First Quarter Content and Skills

Categorizing the information from our review I. Identifying, defining, and developing an understanding of the contrasting values.

II. Identifying, defining, and of the elements of the Bedford High School philosophy of historical argument.

III. Identifying, defining, and diagramming reasoning

IV. “Prop”ing evidence

V. Informed Decision Making

VI. Precolonial history

VII. Early English colonial history

VIII. Colonial geography

IX. Reasons for colonial discontent through the French and Indian War 1. Liberty 2. Equality 3. Royal colony -- A colony that is under the direct rule of a king. Virginia colony became one of these following some difficult times as well as issues with the Powhatan 4. Evaluate the results 5. Governor Berkeley -- Leader of Virginia as economic differences between frontier Virginians and wealthier Virginians developed into hostility 6. Great Britain -- New name for the English empire 7. William and Mary -- came to power following the Glorious Revolution 8. Salutary neglect -- English practice of allowing the colonies some independence by restricting enforcement of laws 9. People are equal in the eyes of authority (law, god, etc.)·People have equal opportunity & access to resources, Ascribed characteristics are not a basis for differentiation 10.Democracy 11.Arbella -- The Puritan flagship for the expedition to America 12. John Winthrop -- The first governor in Puritan New England 13.City upon a Hill -- The name given for the model community which the Puritans proposed 14.The French established their first colonies in North America in the 17th century (1600s), many in modern-day Canada. They were primarily designed to produce and provide goods such as furs and sugar for export. The French established forts, trading posts, and settlements in the areas surrounding the Great Lakes and up and down the Mississippi River, including the huge colony of Louisiana. 15.Capitalism 16.Individualism 17.Jamestown -- Created as part of the Virginia company in 1606/1607, this became the first permanent English settlement in North America. 18.Determine a plan and act 19.Examine all the information gathered. Choose the best solution. Do what you planned. 20.John Smith -- Man who is credited with organizing and leading Jamestown (in 1607) away from its failing strategies and toward success. He stressed farming, hard work, and the taking of food from the nearby Powhatan. 21. King James I -- the King who granted the charter to the Virginia company. 22.Is it a ______(eyewitness) or secondary (not an eyewitness) source? ______sources are invariably more desirable. To reach valid conclusions, you need to realize the importance of _____sources and gather as many as possible to use as evidence in an argument. There is no problem with using a secondary source, but you should depend on secondary sources, like encyclopedias or history textbooks, only when primary sources are unavailable. The exclusive usage of secondary sources rarely yields desired results. 23.The individual is the fundamental unit of society, Institutions protect the dignity of the individual, Emphasis is placed on self-reliance, Individual achievement is glorified & protected, Individual rights are protected in the face of the group 24.Order 25.Emphasis on structure; Safety, peace and security; Maintenance of stability 26.Hierarchy 27.Economic decision-making is in the hands of a centralized power; Belief that people other than the producer have rights to what is produced; Property is controlled by some centralized power (usually gov’t) 28. Joint stock company -- An investment company created for profit much like a modern day corporation. Jamestown was created through one of these as the Virginia Company. 29.Collectivism 30.Individuals are subordinate to the group; Achievements are considered group achievements; Heavy emphasis on Duty & responsibility 31.The United States had been settled by many distinct Native American tribes prior to European colonization. Evidence shows that the tribes inhabited each of the regions that are part of the current United States. 32.Private property—right to use resources as owner sees fit, Belief that one should reap the rewards of one’s own labor, Economic decision- making is in the hands of private owners, Free market—private owners engage in transactions 33.Europeans were interested in colonizing North America for a variety of reasons: to acquire fabulous riches like gold and silver, to escape poverty, to find religious freedom, to convert Native Americans to Christianity, or simply to find adventure and new opportunities. 34.Clearly differentiated levels of power/authority/status organized in superior/inferior relationships 35.The ______: is the statement in a comparison that uses one of the key words and describes what is being diagrammed 36.The ______of a comparison are the two (or more) things that are being compared. 37.Authority 38.In 1664, New Amsterdam's governor, Peter Stuyvesant, surrendered the colony to the English colonel Richard Nicolls, who renamed it New York for his patron, the Duke of York. 39.During the period from the mid-16th century (1500s) to the 19th century (1800s), the Spanish controlled large areas of the modern-day Southwest and West Coast of the United States. . 40.After the Treaty of Paris at the end of the French and Indian War (1763), the French surrendered Louisiana to the Spanish. They regained control of the colony in 1800, and three years later, Napoleon sold it to the young United States. This sale, which ignored the Indian tribes who inhabited the land, became known as the Louisiana Purchase. 41.The Thinking Side = Values + Evidence + Reasoning  Argument 42.We do not use this word in the manner that it is commonly used (a disagreement.) Instead, we use the word argument to describe an thought process or interpretation of what happened in the past based on the values, evidence, and reasoning that exists. It is our philosophy that all history is actually ____. 43.The people should be the primary source of political power, The people have political power—vote, voice & input. Political Power is diffuse 44.______is a way of thinking that can link one idea to a related idea. It makes up 1/3 of the Thinking side of developing historical arguments. 45.Drawing conclusions based on how alike or different 2 things are 46.Reasoning to allow for deeper understanding based upon comparing a known to an unknown. Reasoning to allow for deeper understanding of 2 or more unknowns by examining the same issues 47.King Philips War -- A conflict where massive casualties resulted on both sides -- the Puritans and the 48.The ______of a comparison are the details or specifics of each issue. 49.Power is concentrated; Source of power is religion, tradition, knowledge, experience, expertise, etc. 50.Centralization 51.If the source is a person or an organization, does he or she have any ______the evidence? Would those giving the statement, writing the document, recording and editing the audio and video, or identifying the object benefit if the truth were distorted, covered up, falsified, sensationalized, or manipulated? Witnesses with no ______the evidence are more desirable than those who might benefit from a particular presentation of the evidence. At times, we must weigh whether a pre-existing bias is a ______. People and organizations that cater to a specific audience may distort evidence to maintain their viewers or readers. 52.Minimal constraint or control, Freedom from outside constraint, Freedom to participate 53.Boston -- The center of a settlement that was the greatest in size of any colonial expedition to North America. It was the capital of a colony that started when over 1000 settlers arrived on 17 ships. 54.General court -- A lawmaking body of elected men who represented the people of Mass Bay Colony 55.Are there ______which report the same data, information, or knowledge? Having other evidence verify the initial evidence strengthens the argument. Are there live witnesses to help prove that there was no manipulation?

56. 57.Headright system -- Strategy employed by the Virginia company to lure settlers to Jamestown in return for land. 58. Plantation -- Term that initially meant the people who settled a land grant. The term came to mean the land itself 59.Both Jamestown and Plymouth faced problems surviving their early years. Each had issues with feeding and sheltering their populations. Each had issues with Native Americans. Each had issues developing methods to become economically viable. 60.Anne Hutchinson -- A banished separatist who left Mass Bay and settled in Rhode Island and later New York before dying in a skirmish with Native Americans 61.Pequot War -- A conflict where English settlers and some Native American nearly exterminated the Pequot nation. Wampanoag. 62.William Penn -- Quaker who got a charter to found Pennsylvania. 63.Quakers -- A Protestant sect whose beliefs included equality, cooperation, and religious toleration. They felt Gods inner light burned inside everyone. These were radical for their time. 64.The relationship between the settlers and native Americans was complex 65. Roanoke -- England's first, failed attempt at colonizing North America 66.Like, Unlike, Similar, Different, Same, Contrast, Better, Worse, More, Less, Than 67.The Spanish also controlled large areas in the modern-day states of Texas, California, and New Mexico. They established a network of military and religious outposts across these territories, which were often named after Roman Catholic saints. The word for saint in Spanish is "san" or "santa." Many modern-day cities in these states — San Francisco, Santa Cruz, and San Antonio — can trace their origins to Spanish colonists. 68.In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson, searching for a passage to the Indies on behalf of the Dutch East India Company, sailed up the river later named for him — the Hudson. He claimed the land on either side of the river for the Dutch, who began colonizing the territory they named New Netherland 69. Indentured servant -- People who agreed to submit to a period of servitude in return for passage, food, and shelter in North America. 70. African laborers -- First arrived to Jamestown on a Dutch merchant ship in 1619. Were initially far outnumbered by other laborers such as indentured servants. 71.Middle passage – the name for the trip Slaves made to the colonies as a result of the triangular trade 72.Stono rebellion – A slave rebellion that led to even harsher conditions for southern slaves 73.Commercial – a name for the type of economy that relies on commerce 74.English laws of conquest -- These forbade intermarriage and assimilation between the English and those they conquered. Led to very difficult relations and was far from the only technique used by European conquerors. 75. Pocahontas -- Married John Rolfe, but was not an indicative example of the relationship that most English had with native Americans 76. Nathaniel Bacon -- Virginia planter who raised his own army against Native Americans and eventually led a march and rebellion against the Virginia government. 77.John Rolfe -- Man credited with developing the strain of tobacco, which grew successfully in Jamestown. 78.Define the problem. Explore Alternatives. Consider consequences and benefits for each. Identify your values. Determine a plan and act. Evaluate 79.Is it a ______statement? If the person making the statement of evidence knew or intended that other people should hear it, then it is a ____ statement. A ____ statement may be judged to be more accurate because it was probably said in confidence and is, there fore more likely to reflect the speaker’s true feelings or observations. A ___statement that is sure to be fact checked can also be a valid source. 80.House of Burgesses -- First representative body on North America 81.Massachusetts Bay Colony -- A colony that started as a joint stock company led by John Winthrop. It incorporated Plymouth colony over time, but was not part of its charter initially. 82.Identify your values 83.What do you value most in this situation? What is the most important thing to keep in mind? 84.Puritan law -- There was no such thing as separation of church and state here as sins were as punishable as other civil offenses. 85.Mayflower Compact -- An agreement to form a civil government reached by the Pilgrims. It is a landmark American democratic document.The Dutch -- People who employed the explorer Henry Hudson and settled modern day New York. 86.Peter Stuyvesant -- Unpopular Dutch governor who surrendered New York and much of New Jersey to (the future king) James (II) Duke of York. 87.Holy experiment -- Name for William Penn’s attempt to create a land where equality and democratic ideas were featured. 88.City of brotherly love -- A nickname for Philadelphia 89.Maryland -- Colony founded by Lord Baltimore 90.North and South Carolina -- Lands granted in a charter for supporters of King Charles II. Located between Virginia and Spanish Florida. 91.Georgia -- Founded by James Oglethorpe, this colony had strict living restrictions and was originally a debtor colony. 92. Mercantilism – economic philosophy employed by the English. They sought to have a positive trade balance and acquire more gold and silver 93. Parliament – the English lawmaking body 94. Navigation Acts -- Series of Parliamentary laws that restricted colonial trade. They nearly forced colonists to include England in trade 95.Early Native Americans settled in a different manner than colonists in that rarely did they settle in permanent grounds. While some set up long standing establishments, most lived in a semi-nomadic manner where the tribe would move according to the season and availability of food and would return to places of past habitation. Their lifestyles varied greatly. 96.European colonies existed in North America from the end of the 15th century (1400s) until the 19th century (1800s) ... a period of more than 300 years. 97.Glorious Revolution -- the event that put William and Mary in power in England. It had an effect on the mainland, but also had an effect on the colonies in that it led to changed laws and an end to the Dominion of New England and salutary neglect 98. King Charles -- Leader of England as Bacons rebellion started. 99. Starving time -- When famine and the destruction of livestock led to the death of nearly all of the settlers of Jamestown. 100. Brown gold -- Cash crop that ensured the survival of Jamestown – tobacco 101. Cash crop -- a crop like tobacco grown for a profit rather than for individual consumption 102. Slaves -- unpaid, mistreated workers kept against their will. The North had them, but the south had more and came to feel they needed to continue acquiring more and more to maintain their economy 103. Roger Williams -- An extreme separatist, this person was forced to flee Massachusetts and settled Rhode Island 104. New Netherland -- Colony founded by the Dutch. Modern day New York. 105. Plymouth colony -- The second permanent English colony in North America 106. Triangular trade – the pattern of trade that included Europe, Africa, and the colonies. Slaves were the chief product exported from Africa in this arrangement 107. Enlightenment -- a movement where thinking and philosophy led to individuals and institutions to question everything 108. Great awakening -- A period of religious revival that swept Europe, and especially the colonies 109. French and Indian War – the war where the English fought against the French in North America. The war became the Seven Years War in Europe. The English won. 110. French and English colonies in North America differed in that the French were more like trading outposts while the English colonies were more of permanent settlements. The French colonists were greatly outnumbered in North America by the English 111. France was England's greatest rival for world domination. 112. George Washington was a general leading a militia for Virginia, and technically for England in the French and Indian War. He was not very successful! 113. Define the problem 114. State the problem as clearly as possible. Consider the following: Does the problem have more than one part? Whose problem is it? Can the problem be solved? 115. Explore Options 116. Gather information and important facts about the situation. Organize the facts in an order that makes sense. 117. Consider consequences and benefits for each option. 118. Make a pro’s and con’s list. Consider both short and long term effects. 119. Dominion of New England -- A ruling by the English king placed all of the English colonies under one ruling governor 120. Sir Edmund Andros –governor of the Dominion of New England 121. After the solution is tried, evaluate the consequences. If the solution didn’t work try another one. Learn from your experiences.