Fall Semester Review Preap Biology Fall 2008

Name______Period______Fall Semester Review PreAP Biology

TEKS: 2ABCD, 3A, 4AB, 6 ABCDEF, 9ABC Topics: Safety & Scientific Processes, Biochemistry (Inorganic & Organic, Photosynthesis, Respiration, Enzymes), DNA (Replication), RNA (protein synthesis—Transcription & Translation); Genetics (Variations, Punnett squares, Pedigrees, Karyotypes), Cells (structure, function, and processes)

Use the picture to the left to answer the following questions:

1. Object C will enable you to ______On what magnification is it okay to use C? A

2. In order to increase magnification power You would adjust ______

3. Total magnification would be obtained by Multiplying ____ x ____ : C

4. Julie cuts her finger with a scalpel in lab. She should 1st ______

5. When working with chemicals, students should first read an MSDS. What information is included on MSDS sheets? ______

Fill in the blanks 6. Control and experimental groups are identical except for the ______variable

7. The maintenance of a stable internal environment in spite of changes in the environment is called ______.

8. In an experiment, a group that receives no treatment is called a(n) ______group.

9. In an experiment, the factor that is varied is called the ______variable.

10. In an experiment, the factor that is measured is called the ______variable.

1 Analyzing Experimental Design Background To study the effects of common substances on the heart rate of tiny aquatic organisms known as Daphnia, students placed a Daphnia in a drop of water on a glass slide. The students then added 1 or more drops of a test substance dissolved in water to the slide, waited 10 seconds, then counted heart beats for 10 seconds. The students used a clean slide and a new Daphnia each time. Their data table is shown below.

Heart Rate of Daphnia in Different Solutions Substance tested Heart rate (beats per minute) None (control) 58 Coffee 65 Ethanol 50

Analysis Identify the dependent and independent variables in the experiment.

Identify the experimental groups in the experiment.

Propose a liquid that could be used for a control group.

Evaluate how the instructions could be changed to improve the design of the experiment.

Graphing Make a bar graph of the data in this table. Make sure you follow all of the guidelines for correctly constructing graphs.

2 Biochemistry (Inorganic & Organic)

1. Physical or chemical change (P or C)? a. Burning of wood __ c. Making koolaid ___ e. Baking a cake ___ b. Chopping wood __ d. Boiling water ____

2. Give another example of a physical change and explain why it is physical.

3. Give another example of a chemical change and explain why it is chemical.

4. Describe the 3 particles that make up an atom, list their charges, and draw an example of a Boron atom.

5. For Neon, what is the atomic # ____? # of protons? ____ Mass #? ____ # of neutrons? ____

6. Draw a water molecule, label the elements, and the partial charges.

7. What bonds hold the hydrogen and oxygen together WITHIN a water molecule? ______8. What type of “bonds” hold multiple water molecules to one another? ______9. Why is water polar?

10. Why is water inorganic?

11. Give an example of homogenous mixture that is a solution ______, a suspension ______, and a heterogenous mixture ______

12. Explain the 10 properties of water. 1. Water is inorganic—because it does not contain carbon

2. Water has a set molecular structure— H2O (see diagram from Holt Biology) 3. A Water molecule is held together by covalent bonds 4. Water molecules are held to each other by hydrogen bonds 5. Water is polar—because of its uneven distribution of charge; results in most of the other unique properties of water o Polar molecules (like water) dissolve polar and ionic molecules (“like dissolves like”) o Nonpolar molecules do not dissolve well in water o Important in membrane structure and function 6. Water has a high specific heat Water heats slowly and retains heat longer than many other substances Important in helping organisms maintain body temperature through evaporation of water, which carries the heat away 7. Cohesion and adhesion Water’s polar nature makes it exhibit both cohesion and adhesion Cohesion – attraction between water molecules (hydrogen bonds) - causes surface tension - causes drops of water to form Adhesion – attraction between a water molecule and another substance - causes substances to get wet - causes capillary action 8. Water’s attraction to itself causes surface tension—a condition in which the surface of water will not break or stretch easily because of the attraction 9. Water exhibits capillary action—process where water molecules can move up a tube, such as the xylem inside a plant stem 10. liquid water has a density of 1 g/ml—In general, solid water is less dense than liquid water

3 13. Differentiate between an acid and a base.

14. Draw and label the pH scale.

15. List the steps of the water cycle.

16. List the steps of the carbon cycle.

17. What element must all organic compounds contain?

18. Fill in the chart below regarding the 4 organic compounds. Organic Examples Monomer/ Important Testing Compound subunit Facts/Characteristics (Chemical Reagent & Positive Color Result) Benedict’s & heat Carbohydrates glucose monosaccharide (simple sugars) lactose green/orange + starch color result glycogen rice, bread, Iodine (starch), pasta blue/black + color result

Lipids oils, butter, fat 1 glycerol + 3 Brown bag, fatty acids translucent spot + result

Proteins fish, chicken, amino acid Biuret, clear violet nuts, meat, + color result eggs

Nucleic Acids DNA & RNA Nucleotide not tested (sugar + phosphate + nitrogen base)

4 Photosynthesis & Respiration and Enzymes 19. What is the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy stored as glucose? ______20. In what organelle does the process in #19 take place? ______21. Draw the organelle.

22. Why is the pigment chlorophyll important? ______23. What types of organisms perform the process described in #19? ______24. What types of organisms perform cellular respiration? ______25. The energy molecule for cells is ______and is made in the organelle called the ______through the process of aerobic cellular respiration. This energy is released and used for various cell processes. Draw a picture of the organelle in which cellular respiration takes place.

26. Write the equations for both photosynthesis and respiration. (Don’t forget to include energy!)

27. Draw and label a diagram showing the relationship between an enzyme and a substrate. Include the active site.

28. Enzymes are PROTEINS that are catalysts. Explain what this means in terms of what happens to an enzyme after a substrate is converted to product.

29. Explain what it means to say an enzyme is denatured. Identify two changes in the environment that can denature an enzyme.

DNA, RNA, & Genetics ( pictures from Web Cat)

1. DNA stands for ______; RNA stands for ______

2. 3 Differences between DNA & RNA Nucleic Acid 5-C Sugar Shape Base-pairing DNA RNA

3. DNA and RNA are made of smaller subunits called nucleotides which are made up of 3 parts: ______, ______, and ______4. Describe the shape of DNA and name the scientist who determined this.

5. In DNA, purines bond with pyrimidines. Fill in the chart. Purines Pyrimidines Adenine Bonds with Bonds with

6. The “bonds” that hold the nitrogen bases are ______“bonds” and are broken by ______during the unzipping process of DNA during replication.

7. Define DNA replication. (DNA  2DNA) 8. List the steps of DNA replication, starting with “1. DNA unwinds.…”

5 9. Fill in the chart regarding RNA types. Type of RNA Name of RNA Type Location Function mRNA tRNA rRNA

10. Three nucleotides of mRNA is called a ______and codes for one ______. 11. Proteins (polypeptides) are made up of smaller molecules called ______and are held together by ______bonds. 12. 2 processes involved in protein synthesis: 1.______and 2. ______

13. Why is DNA important in protein synthesis (the making of proteins)?

14. Transcription (DNA  mRNA)  Transcription occurs in the ______. The DNA unwinds/unzips and serves as a template/pattern to make mRNA. The mRNA leaves through the ______and goes to the ______in the ______of a cell. The DNA closes and winds back up. 15. Translation (mRNA  amino acid sequence = protein)  Translation occurs in the ______.  Describe translation. Use diagram below for Ques. 16-18

(Questions 16-18 are adapted from ESC Region 10 Web Cat) 16. a. The molecule labeled 1 represents ______. 3 2 b. The molecule labeled 2 represents ______. c. The molecule labeled 3 represents ______. 17. Where in the cell did molecule 2 get molecule 3?

18. What molecule is being made when a chain of #3s are linked?

19. Given: DNA Template Strand: T A C C A T G A G Complementary DNA Strand: ______Use the DNA Template Strand to determine the mRNA.

mRNA Strand (Codons): ______tRNA Strand (Anticodons): ______Amino Acid Sequence: ______mRNA Codon Chart

6 20. Describe the difference between deletion, insertion, and substitution mutations that can occur in DNA and explain the potential effects on the protein that is needed to be produced.

21. Fill in the cell cycle and explain the steps of the cell cycle in detail (include when replication, transcription, & translation would occur.) Arrow represents Interphase.

22. Create a table and contrast mitosis and meiosis. (include type of cell, # cells produced, chromosome #, etc.)

23. Draw the phases of the cell cycle in order: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis and describe what is happening in each phase.

24. Mitosis is most important for an organism’s: A. vision B. respiration C. growth D. metabolism 25. Mitosis can be a form of ______reproduction.

26. After mitosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell compared to the parent cell?

27. What type of cells does mitosis produce?

28. The body cells of an individual plant have 50 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be found in the gametes produced by this plant? 7 Mendelian Genetics

Matching. 1. autosomes _____ 2. chromosome _____ A. nucleotide or DNA segment is lost 3. gene _____ B. one extra chromosome 4. pedigrees _____ C. phenotypic history of a family 5. sex chromosomes _____ D. section of a chromosome that controls traits 6. karyotype _____ E. chromosome contains an extra copy of a gene 7. trisomy _____ F. rod-shaped structure that contains a cell’s genetic information 8. monosomy _____ G. a photograph of an organism’s chromosomes 9. deletion _____ H. addition of one or more nucleotides to a gene 10. duplication _____ I. non-sex chromosomes; in normal cells there are 22 pairs 11. substitution _____ J. the X and the Y chromosome (pair 23) 12. insertion _____ K. only one copy of the chromosome instead of two L. one nucleotide is replaced with another

13. Define the following and give an example illustrating this type of inheritance. a. Incomplete dominance inheritance—

b. Codominance inheritance—

c. Sex-linked inheritance—

d. Multiple allele inheritance—

Questions 14-15. Show all work in a Punnett square and give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

Traits and alleles: Y= Yellow seed, y=green seed R=round, r= wrinkled 14. Cross two plants heterozygous for seed color.

15. Cross two heterozygous plants that have yellow, round seeds. (only give phenotypic ratios for #15)

8 16. Remember a karyotype is a picture of an individual’s chromosomes.

a. How would the karyotype of a person with Down’s syndrome differ from a normal karyotype?

b. How is the karyotype of a male different from that of a female? (Include chromosome #)

c. How would the karyotype of a person with Turner’s differ from a person with Klinefelter’s?

17. Multiple Alleles/Codominance: Blood Typing. a. Fill in the genotypes for the blood type phenotypes below. Type A = Type AB = Type B = Type O =

b. If a woman who is homozygous B marries a man who is type AB, what is the percent chance of them having a child with type A blood? Show your work with a Punnett square.

c. If a woman who is heterozygous for A marries a man who is heterozygous for B, what are the possible blood types of their future offspring? Show your work with a Punnett square.

18. Sex-Linked Inheritance. Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait carried on the X chromosome. Use N for normal vision and n for colorblindness. Don’t forget your XX and XY! Show all work with a Punnett square.

a. If a woman who is colorblind marries a man who has normal vision, what are their chances of having a child who is colorblind?

b. If a woman who is homozygous for normal vision marries a man who is colorblind, what percent chance do they have of having a son who is colorblind?

9 19. In a pedigree, draw or describe how each of the following are represented. Female— Carrier— Male— Marriage— affected female Children— affected male— Generations—

Use the pedigree for Trait A to determine the genetic basis of this trait.

a. Does a dominant or recessive allele produce the trait? Explain.

b. Is it autosomal or sex- linked? Explain.

Autosomal because…

c. What are the genotypes of all the individuals in the pedigree? (Label on diagram)

d. What is the genotype of individual IV-2?

e. What is the genotype of individual IV-6? Explain.

f. What is the genotype of individual I-1? Explain.

10 Cells & Cell Processes

Identify the organelles AND 1. 2. Give function of each.

1. ______

2. ______

4. 3. ______3.

4. ______

5. The ______, the cell’s “powerhouse” that converts glucose to energy (ATP) during cell respiration. 6. The jelly-like substance in cells that supports organelles is called ______.

7. The ______is the large central sac in plant cells that stores water and wastes.

8. What structure do cells need to make proteins? ______

9. In which organelle does DNA replication take place in order for new cells to have a copy of DNA? ______Why is DNA important?

10. Name the 2 structures that are found in animal cells and not found in plant cells. a. ______and ______.

11. What does the cell membrane consist of? ______Draw and label it.

12. What type of cell needs the most mitochondria? (nerve, muscle, blood, or bacteria) Why? ______13. What type of cells would have a lot of smooth ER? (nerve, muscle, liver, or heart) Why? ______

11 14. Label the diagrams as isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic based on the environment outside of the cell. Draw an arrow indicating which way water will move. Key: = water (H2O), = sugar

______

15. Describe the different types of proteins located in the cell membrane and what their functions are. a. marker

b. receptor

c. transport/channel

16. Draw a picture of what a cell (model: grape) would look like in each of these types of solutions. Describe the mass change in each and water movement.

A. Hypotonic B. Hypertonic C. Isotonic (Tap Water) (Glucose Solution) (Grape Juice)

17. What is the differences and similarities between each of the following processes? (Do not just write the definition. Use comparative terms. You may also draw pictures to illustrate the differences)

a. osmosis & diffusion

b. active & passive transport

c. exocytosis & endocytosis