Study Guide for Exam 2 s1

BSC 197 Summer 12 Study Guide for Exam 2 Note: The test will be written in such a way that someone with perfect memorization of keywords would get a middle B. There will be questions that will test if you understand the relationships between ideas and if you can use the memorized information to form ideas of your own. I use the word understand rather than just know for that reason. Part 1-Vacuoles, Mitochondria and Chloroplasts You should know and understand: The structure and roles for large vacuoles in plants The general structure and function of chloroplasts and mitochondria The endosymbiant theory

Part 2-Cytoskeleton You should know and understand: The functions of the cytoskeleton Microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments including Their composition and structure Their various roles in cellular function Centrioles and their structure and functions Cell movement via cilia and flagella Part 3-Cell Junctions and Cell Surfaces You should know and understand: Why cell surfaces are important biologically Plant cell walls, lamella and plasmodesmata The extracellular matrix of animal cells including: The component molecules and structure The roles of ECM Intercellular junctions The three types of junctions that animal cells make and what each is used for How emergent properties relates to cells and tissue

Part 4- Cell Communication and Energy in Biology You should know and understand: The general mechanisms of communication via direct contact, short-range, and long range. The general mechanisms of reception, transduction, and response The role of ligands and receptors. Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Responses The two main types of organisms as defined by how they obtain energy How these organisms interact The role of saprophytes in an ecosystem How photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary processes The input and output of photosynthesis and respiration How chloroplasts initiate photosynthesis

Part 5-Light reactions of photosynthesis You should know and understand: Where in the cells, light reactions take place How chlorophyll obtains solar energy The absorption of light spectra Electron excitation The components and functions of Photosystems I and II and how they interact You should be able to follow an electron through the two photosystems Noncyclic and cyclic electron flow and the energetic outcome of each

Part 6-Calvin cycle of photosynthesis You should know and understand: The three stages of the Calvin cycle and what is accomplished in each stage The main molecules involved (found in lecture outlines)

How a plant obtains CO2 Why photorespiration is bad and how C4 and CAM plants avoid it

Part 7-Cellular Respiration 1: Glycolysis and Krebs cycle You should know and understand: The input and output of respiration and the derivation of these molecules Understand how oxidation-reduction reactions work The three stages (and two transition steps) of cellular respiration Where, in the cell, each stage of respiration takes place The "overall" concept of what takes place in each stage of respiration along with the net energy gain achieved in each stage Part 8-Cellular Respiration 2: Electron transport and Oxidative phosphorylation You should know and understand:

The role of high energy electrons, H+ gradients and ATP synthase in respiration Two types of fermentation, and under what conditions they happen How a cell decides whether to undergo respiration or fermentation How other macromolecules can be included in respiration Two modes of feedback regulation of respiration