AP Human Geography s3

AP Human Geography 1

AP Human Geography

Course Overview Classroom Summary

Christine Yurky Homer-Center High School AP Human Geography 2 AP Human Geography

Course Overview/Description

Advanced Placement Human Geography is a college-level introductory course designed to study the patterns and processes of human activity on the earth’s surface. Students will examine the events that have shaped human understanding, use and alteration of the physical landscape. The course will focus on the goals set forth by the AP guidelines, as students will use and think about maps and spatial data, understand and interpret the implications of associations among phenomena in places, recognize and interpret at different scales the relationships among patterns and processes, define regions and evaluate the regionalization process, and characterize and analyze changing interconnections among places. The students will employ spatial concepts and landscape analysis to examine human social organization and its environmental consequences in preparation for the Advanced Placement Exam in Human Geography. The course will stress the need to relate theory to practice. The students will study the nature and perspectives of geography, population, cultural patterns and processes, the political organization of space, agricultural and rural land use, industrialization, economic development and urbanization across countries. Students should be prepared to analyze and interpret basic data relevant to Human Geography in an attempt to describe how our interactions with the environment affect how we live.

Course Content:

The following units will represent the major content areas covered in the class with an approximate percentage of time devoted to each topic.

Geography, Its Nature and Perspectives 5-10% Population 13-17% Cultural Patterns and Processes 13-17% Political Organization of Space 13-17% Agriculture and Rural Land Use 13-17% Industrialization and Economic Development 13-17% Urbanization 13-17% AP Human Geography 3 Course Readings:

1. Course Textbook: Each student will receive a copy of the primary course textbook. Each student will be responsible for chapter outlines, vocabulary, and objective questions for every chapter covered.

Rubenstein, James M., The Cultural Landscape an Introduction to Human Geography, 9th Ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008.

This is supplemented by a Study Guide and a companion website- http://www.prenhall.com/rubenstein.

2. Study Guide: Students will complete review activities from study guide utilized in class.

Wood, Ethel. AP Human Geography. Reading, PA: Woodyard Publications, 2007.

3. Atlaii:

Goode’s World Atlas, 21st ed. Rand McNally, 2005.

Classroom Atlas. Rand McNally, 2006.

4. Supplemental Readings: Each student will have access to and the responsibility to read selections from additional textbooks available as classroom resources. Students will be expected to maintain notes from these additional sources.

De Blij, H.J., Alexander B. Murphy, and Erin H. Fouberg. Human Geography: People, Place and Culture, 8th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.

Fellmann, Jerome D., Arthur Getis, and Judith Getis. Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities 9th ed. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2007.

Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G., Mona Domosh, Roderick P. Neumann, and Patricia L. Price. The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction of Cultural Geography, 10th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman, 2006.

Knox, Paul L. and Sallie A. Marston. Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.

Kuby, Michael, John Harner, and Patricia Gober. Human Geography in Action, 4th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007.

Pulsipher, Lydia Mihelic, Pulsipher, Alex. World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives, 3 ed. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2006.

5. Current Events: Readings will primarily include clippings from major newspapers and magazines including The Indiana Gazette, The Pittsburgh Post Gazette, The Economist and online news sources. AP Human Geography 4 Unit 1: Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives

Essential Unit Questions: 1. What is Human Geography 2. How Did Human Geography Develop 3. Where Things Are 4. Why Places Are Unique 5. Why Places Are Similar 6. Why are we concerned with scale? Domain to be Assessed: The definition and concepts associated with geography-- specifically Human Geography. How geographers study the environment - Five themes of Geography Different types of maps and their uses. The relationships between regions. The changing interconnections between people and places.

Essential Unit Skills & Instructional Approaches: Students should be able to predict and apply global patterns in relation to studying geography at different scales by: Using and interpreting maps Analyzing, interpreting and manipulating data sets Comparing and evaluating geographic models Examining and analyzing photographs and satellite images The five themes of geography

Class Activities: Map the world- Draw a map of the world from memory. Choropleth mapping – world origins of clothing Map Activity – data at different scales Map Projections- Describe types of map projections, what they distort and what or who they would be useful for.

Major Assignments: Chapter Outline 1 Key Terms from additional texts Rubenstein, Thinking Geographically, pg. 15-20 Writing Assignment: Importance of Scale

Major Assessments: Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 1 Unit 1 Assessment AP Human Geography 5 Unit 2: Population and Migration

Essential Unit Questions: 1. Where is the World’s Population Distributed 2. Where Has the World’s Population Increased 3. Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries 4. Why Might the World Face an Overpopulation Problem 5. Why Do People Migrate 6. Where Are Migrants Distributed 7. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles

Domain to be Assessed: Distribution, densities and scale of global population patterns in order to establish their effects on people and places. Population trends, how populations grow (demographic transition) and countries’ responses to the effects of changing populations. Push and pull factors which affect migration. Reasons why people live in the areas where natural disasters occur. Policies that countries use to manage migration.

Essential Unit Skills & Instructional Approaches: Students should be able to predict and apply global patterns in relation to population at different scales by: Using and interpreting maps Analyzing, interpreting and manipulating data sets Comparing and evaluating geographic models Examining and analyzing photographs and satellite images The five themes of geography

Class Activities: Computer Activity – population pyramids Map Activity – Why do people live there? Population lessons – Lessons from www.prb.org Demographic Transition Model graphs Malthus – population theories Map activity - Origin of US immigration

Major Assignments: Chapter Outline 2 & 3 Key Terms from additional texts Rubenstein, Population pg. 45-81 Migration 83 – 113 Writing Assignment: Malthusian v. Cornucopian thinking

Major Assessments: Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 2 & 3 Unit 2 Assessment Free Response Questions from previous AP Exams AP Human Geography 6 Unit 3: Cultural Patterns and Processes

Essential Unit Questions: 1. What Is The Role Of Culture 2. Where Do Folk and Popular Cultures Originate and Diffuse 3. Why Does Globalization of Popular Culture Cause Problems 4. What Is The Role Of Language 5. Where Are English-Language Speakers Distributed 6. Where Are Language Families Distributed 7. Why Do People Preserve Local Languages 8. What Is The Role of Religion 9. Where Are Religions Distributed 10.Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions 11.Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups

Domain to be Assessed: The concepts of culture including: Traits Diffusion Acculturation Cultural regions The differences in cultures including: Language Religion Ethnicity Gender Popular and folk culture The environmental impact of cultural attitudes and practices Cultural landscapes and cultural identity including: Values and Preferences Symbolic landscapes and Sense of Place

Essential Unit Skills and Instructional Approaches:

Students should be able to predict and apply spatial patterns in relation to culture and its processes at different scales by: Using and interpreting maps Analyzing, interpreting and manipulating data sets Comparing and evaluating geographic models Examining and analyzing photographs and satellite images Using the five themes of geography

Class Activities: Folk and Pop Culture Pop Culture Diffusion - computer activity House Forms – Drawing and classification Comparing Life Stages Across Cultures – computer activity Vernacular – Yellow Pages Activity AP Human Geography 7 Analyzing Music Videos - “What do music videos say about the society in which they were made?” Language Isogloss activity – Pop v. Soda.com French and German in English – researching the origin of words Religion Religion Comparison Activity – research connections and similarities among religions Religious Conflicts around the World – Map Activity Ethnicity Video Segment – African Diaspora – Wonders of the African World with Henry Louis Gates Map Activity – Ethnic Conflicts around the World The Gods Must Be Crazy – Culture conflicts

Major Assignments: Chapter Outline 4, 5, 6 & 7 Key Terms from additional texts Writing Assignment – Lingua Franca

Major Assessments: Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 4, 5, 6 & 7. Unit 3 Assessment Free Response Questions from previous AP Exams AP Human Geography 8

Unit 4: Political Organization of Space

Essential Unit Questions: 1. What Is The Role Of Ethnicity 2. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed 3. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed Into Nationalities 4. Why Do Ethnicities Clash 5. What Is Ethnic Cleansing 6. Where Are States Located 7. Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause Problems 8. Why Do States Cooperate With Each Other

Domain to be Assessed: The concept of territory Shapes and boundaries of states Spatial relationships between political patterns Political, military and economic cooperation Contemporary political patterns

Essential Unit Skills and Instructional Approaches: At different scales, students should be able to predict and apply global patterns in relation to Political Organization of Space and: Using and interpreting maps Analyzing, interpreting and manipulating data sets Comparing and evaluating geographic models Examining and analyzing photographs and satellite images The five themes of geography

Class Activities: Describe and analyze political morphology Evaluate the ramifications of imperialism and colonialism Support and critique different perspectives of boundary disputes Sacred Space, Secular States Ethnic Fragmentation in Canada Pennsylvania Election Maps – “If Pennsylvania is a democratic state, why are so many counties Republican?”

Major Assignments: Rubenstein, Thinking Geographically, Chapter Outline 8 Key Terms from additional texts Writing Assignment – The Rise of Nationalism and the fall of Yugoslavia

Major Assessments: Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 8 Unit 4 Assessment Free Response Questions from previous AP Exams AP Human Geography 9 Unit 5: Agriculture and Rural Land Use

Essential Unit Questions: 1. Where Did Agriculture Originate 2. Where Are Agricultural Regions in Less Developed Countries 3. Where Are Agricultural Regions In More Developed Countries 4. Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties

Domain to be Assessed: Development and diffusion of agriculture. Major agricultural production regions. Location of agricultural hearths. Linkages and flows among regions of food production and consumption. Rural land use and settlement patterns.

Essential Unit Skills and Instructional Approaches: At different scales, students should be able to predict and apply global patterns in relation to agriculture and: Using and interpreting maps Analyzing, interpreting and manipulating data sets Comparing and evaluating geographic models Examining and analyzing photographs and satellite images The five themes of geography

Class Activities: Consumer investigations Field trip to Brookside Dairy Farm (or guest speaker) Compare/ contrast domestic and imported food for price and quality. Contrast shifting cultivation practiced in regions of low population density with subsistence agriculture practiced in regions of high population density. The Mainland; Urban and Rural Contrasts; Oil and Water; Developing Countries Brazil: The Sleeping Giant & Regions and Economies (video)

Major Assignments: Chapter Outline 10 Key Terms from additional texts Writing Assignment: The Coffee Trade

Major Assessments: Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 10 Unit 5 Assessment Free Response Questions from previous AP Exams AP Human Geography 10 Unit 6: Industrialization & Economic Development

Essential Unit Questions: 1.Why Does Development Vary Among Countries 2.Where are More and Less Developed Countries Distributed 3.Why Do Less Developed Countries Face Obstacles To Development 4.Where Is Industry Distributed 5.Why Do Industries Have Different Distributions 6.Where Is Industry Expanding 7.Why Are Location Factors Changing

Domain to be Assessed: Concepts in industrialization & development The changing role of energy & technology History, growth & diffusion of industrialization Evolution of economic cores Differing scales of economic development models Spatial organization of the world economy Industrialization & environmental issues

Essential Unit Skills & Instructional Approaches: At different scales, students should be able to predict and apply global patterns in relation to industrialization and economic development: Using and interpreting maps Analyzing, interpreting and manipulating data sets Comparing and evaluating geographic models Examining and analyzing photographs and satellite images The five themes of geography

Class Activities: Analyze diffusion of the Industrial Revolution Compare distribution of industry worldwide Evaluate factors and obstacles that impact distribution of industry Critique models of economic and industrial development Examine the role of industrialization and the impact on the environment “What do your Parents Make?” – An evaluation of the distribution and types of jobs in the greater Indiana area.

Major Assignments Chapter Outline 9 & 11 Key Terms from additional texts Chapter Questions Writing Assignment: Developing a plan for developing nations

Major Assessments: Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 9 & 11 Unit 6 Assessment Free Response Questions from previous AP Exams AP Human Geography 11 Unit 7: Cities & Urban Land Use

Essential Unit Questions: 1. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries 2. Where are More and Less Developed Countries Distributed 3. Why Do Less Developed Countries Face Obstacles To Development 4. Where Is Industry Distributed 5. Why Do Industries Have Different Distributions 6. Where Is Industry Expanding 7. Why Are Location Factors Changing

Domain to be Assessed: Historic patterns of urbanization Interregional migration & urban growth Global cities and mega cities Models of urban systems The function of cities The social, economic and cultural impact of cities and urban sprawl

Essential Unit Skills & Instructional Approaches At different scales, students should be able to predict and apply global patterns in relation to urbanization and: Using and interpreting maps Analyzing, interpreting and manipulating data sets Comparing and evaluating geographic models Examining and analyzing photographs and satellite images The five themes of geography

Class Activities: Examine where urban areas have grown Analyze the distribution of people within urban areas using the three models of urban development Compare urban models at a world scale Analyze differences between inner city and suburban problems Redesigning Pittsburgh – A Critical Analysis of Pittsburgh- Has a revitalized downtown Pittsburgh benefited all?

Major Assignments Chapter Outline 12 & 13 Key Terms from additional texts Chapter Questions 12 & 13 Writing Assignment: Renewing Urban Renewal

Major Assessments: Vocabulary Quiz Chapter 12 & 13 Unit 7 Assessment Free Response Questions from previous AP Exams AP Human Geography 12

Classroom Course Summary AP Human Geography 13 Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives

The AP Human Geography course emphasizes the importance of geography as a field of inquiry and briefly discusses the emergence of academic geography in nineteenth-century Europe. It shows how the discipline has evolved into the study of diverse peoples and areas organized around a set of concepts. This discussion of the evolution of the discipline helps students understand how human geography is related to the rest of the field.

The course introduces students to the importance of spatial organization—the location of places, people, and events and the connections among places and landscapes—in the understanding of human life on Earth. Geographic concepts emphasized throughout the course are location, space, place, scale, pattern, regionalization, and globalization. These concepts are basic to students’ understanding of spatial interaction and spatial behavior, the dynamics of human population growth and movement, patterns of culture, economic use of Earth, political organization of space, and human settlement patterns, particularly urbanization. Students learn how to use and interpret maps. They also learn to apply mathematical formulas, models, and qualitative data to geographical concepts. The course also makes use of the concept of the region, encourages students to consider the regional organization of various phenomena, and enables students to create regions in order to illustrate process. A significant outcome of the course is students’ awareness of the relevance of academic geography to everyday life and decision making. This combination of the academic and the applied gives students a sophisticated view of the world and an understanding of the manifold applications of what they have learned in the course. (AP Central: Human Geography) Unit Summary:

A. What is Human Geography Geography is the systematic study of the earth’s space and its physical and cultural content. The emphasis in human geography is placed on human- environmental interactions and the ever-increasing connectedness of places that are at the same time both unique and similar.

B. How Did Human Geography Develop People are born as natural geographers. We have an innate desire to explore the world around us. Geography can trace its historical roots back to the ancient Greeks. As human comprehension of the world, so did the need for tools and theories to explain it. Geographers through the centuries have drawn on knowledge from many fields to explain the interaction between people and their environment.

C. Where Things Are Geographers utilize maps and models to examine the complex reality that is the planet earth. Maps, while inherently inaccurate as a model of the earth, are a useful tool to summarize spatial information. Though distorted, the manageability and convenience of maps allow geographers to review and analyze some of the characteristics of the spatial content of the earth.

D. Why Places Are Unique Every place on the earth has a unique location on the surface of the planet. Every place has a unique combination of geographic characteristics that set it AP Human Geography 14 apart from every other place. The distinctive combination of cultural, physical, economic and environmental traits that each place possesses is what geographers use to understand why every place (and every region) is unique.

E. Why Places Are Similar Places exist as part of the global world. Very few places in the world today are totally isolated. Because places are increasingly connected to each other, they begin to share similarities. The diffusion of ideas and people over time cause places to share characteristics. As geographers use different scales, from local to global, the types of similarities exhibited by places change.

Concepts: Density International Date Line Diffusion Location Dispersion/concentration Maps (reference, thematic, types) Dispersed/scattered Mental Maps Clustered/agglomerated Pattern (linear, centralized, random) Distortion Regions Five Themes Scale GIS Space-Time Compression GPS Spatial Interaction Greenwich Mean Time Time Zones Historical Development of Geography Time-Distance Decay

Terms: Absolute Direction Diffusion Place Absolute Distance Distribution Polder Absolute Environmental Possibilism (mathematical) Determinism Projection Location Expansion Diffusion Region Accessibility Formal Region Relative Direction Activity Spaces Functional Region Relative Distance Agricultural Density Globalization Relative Location Arithmetic Density Hearth Relocation Diffusion Base Line Hierarchical Diffusion Remote Sensing Built Landscape Independent invention Sequent Occupance Cartography Latitude Site Location Circular Pattern Longitude Situation Location Concentration Map Spatial Connectivity Meridian Spatial Distribution Contagious Model Stimulus Diffusion DiffusionCultural Barrier Natural Landscape Symbolic Landscape Cultural Ecology Nodal Region Topography Cultural Hearth Parallel Toponym Cultural Landscape Pattern Uneven Development Culture Physical Geography Vernacular Region Culture Complex Physiological Density Culture Trait Perceptual Region AP Human Geography 15 Models: Land Ordinance of 1785

People: Aristotle – natural geography Hippocrates – taught place affects nature and character of man Humbolt, Alexander – explained why certain phenomena are present or absent Kant, Immanuel – need discipline focused not only on phenomena, but also on the perspectives of time and space Marsh, George – focused on the impact of human actions on the natural environment Mikesell, Marvin – Geography is the “Why of Where” Pattison, WD – four traditions Ptolemy – Greek who published volumes of maps Ratzel, Friedrich – argued that civilization and successful economic development are largely the result of temperate climates Ritter, Carl – founder of regional geography Zelinsky, Wilbur – perceptual regions

Related Resource Readings:

Rubenstein 1 DeBlij, Murphy, Fouberg 1 Fellmann, Gettis, Gettis 1, 2 Jordan-Bychkov, Domosh, Neumann, Price 1 Knox, Marston 1, 2 AP Human Geography 16 Population A consideration of the ways in which the human population’s organized geographically provides AP students with the tools they need to make sense of cultural, political, economic, and urban systems. Thus, many of the concepts and theories encountered in this part of the course crosscut with other course modules, In addition, the course themes of scale, pattern, place, and interdependence can all be illustrated with population topics. For example, students may analyze the distribution of the human population at different scales: global, continental, national, state or province, and local community. Explanations of why population is growing or declining in some places and not others center on understanding the processes of fertility, mortality, and migration. In stressing the relevance of place context for example, students may assess why fertility rates have dropped in some parts of the developing world but not others, and how age—sex structures vary from one country to another. Analysis of refugee flows, immigration, internal migration, and residential mobility helps students appreciate the interconnections between population phenomena and other topics. Environmental degradation may prompt rapid out-migration and urbanization, in turn creating new pressures on the environment. Refugee flows may be magnified when groups have no access to political power because of the way boundaries have been drawn. Rapid immigration to certain parts of the world fosters regional differences in industrial employment and political sentiment toward foreigners. This part of the course also aids in our understanding of contemporary growth trends by considering how models of population change, including the demographic and epidemiological (mortality) transitions. Given these kinds of understandings, students are in a position to evaluate the role, strengths, and weaknesses of major population policies. For example, how might increasing the education levels of females lead to lower fertility? (AP Central: Human Geography) Unit Summary:

A. Where is the World’s Population Distributed Humankind is unevenly distributed over the Earth. Global population is concentrated in those few places where humans consider the land to be most desirable. By avoiding places that are extreme, the global population becomes concentrated in population clusters. The Earth has the potential to support a much larger population as people develop the ability to use sparsely settled land more efficiently.

B. Where Has the World’s Population Increased Almost all of the world’s natural population increase is concentrated in relatively poor countries. Most of the countries in Europe and North America have low population growth rates, and some are actually declining. Geographers examine the crude birth and death rates in countries and have determined that globally, population increases are attributable mainly to differences in crude birth rates. In addition, the make-up of populations, considering age and gender, in different countries is also a topic for study, as the needs of countries vary with different populations.

C. Why Is Population Increasing at Different Rates in Different Countries All countries are in different stages of development. Models have been created to show the variations in a country’s population as they become AP Human Geography 17 more developed. Traditionally, countries experience high birth and death rates, and then, as they become more developed, the countries move to a state of low birth and death rates. However, during the transition period, populations increate tremendously. Many of the least developed countries are still in the first state of population growth (demographic transition), while the more developed countries have reached the end of the model. Many factors, though predominately economic, contribute to the different rates of population growth worldwide.

D. Why Might the World Face an Overpopulation Problem The last half of the twentieth century witnessed an unprecedented population growth. The principal cause was an improvement in medical conditions which led to a slowing of the death rate. As people live longer, the only way to control the world’s population is to slow the birth rate. There is much debate as to the point at which the world will become overpopulated and as to the effects that overpopulation will have. Cultural attitudes about mobility, resource usage, and family patterns are more evident on a smaller scale. Therefore, on a regional scale, there is more concern for overpopulation. Predictions of massive famines and widespread suffering are fears put forth by those concerned with the rapidly growing population at different scales.

E. Why Do People Migrate People move for a variety of reasons, whether voluntary or forced, the motivation to migrate had shaped the changing population of the world. Motivating factors are often grouped into push and pull categories. Push factors, which coerce people to emigrate from their homeland, include political, economic, cultural and environmental factors. On the other hand, those same people are pulled, or enticed, to immigrate because of the expected benefits of the political, economic, cultural and environmental factors in the new location.

F. Where Are Migrants Distributed Depending on the scale, the distribution of migrants varies. On a global scale, the United States receives the largest number of immigrants, who come from Asia and Latin America. On a regional scale, migrants move within a region, or often a country, for a variety of environmental economic conditions. On a more local scale, migrants move within a country in predictable patterns, from rural to urban, then from urban to suburban. G. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles Immigration laws and quota systems often make it difficult for migration to occur. Host countries often limit immigration for fear of straining limited resources. Migrant and guest workers often migrate to perform jobs that laborers in the host country do not want. Concepts: Diffusion of fertility control Expansive Population Eugenic Population Doubling Time Policies Policies AP Human Geography 18 Islands of Development Net Migration S Curve J Curve Push-Pull factors Total Fertility Rate Migration Patterns Restrictive Population Zero Population Growth Natural Increase Rate Policies

Terms: Activity Spaces Epidemiology Population densities Age distribution Forced Population Distribution Age-sex diagram Gendered space Population explosion Agricultural Revolution Guest Workers Population projection Baby boom Homeostatic Plateau Population pyramid Carrying Capacity Industrial Revolution Quotas Census Infant Mortality Rate Refugee Chain Migration Internal migration Replacement Level Cohort Internally Displaced Selective Immigration Colonization Persons Sex ratio Crude Birth Rate Intervening Obstacle Space time prism Crude Death Rate Intervening Opportunity Standard of Living Cyclic Movement Kinship links Stationary Population Demographic Equation Life Expectancy Level Demographic Maladaptation Population Composition Momentum Medical Revolution Step Migration Demographic Region Migratory Movement Sustainability Demography Mortality Transhumance Dependency Ratio Natality Transmigration Disease Diffusion Nomadism Underpopulation Eco-migration Overpopulation Voluntary Ecumene Periodic Movement Emigration Place Utility

Models: Demographic transition model Epidemiological Transition Model Gravity Model Rule of 72

Theories: Neo-Malthusianism Rate of natural increase

People: Malthus, Thomas – warned of problems associated with rapidly growing population Ravenstein, EG – created the model for contemporary migration studies Related Resource Readings:

Rubenstein 2,3 DeBlij, Murphy, Fouberg 2, 3 AP Human Geography 19 Fellmann, Gettis, Gettis 3 Jordan-Bychkov, Domosh, Neumann, Price 7 Knox, Marston 3 AP Human Geography 20 Cultural Patterns and Processes

Understanding the components and regional variations of cultural patterns and processes is critical to human geography. In this section of the course, students begin with the concept of culture. They learn how geographers assess the spatial and place dimensions of cultural groups as defined by language, religion, race, ethnicity, and gender, in the present as well as the past. A central concern is to comprehend how culture patterns are represented at a variety of geographic scales from local to global. Diffusion is a key concept in understanding how cultural trails (for example, agricultural practices and language) move through time and space to new locations. Students learn that the concept of region is central to the spatial distribution of cultural attributes, The course also explores cultural differences at various scales according to language, religion, ethnicity, and gender. The geographies of language and religion are studied to illustrate processes of cultural diffusion and cultural differences. For example, students learn to distinguish between languages and dialects; ethnic and universalizing religions; and popular and folk cultures, and to understand why each has a different geographic pattern. An important emphasis of the course is the way culture shapes human—environment relationships. For example, religion can influence environmental perception and modification. The differential impact on environment of traditional folk cultures versus popular cultures is studied, as is the significance of environment in relation to social customs and cultural landscapes. Students also come to understand how culture is expressed in landscapes, and how landscapes in turn represent cultural identity. Built environments enable the geographer to interpret cultural values, tastes, and sets of beliefs. For example, both folk and contemporary architecture are rich and readily available means of comprehending cultures and changes in landscapes. (AP Central: Human Geography) Unit Summary:

A. What Is The Role Of Culture Culture is an important component of the study of Human Geography. There are many ways of perceiving and being in the world landscape. Culture is multifaceted, ranging from single traits and complex custom systems. Cultural identities are being blended as a result of globalization and at the same time, efforts are being made to preserve those individual cultural identities.

B. Where Do Folk and Popular Cultures Originate and Diffuse Folk and popular culture are the two types of material culture. Because it is found among small groups living in relative isolation, folk culture is more closely identified with a specific place. Popular culture is more often associated with groups that have efficient transportation and communication systems, which allow rapid spread of ideas. Because of the different ways that culture originates and diffuse, folk culture has different distribution patterns. Folk culture is more likely to be based on long- standing traditions with no clear origin. Because folk culture is strong among unique regions characterized by a lack of interaction among groups, AP Human Geography 21 it tends to remain unchanged. Folk culture is more likely to be directly related to the physical environment of the people who practice it. Folk culture is also more likely to spread slowly due to migration. On the other hand, the origin of popular culture is more easily identifiable. The diffusion of popular culture is generally through the benefits of modern society. Advances in transportation, communication, technology helps popular culture diffuse allowing people to experience new music, food, and fashion.

C. Why Does Globalization of Popular Culture Cause Problems Globalization has led to the systematic elimination of many culture traits, and it has also brought different culture groups closer together. While globalization has caused popular culture to spread as never before, it has also made the concept of preserving local culture more important. As people struggle to preserve their heritage, governments are often taking steps to preserve aspects of culture. However, trying to identify an authentic local culture custom leads to stereotypes of the custom or of an experience. This can cause clashes among others in the region as some groups suffer more harm or reap more benefits. Most geographers do not believed there will be one homogeneous world-wide culture. While undoubtedly, some culture traits will become global, those custom traits are experienced and responded to differently by the people who live in places, which is the real effect of globalization.

D. What Is The Role Of Language Language helps to define, shape and maintain culture. Our opinion of the world is a direct reflection of the words we use to describe it. It is one of the basic tenets of a culture. Language helps categorize people, nations and regions. The vocabulary, dialects, and variations of language in a place are a direct result of the history of a people. Language is also affected by the spread of culture and customs, as different ideas are assimilated, new words are introduced into a language. Language is directly related to other elements of culture. In addition, language plays an increasingly important role in world economic and political systems.

E. Where Are English-Language Speakers Distributed Historically, the English language can be traced back to the invasion of England by Germanic tribes. The diffusion of the English language is directly related to the exploration, expansion and colonization of the English empire. The distinctive dialects of the English language are directly related to the physical separation of the groups. The increasing use of the internet has strengthened the dominance of the use of the English language as a form of communication. In addition, as English becomes increasingly used as the language of trade, travel, and culture many more people are becoming speakers of the English language.

F. Where Are Language Families Distributed The world distribution of languages today is directly related to the history of world conflicts, colonization and migration. English is related to the Indo-European language family, which traces its historical roots to the AP Human Geography 22 Proto-Indo European language system. Other major language families include: Sino-Tibetan, Austronesian, Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo and Dravidian. Each of the languages that develop from the common ancestor share common traits, which can include sentence structure, grammar rules, alphabet, or sounds. As speakers of the ancestoral language migrated then became isolated, different languages developed. G. Why Do People Preserve Local Languages The number of languages that exist worldwide are threatened by globalization. As some languages face extinction because of the growing popularity of others, governments have intervened by adopting official languages or creating societies dedicated to the preservation of traditional languages.

H. What Is The Role of Religion Religion, like language, is a basic tenet of culture. It is an important and evident manifestation of cultural variation. Religious beliefs that are strongly held are a major driving factor in the lifestyles of the practitioners. Religion can unite and divide people.

I. Where Are Religions Distributed The major world religions all originated from the same general area in central Eurasia. Over time, they diffused and individually became regionally influential. Religion is difficult to define as some religions are so closely tied to ethnicity or culture that it becomes difficult to determine whether religion influences the culture or religion is the culture. The three largest universalizing religions are Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. Each of these is divided into several branches and then further divided into denominations. The religions then spread as migration took place.

J. Why Do Religions Have Different Distributions The universalizing religions all identify a specific history, including a precise origin and pattern of diffusion. These religions are distributed as a direct result of migration and conversion. Ethnic religions are more vague in their origin and generally are located in a localized area. Globalization has caused dramatic changes in the distribution of world’s religions.

K. Why Do Territorial Conflicts Arise Among Religious Groups Religion is a very important form of identity. Recent events have shown that religious beliefs can lead to extremist behaviors. When people in the same place practice different religious beliefs, conflict can occur. Globalization has affected the way different religions interact with each other.

Concepts:

Adaptive Strategies Animism Christianity Anglo-American Bahaii Confucianism Landscape Buddhism Culture Region Characteristics Chain Migration Diaspora AP Human Geography 23 Diffusion types Judaism Religious Conflict Geomancy Language Family Shamanism Hinduism Language Group Shintoism Indo-European Language Subfamily Sikhism languages Mormonism Taoism Islam Official Language Zoroastrianism Jainism Religion

Terms:

Acculturation Exclave Nonmaterial Culture Apartheid Extinct Language Pagan Architectural Form Folk Culture Pidgin Assimilation Folk Food Pilgrimage Barrio Folk House Plural Society Built Environment Folk Songs Polytheism Cargo Cult Pilgrimage Folklore Popular Culture Caste Franglais Proselytic Religion Cosmogony Fundamentalism Race Creole Gender Racism Cultural Adaptation Gender Gap Reincarnation Cultural Ecology Ghetto Religious Architectural Cultural Identity Habit Styles Cultural Landscape Hadj Religious Culture Hearth Cultural Realm Ideograms Religious Toponym Cultural Shatterbelt Infanticide Sacred Space Culture Innovation Adoption Sect Custom Interfaith Boundaries Secularism Denglish Isogloss Segregation Denomination Isolated Language Sequent Occupance Dialect Landscapes of the Dead Sharia Dowry Death Language Shia Ebonics Lingua Franca Social Distance Enclave Linguistic Diversity Spanglish Enfranchisement Literary Tradition Sunni Ethnic Cleansing Longevity Gap Survey Systems Ethnic conflict Maladaptive Diffusion Taboo Ethnic Enclave Material Culture Terroir Ethnic Group Maternal Mortality Rate Theocracy Ethnic Homeland Missionary Topnmym Ethnic Landscape Monolingual Trade Language Ethnic Neighborhood Monotheism Traditional Architecture Ethnic religion Multilingual Universalizing Ethnicity Muslim pilgrimage Ethnocentrism Muslim population

Models: Cultural Core/Periphery Pattern AP Human Geography 24

Rubenstein 4, 5, 6 DeBlij, Murphy, Fouberg 4, 5, 6, 7 Fellmann, Gettis, Gettis 5, 6, 7 Jordan-Bychkov, Domosh, Neumann, Price 2, 3, 4, 5 Knox, Marston 4, 5 AP Human Geography 25 Political Organization of Space

This section of the course introduces students to the nature and significance of the political organization of territory at different scales. Students learn that political patterns reflect ideas about how Earth’s surface should be organized mid affect a wide range of activities and understandings. The course gives primary attention to the political geography of the modem “nation-state” or country. Students are introduced to the different forces that shaped the evolution of the contemporary world political map, including the rise of the modem state in Europe and the influence of colonialism. Students also learn about the basic structure of the political map and the inconsistencies between maps of political boundaries and maps of ethnic, economic, and environmental patterns. In addition, students consider some of the forces that are changing the role of individual countries in the modern world, including ethnic separatism, economic globalization, the emergence of regional economic blocs, and the need to confront environmental problems that cross national boundaries. This part of the course also focuses on political units above, below, and beyond the state. For example, at the scale above the state, attention is directed to regional integration schemes and alliances, such as NATO and the European Union. At the scale below the state, students are introduced to the ways in winch electoral districts, municipal boundaries, and ethnic territories affect political, social, and economic processes In addition, students study how particular policies affect the spatial organization of cultural and social life, as in the case of racial segregation. Through study of these matters, students understand the importance of the political organization of territory in the contemporary world. (AP Central: Human Geography)

Summary:

A. What Is The Role Of Ethnicity Identity is a very powerful motivating factor for humans. The need to identify oneself as well as others is a strong one. Identity is closely related to the political, social, cultural and environmental circumstances in which people live. Ethnic traditions bring distinction to the cultural landscape of different places. The fate of these unique traditions in light of growing globalization is a topic of tremendous importance in cultural geography.

B. Where Are Ethnicities Distributed Ethnic groups often cluster in regions of a country or within urban neighborhoods. As immigrant groups established new communities the culture of the original group is dispersed to the adoptive land. Ethnic groups influence the style of architecture, settlement patterns and patterns of daily life.

C. Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed Into Nationalities Ethnic groups often possess a sense of loyalty and attachment to a particular place. In recent years, many countries have been created that attempt to transform ethnic groups into nations.

D. Why Do Ethnicities Clash AP Human Geography 26 As nations are a man-made construct, sometimes nations are created without regard to ethnic groups located within the nation, which causes rival groups struggle for power. Restructuring of communities as different ethnic groups assimilate often causes hostility. E. What Is Ethnic Cleansing Ethnic cleansing is the extreme result of ethnic clash, as one group attempts to use its position of power and control to create a homogenous society by eliminating minority ethnicities within the nation’s borders. F. Where Are States Located The modern idea of a state is less than 400 years old. As a political unit, it is identified as a place with an organized government and sovereignty. However, the notion of the concept of the sovereign state dominates the world political landscape. The notion of the state may seem logical, natural and permanent, but recent history reminds us that it is not. New states are being created, and existing states face realignment as they experience challenges over borders. The boundary, which defines the size and shape of the state, as well as defining the limit of the state’s sovereignty, is a creation of humans and often does not take into consideration of preexisting cultural landscapes. G. Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause Problems The greatly varying physical characteristics of the several hundred states in the world lead to vastly different resources and human population within those states. Boundaries are man-made constructs. At a local scale, challenges over resources, cultural clashes, and political differences often cause hostility between neighbors who share a border. As societies organize around territorial units that are created by man, economic and political conditions change, causing people to re-evaluate their usefulness. The globalization of the economy is largely the result of nations increasing their influence in the world market. As a political entity, the nation strives to expand their authority outside the traditional borders drawn on a map. These more imaginary borders between spheres of influence also lead to conflict. H. Why Do States Cooperate With Each Other At the global scale, nations face an increasing need to cooperate in light of globalization, transportation, communication and technology. Concepts:

Balance of Power European Union Stateless Ethnic Group Boundry Disputes Exclusive Economic Zone Stateless Nation Boundry Origin Israel/Palestine Territorial Disputes Boundary Process Manifest Destiny Territorial Morphology Boundary Type Nation-State UNCLOS Conference of Berlin Peace of Westphalia Ethnic Conflict Scale

Terms: AP Human Geography 27

Annexation Elongated State National Iconography Antecedent Boundary Enclave Periphery Apartheid Exclave Perforated State Artificial Boundary Federal Physical Boundary Autonomous Forward Capital Prorupted State Nationalism Fragmented State Raison d’etre BioTerrorism Frontier Reapportionment Border Landscape Geopolitics Regionalism Buffer State Gerrymandering Reunification Capital Global Commons Rimland Centrifugal Heartland Satellite State Centripetal Immigrant States Self-Determination City-state Imperialism Semi-Periphery Colonialism International Shatterbelt Compact State Organization Sovereignty Commodification Intifada Suffrage Confederation Iron Curtain Supranationalism Containment Irredentism Territoriality Core Landlocked Theocracy Decolonization Microstate Treaty Ports Devolution Ministate Unitary Electoral Regions Nation

Theories: Domino Theory East/West Divide Heartland Theory Law of the Sea Median-Line Principle Rimland Theory

Models: Ratzel Model (seven laws of state growth)

People: Mackinder, Halford – highlighted the importance of geography to world political and economic stability Ratzel, Friedrich – employed biological metaphors to describe the growth and development of the state Stanton, Gregory – developed the eight states of Genocide

Related Resource Readings: Rubenstein 7, 8 DeBlij, Murphy, Fouberg 5, 8 Fellmann, Gettis, Gettis 6, 12 AP Human Geography 28 Jordan-Bychkov, Domosh, Neumann, Price 5, 6 Knox, Marston 9 AP Human Geography 29 Agricultural and Rural Land Use

This section of the course explores four themes: the origin and spread of agriculture; the characteristics of the world’s agricultural regions; reasons why these regions function the way they do; and the impact of agricultural change on the quality of life and the environment, Students first examine centers where domestication originated and study the processes by which domesticates spread. This diffusion process makes clear why distinct regional patterns of diet, energy use, and agrarian technology emerged. The course next examines Earth’s major agricultural production regions. Extensive activity (fishing, forestry, nomadic herding, ranching, shifting cultivation) and intensive activity (plantation agriculture, mixed crop/livestock systems, market gardening, horticulture, factory farms) are examined, as are settlement patterns and landscapes typical of oath major agriculture type. In addition, students learn about land survey systems, environmental conditions, and cultural values that created and sustain the patterns. Explanations for the location of agricultural activities are another major concern, Von Thünen’s land use model, agricultural change, such as the impact of factory fanning on food supplies, and the distribution of crops and animals are also emphasized. The need for increased food supplies and the capacity to crease food production concludes this section. (AP Central: Human Geography) Summary: A. Where Did Agriculture Originate Agriculture developed independently in several culture hearths as a result of accidents and experimentation. Historically, the dramatic changes that have occurred as a result of the various agricultural revolutions have greatly affected food production. As globalization of the economy increases, the effect on global agriculture has not necessarily led to an increase of food production. Instead, what has developed is specialization in crop production in some areas.

B. Where Are Agricultural Regions in Less Developed Countries Less developed countries rely more on traditional agricultural methods. As subsistence farmers, agriculture is practiced on a much smaller scale. Countries that are less developed have a large percentage of their population in the agricultural labor force and utilize very few machines. With the dependence on traditional farming techniques, agriculture regions are located in the parts of countries with more traditionally fertile land.

C. Where Are Agricultural Regions In More Developed Countries As agriculture becomes more industrialized in developed countries, it has led to a decline in the use of older agricultural practices. The changing nature of agriculture has also changed where agricultural regions are located. The most prevalent form of agriculture in More Developed Countries is mixed crop and livestock farming. In areas where this is not practical, alternative crops are planted. Agriculture is more productive with the use of technology and the ability to utilize land considered traditionally less fertile. AP Human Geography 30

D. Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties Farmers in less developed countries face difficulties as they struggle with increasing demand created by rapidly growing populations. Farmers in more developed countries face difficulties as they struggle with the costs of modern technology, overproduction and increased competition.

Concepts: Adaptive Strategies Green Revolution Agricultural Industrialization Metes and Bounds Survey Agricultural Origins Second Agricultural Revolution Commercial Agriculture Survey Patterns Environmental Modifications Third Agricultural Revolution First Agricultural Revolution Tragedy of the Commons Globalized Agriculture

Terms:

Agrarian Extensive Subsistence Mineral Fuels Agribusiness Agriculture Mining Agricultural Landscape Extractive Industry Nonrenewable Agriculture Farm Crisis Resource Animal domestication Farming Organic Agriculture Aquaculture Feedlot Pesticides Biorevolution Food Chain Planned economy Biotechnology Forestry Plant Domestication Collective Farm Growing Season Plantation Agriculture Crop Rotation Hunting and Gathering Renewable Resource Cultivation Regions Intensive Commercial Rural Settlement Dairying Agriculture Specialization Debt-For-Nature Swap Intensive Subsistence Staple Grain Desertification Agriculture Suitcase Farm Diffusion Interillage Sustainable Yield Double Cropping Livestock Ranching Transhumance Extensive Commercial Market Gathering Truck Farm Agriculture Mediterranean Agriculture

Models: Agricultural Location Model Economic Activity Köppen Climatic Classification Renfrew Model Von Thünen Model

People: Carson, Rachel Sauer, Carl O. Von Thünen, Johann AP Human Geography 31

Rubenstein 10 DeBlij, Murphy, Fouberg 11 Fellmann, Gettis, Gettis 8 Jordan-Bychkov, Domosh, Neumann, Price 8 Knox, Marston 8 AP Human Geography 32 Industrialization and Development

Economic activity has a spatial character influenced by the interaction of several factors, including natural resources, culture, politics, and history in specific places. By dividing economic activities into key sectors, students can appreciate why natural resources have different, values for different societies, and how places and regions acquire comparative advantages for development. In this section of the course, students learn about the geographic elements of industrialization and development. Students need to understand how models of economic development, such as Rostow's stages of economic growth and Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory, help to explain why the world is described as being divided into a well-developed core and a less-developed periphery. The course also includes a comparison of location theories, such as those by Weber and von Thünen, which stress resource and market dependence, with accounts of economic g1obalization, which accent time—space compression and the new international division of labor. For example, students might study the reasons why some Asian economies achieved rapid rates of growth in the 1980s while most sub-Saharan African economies experienced decline. In addition, students need to understand patterns of economic growth mid decline in North America. This part of the course also addresses contemporary issues surrounding economic activity. For example, countries, regions, and communities must confront new patterns of economic inequity that are linked to geographies of interdependence in the global economy. Communities also face difficult questions regarding use and conservation of resources and the impact of pollution on the environment and quality of life. Students study the impact of deindustrialization, the disaggregation of production, and the rise of consumption and leisure activities. (AP Central: Human Geography) Summary: A. Why Does Development Vary Among Countries Because development is a term that signifies change and improvement, it implies that nations striving to become developed will utilize their resources in a more productive manner through the increased use of technology. The intended result of this development is a higher standard of living or state of well-being for the population of the area. Because different countries have different priorities, different cultural barriers, different available resources, development is not consistent. Even among nations with the resources to become more developed there are other factors that cause development to proceed at different paces. Development is not always a sequential process of modernization and increasing economic prosperity. Sometimes development refers simply to changes made in the way in which something is produced or in the shift one economic activity to another.

B. Where are More and Less Developed Countries Distributed Countries considered to be less developed are those that often have a large percentage of their labor force involved in the area of agriculture. These countries face different issues in achieving development. More developed countries are clustered in three regions: Anglo-America, Europe and Japan. AP Human Geography 33 These regions have experienced technological growth and development that has brought different levels of prosperity.

C. Why Do Less Developed Countries Face Obstacles To Development At one time, underdevelopment was considered to be merely the first stage in an inevitable pattern that countries would follow. Today, however, this is not as widely accepted. First, it is no longer a certainty that countries will be able to acquire enough wealth, skills and resources to begin the path to development. As countries struggle with population, literacy, ethnic conflicts, political instability, and aggression from neighbors there is little opportunity for development to occur. In addition, development implies major, enveloping change that is not always welcome by groups who value tradition.

D. Where Is Industry Distributed Unlike agriculture, which demands an enormous amount of physical space, industry is less land dependent. Most of the world’s industry is concentrated in North America, Europe and Japan.

E. Why Do Industries Have Different Distributions The industrial revolution may have transformed the world in a variety of ways, but the economic, political and social effects of that revolution are not universally experienced. Places that were the hearth of industrialization have since become deindustrialized, whether from the relocation of manufacturing or from the outsourcing of the steps of production.

F. Where Is Industry Expanding As some countries set goals for development and industrialization, newcomers are making their presence felt in the world economic landscape. In some cases, it is new countries, like China, and in other cases, it is simply a new area of an industrialized country, like the southwestern United States.

G. Why Are Location Factors Changing Many factors contribute to the changing location of industry. An availability of a skilled work force has contributed to the stability of existing industry. However, the availability of a low cost labor force has contributed to the relocation of some industry. In addition, changing market demands, transportation systems and communication methods have also caused a reexamination of the location of some industries.

Concepts: Aluminum Industry Economies of Scale AP Human Geography 34 Fordism International Division of Labor Gross Domestic Product Labor-intensive Gross National Product Least Cost Location Human Development Index Levels of Development Industrial Regions Measures of Development Industrial Revolution Physical Quality of Life Index Terms: Acid Rain Plant Location Agglomeration Postindustrial Agglomeration Refrigeration Economies Resource crisis Agricultural Labor Force Resource orientation Air Pollution Rimland Assembly Line Technology Gap Production Technology Transfer Break of Bulk Point Third world Calorie Consumption Carrier Efficiency Comparative Advantage Cultural Convergence Cumulative Causation Deglomeration Development Deindustrialization Economic sectors Ecotourism Energy Consumption Energy Resources Entrepôt Export Processing Zone Fixed Costs Footloose Industry Foreign Direct Investment Four Tigers Gender Greenhouse Effect Growth Poles Heartland Infrastructure Maquiladora Market Orientation Multiplier Effect NAFTA Neocolonialism Outsourcing Ozone Depletion Yurky: AP Human Geography 35 Models: Core-Periphery Model Least-Cost Model Stages of Growth Model Theories: Dependency Theory Bid Rent Theory Heartland-Rimland Industrial Location Theory Wallerstein’s World Systems World Systems Theory People: Hotelling, Harold Rostow, W. W Von Thűnen, Johann Wallerstein, Immanuel Weber, Alfred

Related Resource Readings: Rubenstein 9, 11 DeBlij, Murphy, Fouberg 12 Fellmann, Gettis, Gettis 10 Jordan-Bychkov, Domosh, Neumann, Price 9 Knox, Marston 7 Yurky: AP Human Geography 36 Cities and Urban Land Use

The course divides urban geography into two subfields. The first is the study of systems of cities, focusing on where cities are located and why they are there. This involves an examination of such topics as the current and historical distribution of cities; the political economic, and cultural functions of cities; reasons for differential growth among cities; and types of transportation and communication linkages between cities. Theories of settlement geography, such as Christaller’s central place theory and the rank size rule, are also introduced, Quantitative information on such topics as population growth, migration fields, zones of influence, and job creation are used to analyze changes in the urban hierarchy. The second subfield focuses on the form, internal structure, and landscapes of cities and emphasizes what cities are like as places in which to live and work. Students are introduced to such topics as the analysis of patterns of land use, racial and ethnic segregation, types of intra- city transportation, architectural traditions, and cycles of uneven constriction and development. Students’ understanding of cities as places is enhanced by both quantitative data from the census and qualitative information from narrative accounts and field studies, Students also study comparative models of internal city structure: for example, the Burgess concentric zone model, the Hoyt sector model, and the Harris—Ullman multiple nuclei model. Topics such as architectural history and the evolution of various transportation technologies can be useful in the analysis of the types of spatial patterns and landscapes evident in cities. While much of the literature in urban geography focuses on the cities of North America, comparative urbanization is an increasingly important topic, The study of European, Islamic, East and South Asian, Latin American, and sub-Saharan African cities serves to illustrate how differing economic systems and cultural values can lead to variations in the spatial structures and landscapes of urban places, Students also examine current trends in urban development that are affecting urban places, such as the emergence of edge cities and the gentrification of neighborhoods. In addition, students evaluate urban planning design initiatives and community actions that will shape cities in the future. (AP Central: Human Geography) Summary:

A. Where Have Urban Areas Grown As home to half the world’s population, cities are at the foundation of modern society. As such, urbanization is an important phenomenon as cities are generally the starting point for economic development and cultural change. Much of the developed world has become highly urbanized. Highly developed cities in the core region, which have become world cities, are the center for economics, transportation, politics, communication and culture. Cities, while urbanized, in the periphery, however, merely serve as links to the cities of the core. Almost all countries of the periphery, however, are experiencing remarkable rates of urbanization. This unmatched growth brings its own concern of uncontrollable urbanization, as these rapidly growing cities do not resemble their cohorts in the more developed world. More developed countries have higher percentages of urban residents, but less developed countries now have most of the world’s largest urban areas. The close relationship between globalization and urbanization, because of the transportation and communication networks, has changed the patterns of urbanization. All Yurky: AP Human Geography 37 cities do not share in importance, causing imbalanced growth. The growth of the metropolis of the periphery is very different than the growth of the metropolis of the core. So while both are urbanized, the problems they face are very different.

B. Where Are People Distributed Within Urban Areas Cities help to organize space and, as they grow, become more complex. As the center for both industry and service activities, cities are very diverse. Several models attempt to explain why various groups of people live where they do within the urban area. These models serve as a useful tool to examine the distribution of populations within a urban area. The distribution of groups of people, though, varies between cities of the United States, cities of Europe, and cities of less developed countries.

C. Why Do Inner Cites Have Distinctive Problems Many of the problems facing cities today are consequences of the history of the city. Housing and traffic patterns, for instance, were designed long before modern systems were invented. The decline of the inner-city is a result of problems specific to the location, including deteriorated housing, social problems stemming from a high concentration of low-income households, inadequate transportation, shortage of services, an increased crime rates.

D. Why Do Suburbs Have Distinctive Problems As the suburban lifestyle has led to the sprawl of urban areas, problems have arisen. Principal among them are segregation and inefficiency.

E. Where Did Services Originate Cities provide a home to basic activities performed for the larger economy as well as service activities to meet the needs of the urban residents. Services naturally develop in the city because of the proximity of those utilizing the services provided.

Concepts: Early Cities Economic Base Emerging City Employment Structure Ethnic Neighborhood Female Headed Household Great Cities Yurky: AP Human Geography 38 Terms:

Agglomeration Gateway City Rush Hour Annexation Gender Slum Barriadas Gentrification Smart Growth Blockbusting Ghetto Sprawl Census tract Greenbelt Squatter Settlement Central Business District High Tech Corridors Tenement Centrality Hinterland Underclass Centralization Hydraulic Civilization Underemployment Cityscape Indigenous City Urban Growth Rage Colonial City In-filling Urban Function Commercialization Informal Sector Urban Hearth Area Commuter Zone Inner City Urban Heat Island Council of government Lateral Commuting Urban Hierarchy Counterurbanization Medieval Cities Urban Hydrology Decentralization Megacities Urban Morphology Deindustralization Metropolitan Statistical Urban Renewal Density Gradient Area Urbanization Early Cities Micropolitan Statistical Urbanized Area Edge City Area Urbanized Populaton Entrepôt Postmodernism World City Favela Public Housing Zoning Ordinance Festival Landscape Range Filtering Redlining

Models: Concentric Zone Model Multiple Nuclei Model Peripheral Model Sector Model

Theories:

Bid-Rent Theory Central Place Theory

People:

Christaller, Walter Harris, Chauncy and Edward Ullman Hoyt, Homer

Rubenstein 12, 13 DeBlij, Murphy, Fouberg 9 Fellmann, Gettis, Gettis 11 Jordan-Bychkov, Domosh, Neumann, Price 10, 11 Knox, Marston 10, 11