FF

EWNW SE 68.5m 70m 2700 AOD AOD

2726 2701

ditch 2725 2744

2743

pit 2742

01m

t 01285 771022 Cotswold f 01285 771033 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay Cornwall

FIGURE TITLE Trench 27, ditches 2707 and 2708, looking west (scale 2m) Trench 27, pit 2742, looking north-east (scale 1m) Trench 27: Sections and photographs

PROJECT NO. 3564 DATE 18-10-2011 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LECC SCALE@A3 1:20 10 Trench 29B, section HH Trench 29A, section GG

NW SE SE NW 71.2m 71.5m AOD 2920

AOD ditch 2921

2909

2910

2911 ditch 2912 Trench 29B, section II

SW NE 71.2m AOD 2926 ditch 2927

no number

01m

t 01285 771022 Cotswold f 01285 771033 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Trench 29, ditch 2912, looking south-west (scale 1m) Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay Cornwall

FIGURE TITLE Trench 29: Sections and Trench 29, ditch 2921, looking north-east (scale 0.2m) photographs

PROJECT NO. 3564 DATE 18-10-2011 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LECC SCALE@A3 1:20 11 Trench 30, Section JJ

3000

W E 99m AOD 3001

3004 3006

ditch ditch 3003 3005

Trench 30, ditches 3003 and 3005, looking north (scale 1m)

Trench 30, Section KK.

EW 99m 01m AOD 3014 3012

3015 t 01285 771022 pit Cotswold f 01285 771033 posthole 3011 w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk 3013 Archaeology e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Newquay Strategic Route, Newquay Cornwall

FIGURE TITLE Trench 30, pit 3011 and posthole 3013, looking south, (scale 1m) Trench 30: Sections and photographs

PROJECT NO. 3564 DATE 18-10-2011 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY JB REVISION 00 APPROVED BY LECC SCALE@A3 1:20 12