Expanded Comparison Matrix Example

Running head: EXPANDED COMPARISON MATRIX 1 Expanded Comparison Matrix Article 1 Article 2 Article 3 Transformational Leadership in the The Effect Of Transactional and The Reality of Web-Based Public Sector: Does Structure Matter? Transformational Leadership Interaction in an Egyptian Styles on the Organizational Distance Education Course Title/Author(s) Wright & Pandey Commitment and Job Satisfaction of Customer Contact Personnel Alaa Sadik

Emery & Barker

Purpose of the study To test existing paradigms regarding To examine the connection To construct a web-based What is the author’s transformational leadership. The between transactional and learning environment with rationale for selecting this topic? Does he build authors suggest that public transformational leadership and tutorials, assessments and a strong case? organizations are not as bureaucratic employer commitment on job instruction support tools. as stereotypically believed and that the satisfaction in the service performance measures in place industry. To determine the types of support higher levels of tools that would provide transformational leadership in these The literature review suggests efficient interaction of organizations than might be expected that a major factor in customer students in an based on their hierarchical structures. service and retention is the asynchronous learning attitude of an service employee environment. The author builds a plausible argument towards the leadership of the based on the need for followers to be organization in which they work. To determine the students’ flexible in order for a leader to motivate In addition to forming hypotheses perception of the user them beyond satisfactory performance. to determine the most correlative friendliness of In addition, the structure and controls leadership style to the positive asynchronous and in place for public organizations might attitude of an employee, there is synchronous interaction impede the effectiveness of a discussion of the theoretical tools. transformational leader. issues related to the relationship between both organizational To determine the level of commitment and job satisfaction interaction between and customer satisfaction. students in a web-based learning environment and determine how well students work together and EXPANDED COMPARISON MATRIX 2 exchange ideas to learn and construct their own meaning and evaluate information processing and thinking applied by learners.

Research The more hierarchical an What is the relationship between With increased Question(s) organization’s authority structure, the two surrogates of employee development in What question(s) does lower the reported practice of attitude? communication technology, the author present? transformational leadership behaviors. such as the Internet, would How are transformational and a synchronous method be The weaker the lateral/upward transactional leadership defined required to achieve social communication in an organization, the and which is more correlative to a interaction? lower the reported practice of positive attitude? transformational leadership behaviors. Will Internet applications Customer contact personnel who be able to provide the The greater organizational perceive that they are managed means to facilitate dialogue formalization (measured as [3a] via a transformational leadership between the learners and procurement red tape and [3b] human style will have a higher level of course content and also resource red tape), the lower the organizational commitment that between the learner and reported practice of those managed via a others? transformational leadership behaviors. transactional leadership style. What is the effect of the The more an organization’s structure Customer contact personnel who educational and cultural impedes the establishment of extrinsic perceive that they are managed background of students in reward-performance contingencies via a transformational leadership Egyptian language schools (here measured as human resource style will have a higher level of job on the academic success red tape), the higher the reported satisfaction than those managed of students in an practice of transformational leadership via a transactional leadership asynchronous learning behaviors. style. environment?

The use of organizational performance Will a well-designed Web- measures will decrease the reported based distance education transformational leadership behaviors. program be an efficient way to help students in an Egyptian language school EXPANDED COMPARISON MATRIX 3 interact with the world?

It is organized by explaining definitions There is not separate section for There is no separate and then moving to related theories. the literature review. section for the literature review. The Literature Review begins with an Secondary headings are used to explanation of transformation segregate the subtopics under the The literature is discussed leadership and then explains the theoretical issues. in the introduction starting conditions that need to exist before with a reference to transformational leadership can be Employee attitude and customer Holmberg, Ritchie and successful. The review moves to satisfaction were discussed by Newby emphasizing the organizational structure and the ways correlating organizational importance of education. in which the structure can support or commitment and job satisfaction In the introduction, the Literature Review inhibit transformational styles including as popular research components. author continues as he How is this organized? formalization of processes and After detailing the elements of mentions the motivation of What are the main procedures, inadequate performance employee job satisfaction, there learners. themes found in the review? Who are the measurement and reward processes, was a comparison and contrast of main authors used? and a hierarchical chain of command. leadership styles as the basis of Using a review of bureaucracy or the focus of constructivist theorists, the They referenced Bass & Riggio in the influence using punishment and author notes the content beginning, followed by multiple rewards. and delivery approach in citations of work by Shamir combined addition to the frameworks with different people: Howell, or in The correlation between in support of the some cases House & Arthur. leadership and organizational constructivist approach to commitment and job satisfaction education. were discussed as several authors, such as Avolio, Bass, Conger and Kaningo were referenced in the review.

1,322 high-level public administrators 77 branch managers from three 32 Egyptian first-grade Sample in municipalities exceeding 50,000 regional banking organizations secondary language school Population(s) residents. and 47 store managers from one students ranging in age What group(s) is/are being studied? national food chain. from 15-16. There were 24 boys and 8 girls. EXPANDED COMPARISON MATRIX 4

One limitation might be that the Out of the branch and store One of the limitations is average age of the respondents was managers, 43% and 85% are that the sample size is 50 years. male respectively. They are direct small using only 32 Others include: supervisors of the respondents in students of the entire Mostly Caucasian the study. Because of the ratio of population. Many jurisdictions had only 3 male to female managers in the respondents, which might not be two organizations and because Another limitation is that representative of the opinions of other 100% of the respondents are students were chosen from direct reports. female, there may appear to be a type of school with many Limitations A reduced number of questions were gender bias. The results may be educational problems. The What are the limitations used to identify transformational skewed due to female typical student in this of the study? Why can it only encompass so leadership to keep the survey short. respondents reacting to female learning environment much? Possibly causing false identification of supervisors differently than male would commonly use transformational leaders. supervisors. Also, due to the Internet technology-based Transformational leadership might not fewer female store supervisors, resources as an be the result of less hierarchical the results may be biased. The instructional aid. This does organizations, it might cause them. selection was not random, not lend to external validity There is not a way to prove which therefore there is no validity in the of random sampling of came first. sample group of participants and controlled and uncontrolled The results might be indicative only of respondents. test groups. the 205 local governments studied, not other public organizations.

Results/ The authors research supported the The results support the The results were Conclusions idea that not all governmental hypothesis in that employees fragmented to distinguish What did the author find through the study? Was the organizational are bureaucratic and managed under a between qualitative and original question answered? that organizational red tape or rules do transformational style will have a quantitative discussion. not necessarily limit the use of higher organizational transformational leadership. commitment. There was a The quantitative analysis Performance measures do not limit the significant correlation found with 3 revealed difficulties in ability to use transformational factors when measured against using some of the features leadership. the store employees. Results of the software in addition were similar for the banking to the struggle of some That structure always inhibits sector. students in understanding transformational leadership was not the purpose of those supported by the data. The question is Results supported the authors’ features. EXPANDED COMPARISON MATRIX 5 answered as being untrue. suggestion that there will be higher job satisfaction given a The results were confusing Upward communication supported transformational management and did not explicitly state transformational leadership. Lower use style. the acceptance or rejection of it affected whether it was effective. of the hypothesis and There was a negative result for author assertions. Red tape did not appear to have a net the correlation between job effect on the use of transformational satisfaction and management by The purpose of the study leadership. exception. Significance was not was stated several times found for a correlation with with a discussion of the Performance measures appear to contingency rewards. results. The qualitative increase the use of transformational analysis was quantified leadership. Results also indicate no while still neglecting to significant difference in response state whether or not the So all questions were either supported, levels between banking and store conclusion was valid. or unsupported by the data collected. organizations and there was no substantiation to the predictability of management style due to gender.