Inspired by Their Political Freedom, Many Citizens Sought to Extend Republican Principles

Inspired by their political freedom, many citizens sought to extend republican principles throughout their society. But what were those republican principles? 1. “For entrepreneurial-minded merchants, farmers, and political leaders, republicanism meant a dynamic market economy based on the private ownership of property and capital. However, they welcomed legislative policies that assisted private business and, they claimed, enhanced the ‘common wealth’ of the society. 2. Other Americans in the northern states championed democratic republican cultural values, such as equality in the family and in social relationships. 3. In the southern states, sharply divided by class and race, politicians and pamphleteers endorsed aristocratic republicanism. It stressed liberty for whites rather than equality for all. 4. Yet another vision of American republicanism emerged from the Second Great Awakening, religious revivals that swept the nation between 1790 and 1850 . . . Moreover, religious enthusiasm . . . prompted social reform on many fronts. For those who embraced the Awakening, the United States was both a great experiment in republican government and a Christian civilization destined to redeem the world — a moral mission that would inform American diplomacy in the centuries to come.” Modified from America’s History page 248

Your job:  Read your assigned section (I am #____)  Define the vocabulary and answer the questions for your section thoroughly  EVERYONE needs to read Thinking Like a Historian and America Compared and those questions are at the end of this packet  Be prepared to come to class and teach your group about your section on Tuesday

1. The Capitalist Commonwealth pages 250-256 Neomercantilism:

 A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by republican state legislatures throughout the nation, especially in the Northeast. This system of activist government encouraged private entrepreneurs to seek individual opportunity and the public welfare through market exchange. Banks, Manufacturing, and Markets What was the transition from the 1st BUS to the 2nd BUS? What problem did this 5 year break cause? D-R were against the BUS so it was not renewed. But then it was renewed in 1816. In the 5 years, state banks opened that were unreliable.

What were the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819? Bad banking policies. Farmers lose money. People out of work.

What was Rural Manufacturing? What effect did it have on the economy? What effect did it have on the workers? Outsourced manufacturing to “home work” by farm families. Economy – slow to get real factories. Farmers – working harder and longer hours + have to buy products in capitalized economy

What kind of transportation was being created at the time? Who funded it? States funded turnpikes (good roads you had to pay to travel on) and canals

Public Enterprise: The Commonwealth System Commonwealth System: The republican system of political economy created by state governments by 1820, whereby states funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare What were some examples of the Commonwealth System? What changes did this cause for America?

 States often gave eminent domain rights to companies that would benefit the public good – this changed the previous held views on private property

2. Toward a Democratic Republican Culture pages 256-264 What demographic was most embracing the new republicanism? Rising middle class, especially in the North

Opportunity and Equality for White Men What changes were happening in voting rights? Who was being left behind? White men could not vote with no property requirements. Women and blacks were left out. Toward Republican Families What changes were happening for marriage? Why were these changes happening and what effects did they have? More people were getting married out of affection – showed more idea of equality. But led to more divorce. Divorce laws expand reasons to get a divorce.

Republican Motherhood:

 States often gave eminent domain rights to companies that would benefit the public good – this changed the previous held views on private property Women should be educated so they can raise educated patriot children. Early 1800’s

Raising Republican Children What were the two different ideas of raising children at the time? Why were they so different? Republican view inspired by the Enlightenment – more freedom for the child (middle class) Authoritarian view – children should be seen and not heard (poorer groups)

What did public education look like in this period? Public schools offered basic education (elementary). For Reading, Writing, Math. Only the very rich went on to higher education

3. Aristocratic Republicanism and Slavery pages 264- 269 The Revolution and Slavery 1776-1800 What effect did the Revolution have on slavery immediately and over time? 30,000 slaves ran away to join England because they were promised freedom. Led to some slaves hoping for freedom and general emancipation in the north Manumission: The legal act of freeing slaves. Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery, the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia’s 1782 manumission law in 1792.

How were Northern states dealing with the issue of slavery at this time? Enacted gradual emancipation laws

Why did the South feel the need to defend slavery? What was their defense? What effect did this have on Southern society and slaves? Economic issues, defended by saying slaves were property (also said slaves were savages…). Slave codes

Herrenvolk Republic A republic based on the principle of rule by a master race. To preserve their privileged social position, southern leaders restricted individual liberty and legal equality to whites

The North and South Grow Apart What differences in work, economy, labor, and education occurred between the North and South at this time? N – more religion, education, and good work ethic S – only the rich had education, “slaves make Southerners lazy”, rich and middle class spend money on extravagance

American Colonization Society: Wanted to free the slaves and resettle them to Africa (Liberia)

How did most African Americans feel about the American Colonization Society? Opposed this because they felt they were Americans

The Missouri Crisis Describe the drama leading up to the Missouri Compromise: Missouri (from the LA Purchase) wanted to become a state. N guy wanted it to be a free state. S said no and now Maine can’t be a state. DRAMA

The Missouri Compromise: 1820 – would govern slavery expansion in the LA territory. Draw a line at 36’ 30. South of the line is slave. North of the line is free. Except MO is also slave. Maine gets to come in as a free state. 4. Protestant Christianity as a Social Force pages 269 – 277 A Republican Religious Order What did religious freedom and “separation of church and state” look like at this time? State did not have a “state church”, but states gave tax exempt status to churches Some states required office holders to be Protestants

Second Great Awakening Second Great Awakening: Unprecedented religious revival that swept the nation between 1790 and 1850; it also proved to be a major impetus for the reform movements of the era.

Which denominations grew out of the Second Great Awakening? Baptists and Methodists – lots Universalists – some Evangelical beliefs

How did the 2nd Great Awakening affect African Americans? Morality of slavery gets examined African Americans really embrace religion (slave owners are convinced to allow them access to it) – Story of Moses is a big hit 

Religion and Reform What did the reform portion of the 2nd Great Awakening look like? Who led it? Moved away from the focus on sin and predestination towards free will, salvation through good works, and evangelicalism

Women and men worked to help others, often through interdenominational groups Women’s New Religious Roles How did the 2nd Great Awakening affect women? Some started new sects, some church leadership, organized charities

Why were women able to “get away” with this activity? SO many women in some churches; can’t be politically active, continuation of republican motherhood / cult of domesticity

What paths did this involvement open for women? How did this involvement lessen rights for women in some places? Women start to become teachers (more women are educated to start this) Baptist church takes away women’s rights

Green and Blue Pages Thinking Like a Historian page 252-253 1. What does the Pewterer’s Banner (source 1) suggest about personal and by extension national success in the post-Revolutionary era? What can you infer about artisan entrepreneurs in the new republic from this source? 2. According to John Jacob Astor (source 2) and the cabinetmaker (source 3), what traits are important in work? Based on the sources included here, do you agree with Astor that good habits make any man rich? Why or why not?

3. Sources 2, 4, and 5 all deal with John Jacob Astor. What do these sources suggest about the road to wealth in America?

4. Compare and contrast Hone’s view of Astor (source 4) with that of the Herald’s editorial (source 5). Then apply the Herald’s critique to contemporary entrepreneurs such as Bill Gates of Microsoft or Steve Jobs of Apple. Are their fortunes also the product, in part, of “the industry of the community”?

America Compared page 272 1. According to Trollope, what accounts for the frequency of “profane” religious services in America and their relative absence in England?

2. How does Trollope use “social class” to analyze the differences between England and America?