Agriculture and Fisheries in the Geelong Region of Victoria, 2014

Agriculture and Fisheries in the Geelong region of Victoria, 2014

Research by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences About my region 14.18 December 2014 Agriculture and Fisheries in the Geelong region of Victoria, 2014 ABARES

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ISSN TBA ISBN 978-1-74323-073-2 ABARES project 43009

Internet Agriculture and Fisheries in the Geelong region of Victoria 2014 is available at agriculture.gov.au/abares. Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES) Postal address GPO Box 858 Canberra ACT 2601 Switchboard +61 2 6272 3933 Facsimile +61 2 6272 2001 Email [email protected] Web agriculture.gov.au/abares Inquiries about the licence and any use of this document should be sent to [email protected]. The Australian Government acting through the Department of Agriculture, represented by the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences, has exercised due care and skill in preparing and compiling the information and data in this publication. Notwithstanding, the Department of Agriculture, ABARES, its employees and advisers disclaim all liability, including for negligence and for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result of accessing, using or relying upon information or data in this publication to the maximum extent permitted by law. Acknowledgements ABARES relies on the voluntary cooperation of farmers participating in the annual Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey, Australian Dairy Industry Survey, and Australian Vegetable Growing Farms Survey to provide data used in the preparation of this report. Without their help, these surveys would not be possible. ABARES farm survey staff collected most of the information presented in this report through on-farm interviews with farmers. This regional profile was updated by Therese Thompson, Haydn Valle and Mary Stephan. Agriculture and Fisheries in the Geelong region of Victoria, 2014 ABARES

Contents

iii Agriculture and Fisheries in the Geelong region of Victoria, 2014 ABARES

1) Regional overview

The Geelong region of Victoria is located in the south of the state and encompasses the south- west corner of Port Phillip Bay (Map 1). The region comprises the three local government areas of Greater Geelong, Queenscliffe and Surf Coast, part of Golden Plains, and the major regional towns of Anglesea, Geelong, Lorne, Ocean Grove-Barwon Heads, St Leonards, Torquay and Winchelsea. The region covers a total area of around 4400 square kilometres or 2 per cent of Victoria’s total area and is home to approximately 250 700 people (ABS 2011).

Agricultural land in the Geelong region occupies 3040 square kilometres, or 69 per cent of the region. Areas classified as conservation and natural environments (nature conservation, protected areas and minimal use) occupy 820 square kilometres, or 19 per cent of the region. The most common land use by area is grazing modified pasture, which occupies 2120 square kilometres or 48 per cent of the Geelong region.

Map 1 Geelong region of Victoria

Employment

Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) data from 2014 indicate that around 115 900 people were employed in the Geelong region. The Geelong region accounts for 4 per cent of total employment in Victoria and 2 per cent of all people employed in the Victorian agriculture, forestry and fishing sector.

Health care and social assistance was the largest employment sector with 18 700 people (Figure 1) followed by education and training with 12 600 people. Other important employment sectors Agriculture and Fisheries in the Geelong region of Victoria, 2014 ABARES in the region were retail trade (11 900 people), construction (11 500 people), and manufacturing (10 000 people).The agriculture, forestry and fishing sector employed 1500 people, representing 1 per cent of the region’s workforce.

Figure 1 Employment profile, Geelong region, August 2014

Health Care and Social Assistance Education and Training Retail Trade Construction Manufacturing Public Administration and Safety Professional, Scientific and Technical Services Accommodation and Food Services Other Services Transport, Postal and Warehousing Arts and Recreation Services Administrative and Support Services Wholesale Trade Financial and Insurance Services Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Mining Information Media and Telecommunications Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services

Employed total ('000 ) - 5 10 15 20

Note: Annual average of the preceding 4 quarters. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, cat. no. 6291.0, Labour Force, Australia

5 Agriculture and Fisheries in the Geelong region of Victoria, 2014 ABARES

2) Agriculture sector

Value of agricultural production

In 2012–13 the gross value of agricultural production (GVAP) in the Geelong region was $320 million, which was 3 per cent of the total gross value of agricultural production in Victoria ($11.6 billion). This is the most recent year for which ABS data are available.

The Geelong region has a diverse and important agricultural sector. The most important commodity in the Geelong region based on the gross value of agricultural production was poultry (Figure 2). In 2012–13, poultry contributed 30 per cent ($96 million) to the value of agricultural production in the region. Sheep and lambs accounted for 11 per cent ($34 million), and eggs accounted for 10 per cent ($33 million).

In 2012–13, the Geelong region accounted for around 22 per cent of the state’s value of egg production and 19 per cent of the value of poultry.

Figure 2 Value of agricultural production, Geelong region, Victoria, 2012–13

Poultry

Sheep and lambs

Nurseries, cut flowers and turf

Cattle and calves

Canola

Barley

Vegetables

$m 20 40 60 80 100 120

Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, cat. no. 7503.0, Value of agricultural commodities produced, Australia Number and type of farms

ABS data indicate that in 2012–13 there were 1098 farms in the Geelong region with an estimated value of agricultural operations of more than $5000 (Table 1). The region contains 3 per cent of all farm businesses in Victoria. Agriculture and Fisheries in the Geelong region of Victoria, 2014 ABARES

Table 1 Number of farms, by industry classification, 2012–13 Industry Classification Geelong region Victoria no. % no. % Sheep 334 31 3 774 12 Beef Cattle 186 18 8 219 27 Mixed grains and livestock 67 6 2 224 7 Mixed livestock 60 6 1 395 5 Grain growing 53 5 2 388 8 Vegetable 35 3 691 2 Other livestock 35 3 918 3 Poultry 28 3 294 1 Fruit and nuts 23 2 2 275 7 Other Crop growing 18 2 358 1 Dairy 16 1 4 733 15 Nurseries, Cut Flowers and Turf 10 1 330 1 Other 197 19 3 285 11 Total Agriculture 1 063 100 30 884 100 Note: Estimated value of agricultural operations greater than $5000. Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics

Farms are classified in Table 1 according to the activities that generate most of their value of production. Sheep (334 farms) were the most common, accounting for 31 per cent of all farms in the Geelong region, and 9 per cent of all sheep farms in Victoria.

There is a large percentage of small farms in the region in terms of their value of agricultural output. Estimated value of agricultural operations (EVAO) is a measure of the value of production from farms and a measure of their business size. Around 48 per cent of farms in the Geelong region had an EVAO of less than $50 000 (Figure 3). These farms accounted for only 4 per cent of the total value of agricultural operations in 2012–13. In comparison, 14 per cent of farms in the region had an EVAO of more than $350 000 and accounted for an estimated 76 per cent of the total value of agricultural operations in the region.

Figure 3 Distribution of farms by estimated value of agricultural operations, Geelong, Victoria, 2012–13 60

% < $50k $50k to $150k $150k to $350k $350k to $500k $500k to $1 m > $1 m Share of farms Share of value of agricultural operations Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics

Farm financial performance—Victoria

Each year, ABARES interviews Australian broadacre, dairy and vegetable producers as part of its annual survey program. Broadacre industries covered in this survey include the grains, grains– livestock, sheep, beef and sheep–beef industries. The information collected is a basis for analysing the current financial position of farms in these industries and expected changes in the short term. This paper uses data from the ABARES Australian agricultural and grazing industries survey (AAGIS), Australian dairy industry survey (ADIS), and Australian vegetable growing industry survey to report estimates of financial performance indicators (Box 1) for broadacre, dairy and vegetable farms in Victoria.

Box 1 Definitions

Major financial performance indicators  Total cash receipts: total revenues received by the business during the financial year.  Total cash costs: payments made by the business for materials and services and for permanent and casual hired labour (excluding owner manager, partner and family labour).  Farm cash income: total cash receipts – total cash costs  Farm business profit: farm cash income + changes in trading stocks – depreciation – imputed labour costs  Profit at full equity: return produced by all the resources used in the business, farm business profit + rent + interest + finance lease payments – depreciation on leased items  Rate of return: return to all capital used, profit at full equity * 100 / total opening capital  Equity ratio: Farm capital minus farm debt expressed as a percentage of farm capital Industry types  Grains: farms mainly engaged in producing broadacre crops such as wheat, coarse grains, oilseeds and pulses, and including farms running sheep and/or beef cattle in conjunction with substantial broadacre crop activity.  Sheep: farms mainly engaged in running sheep.  Beef: farms mainly engaged in running beef cattle.  Dairy: farms mainly engaged in milk production.  Vegetable: farms mainly engaged in growing vegetables.

Performance of broadacre farms—Victoria Farm cash income for Victorian broadacre farms declined from an estimated average of $92 310 per farm in 2011–12 to an average of $85 600 per farm in 2012–13, mainly as a result of lower livestock prices and reduced grain production (Error: Reference source not found).

In 2013–14, receipts from sheep, lambs and wool are projected to increase as a result of higher prices. However, despite increased turnoff of beef cattle, lower saleyard prices are projected to result in little change in beef cattle receipts. Receipts from cropping are projected to remain similar to 2012-13, with only a small increase in winter crop production and lower prices for canola, barley and some grain legumes. On average, farm cash income for broadacre farms in Victoria is projected to decline slightly to $82 000 per farm in 2013–14, around 12 per cent above the ten-year average to 2012–13 of $73 000 per farm.

Overall, farm cash incomes are projected to increase in the Mallee region, although farm cash incomes vary greatly within this region. Farm cash income is projected to decline slightly in the Wimmera mainly as a result of lower prices for some grains and a larger decline is projected in the Central North due to the additional impact of lower beef cattle prices. In southern and eastern Victoria, increased cattle turn-off together with higher sheep, lamb and wool prices are projected to result in a small increase in average farm cash income (Error: Reference source not found). Agriculture and Fisheries in the Geelong region of Victoria, 2014 ABARES

Figure 4 Real farm cash income, broadacre industries, average per farm

Note: p Preliminary estimate. y Provisional estimate. Source: ABARES Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey

Table 2 Financial performance, Victoria broadacre industries, 2011–12 to 2013–14, average per farm unit 2013 Performance indicator s 2011–12 2012–13p RSE –14y 278 0 Total cash receipts $ 303 990 279 700 (9) 00 196 0 Total cash costs $ 211 680 194 200 (10) 00 82 00 Farm cash income $ 92 310 85 600 (11) 0 Farms with negative farm cash income % 20 25 (18) 28 - Farm business profit $ 8 530 12 400 (68) 2 000 22 00 Profit at full equity excluding capital appreciation $ 36 060 37 200 (27) 0 Farm capital at 30 June a $ 2 902 350 2 820 700 (10) na 255 0 Farm debt at 30 June b $ 278 170 252 400 (15) 00 Equity ratio b % 90 91 (1) na Rate of return excluding capital appreciation c % 1.3 1.3 (22) 0.8 Off-farm income of owner manager and spouse b $ 37 960 32 200 (14) na Note: a Excludes leased plant and equipment. b Average per responding farm. c Rate of return to farm capital at 1 July. p ABARES preliminary estimates. y ABARES provisional estimates. na Not available. RSE Relative standard errors, expressed as a percentage of the estimate provided. Source: ABARES Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey

Table 3 Farm cash income of Victoria broadacre farms, by region, 2012–13 to 2013–14, average per farm

Region units 2012–13p RSE 2013–14y Mallee $ 126 100 (26) 165 000 Wimmera $ 157 400 (14) 150 000 Central North $ 93 100 (15) 50 000 Southern and Eastern Victoria $ 55 000 (26) 59 000 Note: p ABARES preliminary estimates. y ABARES provisional estimates. na Not available. Figures in parentheses are standard errors, expressed as a percentage of the estimate provided. Source: ABARES Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey

Performance of grains industry farms—Victoria In 2012–13, crop receipts increased for Victorian grains farms compared to those recorded in 2011–12, as higher crop prices offset reductions in crop production resulting from drier conditions through winter and spring. Farm cash income for Victorian grains industry farms averaged $171 000 a farm in 2012–13 (Error: Reference source not found).

Overall, in 2013–14, crop receipts for Victorian grains farms are projected to remain similar to those recorded in 2012–13, lower prices for canola, barley and some grain legumes mostly offsetting small increases in overall grain production.

Farm cash income for Victorian grains industry farms is projected to average $151 000 a farm in 2013–14, around 35 per cent above the industry average for the previous 10 years (Error: Reference source not found). However, farm cash incomes for Victorian grains industry farms were reduced by dry conditions throughout much of this period.

Figure 5 Real farm cash income, grains industry, average per farm

Performance of sheep industry farms—Victoria Farm cash incomes were relatively high in historical terms for Victorian sheep industry farms in the period 2009–10 to 2011–12 (Error: Reference source not found). However, in 2012–13, a reduction of 25 per cent in average prices received for lambs, a larger reduction in the average price received for adult sheep and an 8 per cent reduction in the average wool price received resulted in farm receipts for Victorian sheep farms falling by 23 per cent. Despite a reduction in average cash costs resulting mainly from reduced expenditure on sheep purchases and interest payments, average farm cash income for sheep industry farms declined to an average of $53 000 per farm.

In 2013–14, higher adult sheep and lamb prices, together with a small increase in wool prices are projected to result in an increase in farm cash receipts. Average farm cash income for sheep industry farms is projected to increase to average $68 000 per farm, around 12 per cent above the industry average of $61 000 per farm for the ten-years to 2012–13.

Figure 6 Real farm cash income, sheep industry, average per farm

Performance of beef industry farms—Victoria A much smaller average herd size for Victorian beef industry farms, compared with the Australian average, results in average farm cash income for Victorian beef industry farms typically being well below the national average (Error: Reference source not found).

In 2012–13, a reduction of 15 per cent in the average price received for beef cattle sold reduced farm cash receipts and despite a further reduction in expenditure on beef cattle purchases average farm cash income for Victorian beef industry farms declined to average $18 000 per farm in 2012–13 (Error: Reference source not found).

In 2013–14, a further reduction in the average price received for beef cattle sold is projected to result in average farm cash income for Victorian beef industry farms declining further to average $11 000 per farm in 2013–14, less than half the industry average of $36 000 per farm for the ten-years to 2012–13 (Error: Reference source not found). Agriculture and Fisheries in the Geelong region of Victoria, 2014 ABARES

Figure 7 Real farm cash income, beef industry, average per farm

Performance of dairy industry farms— Victoria In 2012–13, a reduction in farmgate milk prices averaging 7 per cent and a reduction of 3 per cent in average milk production in Victoria, together with an increase in average cash costs of 11 per cent driven mainly by a rise in expenditure on fodder and interest payments, resulted in farm cash incomes for Victorian dairy farms declining from $141 790 in 2011–12 to just $31 500 in 2012–13. An estimated 38 per cent of Victorian dairy farms recorded negative farm cash incomes and farm business profit declined to an average loss of $40 100 per farm (Error: Reference source not found).

In 2013–14 average farm cash incomes are projected to rebound strongly with an increase in farmgate milk prices of around 20 per cent. Despite a projected reduction in milk production and an increase in total cash costs, resulting mainly from higher fodder expenditure, farm cash income for Victorian dairy farms is projected to increase to an average of $127 000 per farm. If achieved, this would be around 39 per cent above the average for the ten-years to 2012–13, in real terms. However, average farm cash income for Victorian dairy farms was low in many years during this period due to drought and reduced availability of irrigation water (Error: Reference source not found).

Figure 8 Real farm cash income, dairy industry, average per farm

Table 4 Financial performance, Victoria dairy industry, 2011–12 to 2013–14, average per farm

Performance indicator units 2011–12 2012–13p RSE 2013–14y Total cash receipts $ 583 330 523 500 (14) 629 000 Total cash costs $ 441 540 492 000 (15) 502 000 Farm cash income $ 141 790 31 500 (52) 127 000 Farms with negative farm cash income % 16 38 (29) 14 Farm business profit $ 67 030 –40 100 (32) 51 000 Profit at full equity excluding capital appreciation $ 130 310 27 100 (58) 115 000 Farm capital at 30 June a $ 2 988 710 3 371 100 (11) na Farm debt at 30 June b $ 644 610 747 800 (10) 754 000 Equity ratio b % 79 78 (3) na Rate of return excluding capital appreciation c % 4.3 0.8 (54) 3.5 Off-farm income of owner manager and spouse b $ 20 020 22 800 (20) na Note: a Excludes leased plant and equipment. b Average per responding farm. c Rate of return to farm capital at 1 July. p ABARES preliminary estimates. y ABARES provisional estimates. na Not available. RSE Relative standard errors, expressed as a percentage of the estimate provided. Source: ABARES Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey

Performance of vegetable industry farms—Victoria Nationally in 2013–14, average farm cash income is estimated to have declined to $156 000, 4 per cent lower than in 2012–13. Average to above average seasonal conditions helped growers to maintain the high yields of 2012–13. Overall vegetable production was also higher because the average area planted to vegetable crops increased. However, the resulting increase in vegetable cash receipts was partially offset by lower vegetable prices.

In 2012–13 farm cash income in Victoria is estimated to have increased to an average of $218 900 (Table 5), 10 per cent higher than the estimated farm cash income (in real terms) over the eight years to 2012–13 (Figure 9). Average area planted and crop yields were both higher, particularly for less commonly produced vegetables such as carrots, onions, lettuce, cauliflower and cabbages. Although prices for potatoes, carrots and tomatoes were higher, there were large decreases in the prices received for other vegetables. Nevertheless, estimated average vegetable cash receipts increased more than the increase in average cash costs.

Above average yields and higher prices for most vegetable crops are estimated to have resulted in increased average farm cash income in 2013–14 to $314 000 (Table 5), 32 per cent higher than the average farm cash income (in real terms) estimated for Victoria over the nine years to 2013–14 (Figure 9). The area planted to vegetables increased and yields were above average, resulting in increased vegetable production. Vegetable prices were higher for the main vegetable types grown, resulting in higher vegetable cash receipts. Reduced expenditure on repairs and maintenance, interest and plant hire offset higher expenditure on most other inputs. Agriculture and Fisheries in the Geelong region of Victoria, 2014 ABARES

Table 5 Physical and financial performance, vegetable growing farm businesses, Victoria, 2012–13 and 2013–14 average per farm Selected estimates units 2012–13 p RSE % Change 2013–14 y RSE % Change from 2011–12 from 2012–13 Vegetable cash receipts $ 1 083 100 (11 23 1 179 000 (24 9 ) ) Area sown to vegetables ha 55.7 (12 13 56.3 (26 1 ) ) Quantity of vegetables produced t 1 460 (13 27 1 508 (26 3 ) ) Farm cash income $ 218 900 (22 105 314 000 (29 47 ) ) Note: p Preliminary estimate. y Provisional estimate. RSE Relative standard errors, expressed as a percentage of the estimate. Updated data for vegetable farm businesses will be available November 2015. Source: ABARES Australian vegetable growing farms survey

Figure 9 Real farm cash income, vegetable growing farm businesses, Victoria, 2005–06 to 2013–14 average per farm 350

$'0000 y 0 1 2 6 7 8 9 p

2013–14 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 4 3 – – – – – – – 1 1 9 0 1 5 6 7 8 – – 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 Note: p Preliminary estimate. y Provisional estimate. Source: ABARES Australian vegetable growing farms survey

3) Fisheries sector

The Geelong region has an extensive seafood industry including wild-catch and aquaculture, and seafood processing handling finfish, abalone, scallops, squid, and bait and bait products. The region is well connected to the Melbourne wholesale and retail market, particularly through the Melbourne Seafood Centre, the main wholesale retail market place for fresh seafood in the region. Corio Bay and the Bellarine Peninsula are the key areas for the harvest of seaweed, sea urchins and sea cucumbers. Port Phillip Bay is the main commercial fishing location for King George whiting.

In the 2000 National Recreational and Indigenous Fishing Survey, the region recorded a participation rate of 15 per cent, slightly higher than the state average of 12.7 per cent (Henry and Lyle 2003). Nearby Port Phillip Bay and adjacent coastal waters are the main fishing grounds where Geelong residents fish and are the most popular fishing grounds in Victoria. Flathead, Australian salmon, King George whiting, garfish and squid are the most common species targeted by fishers. Within Port Phillip Bay, most fishing is done from boats but in the coastal waters fishing effort is divided equally between boat and shore fishing.

The area has a significant aquaculture industry. The area is one of Australia’s largest mussel growing areas (mostly blue mussels) with production focused in Port Philip Bay, which is also the location of abalone farms. Some land based abalone and barramundi aquaculture farms are also located in the area.

In 2011–12 the gross value of Victoria’s fisheries production (both aquaculture and wild-catch) was $71 million, an increase of 1 per cent ($1 million) from 2010–11. Victoria contributed 3 per cent of the total value of Australian fisheries production in 2011–12. In value terms, the wild- catch sector accounted for 77 per cent ($55 million) of the state’s total production and the aquaculture sector accounted for the remaining 23 per cent ($16 million).

Victoria’s wild-catch fisheries sector is dominated by two main products—abalone and Southern rocklobster—which account for 43 per cent and 33 per cent, respectively, of the total value of wild-caught production in 2011–12. Over the last decade the value of Victoria’s wild-caught fisheries products has reduced from $134 million (2001–02) to $55 million (2011–12; in 2011– 12 terms).

The product for which the real value of production declined most over the past decade is wild- caught abalone, falling from $83million (2001–02; in 2011–12 terms) to $24 million (2011–12; in 2011–12 terms). This is largely attributable to the Abalone Viral Ganglioneuritis disease which has significantly reduced abalone production in the Victorian wild-catch sector in recent years. A large proportion of abalone is exported, mostly to Hong Kong, China and Japan. Exchange rate movements have a significant effect on the value of abalone exports and, in turn, production.

Commonwealth fisheries active in the waters off Victoria include the Commonwealth Trawl (main source of domestic fresh fish for Sydney and Melbourne markets) and the Gillnet, Hook and Trap Sectors (supplies gummy shark or ‘flake’ to Melbourne) of the Southern and Eastern Scalefish and Shark Fishery. The Bass Strait Central Zone Scallop Fishery, Small Pelagic Fishery (mostly fishmeal for aquaculture and agriculture) and the Southern Squid Jig Fishery also operate in the waters off Victoria. Agriculture and Fisheries in the Geelong region of Victoria, 2014 ABARES

In 2011–12 the volume of Victoria’s aquaculture production declined by 29 per cent (742 tonnes) to 1811 tonnes. Salmonids and blue mussels accounted for 74 per cent of this volume and 36 per cent of the total value of Victorian aquaculture in 2011–12.

In 2011–12, Victoria’s fisheries product exports were valued at $154 million. The main export products include abalone and Southern rocklobster. Hong Kong and Japan are the major destinations for Victorian fisheries exports, accounting for 48 per cent and 15 per cent of the total value of exports in 2011–12, respectively. Other major export destinations include Singapore (11 per cent), Vietnam (9 per cent), China (5 per cent) and Thailand (4 per cent).

Recreational fishing is popular in Victoria. In the national survey of recreational fishers undertaken in the early 2000s it was found that Victoria had approximately 550 000 recreational fishers that fished in the 12 months to May 2000, an estimated 13 per cent of Victoria’s population (Henry and Lyle 2003). This includes gamefishing for species such as southern bluefin tuna (Green et. al. 2012). Recreational fishing also includes diving for Southern rocklobster, abalone, and scallops and hook and line fishing for a range of finfish species, such as snapper, King George whiting, black bream and flathead. Freshwater anglers target rainbow and brown trout, as well as native freshwater fish.

References

ABS 2011, Census of Population and Housing, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Canberra.

ABS 2014a, Agricultural Commodities, Australia, 2012–2013, cat. no. 7121.0, Australian Bureau Statistics, Canberra.

ABS 2014b, Labour Force, Australia, Detailed, Quarterly, Aug 2014, cat. no. 6291.0.55.003, Australian Bureau Statistics, Canberra.

ABS 2014c, Value of Agricultural Commodities Produced, Australia, 2012–13, cat. no. 7503.0, Australian Bureau Statistics, Canberra.

Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics-Bureau of Rural Sciences 2010, Land use of Australia 2005-06, Version 4, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra.

Green C, Brown P, Giri K, Bell J, Conron S, (2012) Quantifying the recreational catch of southern bluefin tuna off the Victorian coast. Recreational Fishing Grant Program – Research Report. Department of Primary Industries, Victoria

Henry G.W. and Lyle J.M. 2003, The National Recreational and Indigenous Fishing Survey, FRDC Project No. 99/158.