An Innovative Approach Cellphone-The Life Saver & Digital Jewellary

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION (AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH CELLPHONE-THE LIFE SAVER & DIGITAL JEWELLARY)

1 ABSTRACT KEYWORDS:MTSO,SRR,SRT,ABNORMALITY Enormous number of people die due to DETECTOR, SQUELCH CIRCUIT,VGA. lack of medical aid at the appropriate time as in the case of road accident in the remote areas , INTRODUCTION: sudden imbalances in a person living alone in his In this fast-paced world , no one has time house or heart attacks in the nights. In such cases to spend leisurely with their neighbours or even , the whole accident may go unnoticed and by to gossip . In this machine life , lot of accidents the time it is discovered, it may have been too are going unnoticed and due to our inability to late. We suggest a model that uses WIRELESS provide medical assistance to the victims at the TECHNOLOGY with the existing cellular system , appropriate time and at appropriate place , which can help in attending to such situations precious lives are in danger. This paper suggest a immediately. we also bring in notice about the new way to provide medical assistance to those who WIRELESS DIGITAL JWELLARY are in need of it desperately , overcoming the Whenever a human body is affected , difficulties in it using the existing cellular physically or mentally , there’s a change in the (mobile) communication system with slight pulse rate . modification .We have combined the fields of An abnormality detector with a short Engineering and Medicine to provide a solution range transmitter (SRT) is attached to the wrist for this problem.The latest computer craze has been watch of the user . Abnormality detector to be able to wear wireless computers. The Computer periodically keeps track of the pulse .Whenever Fashion Wave, "Digital Jewelry" looks to be the next there is abnormal change , it activates the SRT sizzling fashion trend of the technological wave. The which then sends signal to the short range combination of shrinking computer devices and receiver (SRR) incorporated in the cell phone . increasing computer power has allowed several Then cell phone sends help signal to the Mobile companies to begin producing fashion jewelry with Telephone Switching Office ( MTSO ) . The cell embedded intelligence. phone is then located by Tri – Circle method The whole concept behind this is to be able to using the received signal's strength by a base communicate to others by means of wireless station and two towers in a cell site and medical appliances. The other key factor of this concept assistance is sent. The cell phone is also made to market is to stay fashionable at the same time. ring an alarm which can help the medical team to WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY: reach the location with ease. Thus invaluable human lives can be saved . A notable advantage of this system is that even though the cell phone is switched off, the mission never fails. Wireless technologies represent a rapidly emerging area of growth and importance for

2 providing ubiquitous access to the network for all of Eg :1) TV remote system. the campus community. Students, faculty and staff 2) Cellular phones. increasingly want un-tethered network access from general-purpose classrooms, meeting rooms, EXISTING CELLULAR SYSTEM , AN auditoriums, and even the hallways of campus OVERALL VIEW buildings. There is interest in creating mobile A basic cellular system consists of three computing labs utilizing laptop computers equipped parts : a mobile unit , a cell site , and a mobile with wireless Ethernet cards. Recently, industry has telephone switching office (MTSO) , with made significant progress in resolving some connections to link the three subsystems. constraints to the widespread adoption of wireless 1.MOBILE UNIT technologies. Some of the constraints have included A mobile telephone unit contains a control disparate standards, low bandwidth, and high unit , a transceiver ,and an antenna system. infrastructure and service cost. Wireless technologies 2.CELL SITE can both support the institution mission and provide The cell site provides interface between cost-effective solutions. Wireless is being adopted for the MTSO and the mobile units. It has control many new applications: to connect computers, to unit , radio cabinets , antennas , a power plant , and allow remote monitoring and data acquisition, to data terminals. provide access control and security, and to provide a solution for environments where wires may not be the 3.MTSO best solution.What follows is an overview of existing The switching office , central co- wireless technologies and related issues. ordinating element for all Cell sites , contains How does wireless infrastructure Work? cellular processor and cellular switch. It interfaces There are several components necessary to with telephone company zone offices , controls wireless enable an existing enterprise application. On call processing , and handles billing activities. the backend, there is the existing enterprise 4. CONNECTIONS application. The application contains the business The radio and high speed data links logic to make decisions and deliver the appropriate connect three subsystems. Each mobile unit can information to the user. In addition, the backend may only use one channel for its communication link. contain the data the enterprise application is based on But the channel is not fixed ; it can be any one - this is standard for any PC application. in entire band assigned by serving area , with each site having multichannel capabilities that can connect simultaneously to many mobile units. The MTSO is the heart of the cellular mobile system. Its processor provides the central coordination and cellular administration.

3 The cellular switch ,which can be either analog or certain level , then it is a indication that we need digital ,switches calls to connect the mobile medical assistance right then. So, if we detect any subscribers to other mobile subscribers and to abnormal change in pulse rate of user by nationwide telephone network. It uses the voice Abnormality detector kept around the wrist trunks similar to telephone company inter office (explained latter) and is informed to cell phone voice trunks. It also contains data links providing ( by means of SR transmission ) , then cell phone supervision links between the processor and will sends help signal to the MSTO using the switch and between the cell sites and the existing cellular system . On receiving the help processor. The radio link carries the voice and signal from any cell , MTSO has to locate the signalling between the mobile unit and the cell cellphone (i.e, the user ) .Then, it should send site. The highspeed data links can’t be transmitted medical assistance ( say ambulance) to the spot over the standard telephone trunks and therefore immediately . Meanwhile , it has to activate the must use either microwave links or T-carriers alarm circuit so that it will be useful for the ( wire lines ). Microwave radio links or T-carriers medical team to reach the spot exactly. Thus , carry both voice and data between the cell site precious lives of the victims are saved.

and MTSO.

CORE CONCEPT BEHIND THIS PAPER Normal pulse rate of a human being is 60 to 100 beats/min . If we , the human beings suffer (by any means – physically or mentally) pulse rate WHY PULSE RATE RATHER THAN will be affected first (body temperature also gets TEMPERATURE ? affected) . If pulse rate changes below or above

4 As mentioned already , external temperature Small battery is provided for this part which of body also changes in case of sufferings but should be rechargeable or a solar cell). not in all cases . For example in case of some heart problems , external temperature of our body remains constant . Infact sensing temperature and using it in the suggested system is easy because temperature sensor can be in-built within cell OPERATION phone . Thus short range transmission is avoided A device that detects electro chemical reducing the complexity of the suggested system . reactions on skin surface of a living organism that But pulse rate varies for almost all the cases . corresponds to the biomedical signals within that So we are opting for pulse rate rather than organism is called ‘ biopotential electrode. temperature . INTERNAL CIRCUITRY Sensors used to convert body phenomena such as pulse rate ,heat , pressure , blood flow or motion , into electrical signals are classified as transducers. IMPLEMENTATION The overall suggested system is visualized as follows :

Here, we use pulse sensors in abnormality detector which senses the pulse rate of the human body and converts it into electrical signals ( in the range 10 micro volt to 5 milli volt). This should be amplified for further processing . Voltage corresponding to normal puse rate ( arbitrarily chosen as 80 beats/min ) is pre- ABNORMALITY DETECTOR determined by pulse sensor and amplified .This is This abnormality detector is kept around reference voltage Vref is applied at B. Voltage the wrist so that it can keep track on user’s corresponding to pulse rate is determined by (cell phone user’s) pulse rate. This can be pulse sensor and amplified to the same amount as achieved by placing detector on user’s watch. Vref . This is voltage Vuser is applied at the terminal A. Output of differential amplifier

5 corresponding to maximum tolerable variation in Vuser is given by threshold voltage Vthres and is given to inverting terminal of D of the comparator. Output of differential amplifier is given to non-inverting terminal C of comparator. If Receiver section the voltage at C exceeds voltage at D ( threshold voltage ) , then output of comparator becomes high and then SRT activator activates the short range transmitter . With advancement in VLSI technology above circuit can be fabricated in a small chip and it can be placed even in a Instead , if we transmit digital data ( n bit watch as suggested . ) , as message , then 2^n users can be serviced . At receiver section ( in handset ) , output of SHORT RANGE TRANSMISSION decoder circuit ( it will be designed such that In this short range transmission , short it’s output will be 1 ( high ) only if particular is range transmitter is a part of the abnormality received ) is high then cellphone is made to send detector and short range receiver ( it is given a help signal . separate small battery so that it is on Depending on number of users , n can be independent of handset’s on/off state) is a part of selected . the cell phone.If the short range transmitter is activated , transmits the signal at particular CELL PHONE frequency in the unlicensed spectrum (in GHZ On receiving the signal from short range range ). As name indicates , it should transmit for transmitter , cell phone , using the transistor switch , only short distance (low power transmitter).The switch on the handset (if necessary ) .Then , it receiver in the cell phone must be pre tuned to transmits help signal to MSTO using existing that particular frequency. If it receives the signal, cellular system. then the cell phone will sends help signal through its reverse control channel using the existing mobile communication system . DIGITAL DATA TO INCREASE NUMBER OF USERS : If we use ordinary FM transmitter , then assigning separate frequencies for large number of users will be a great problem. Transmitter Section

6 PHONE ACTIVATOR USING SQUELCH But still, direction of user from station is to be CIRCUIT found. For this , in each cell site , apart from the If cell is in off state , and if short range base station , two towers are used. These two receiver receives signal (i.e, output of short range towers and base station should be placed such receiver is high ,then cellphone is switched on by that they cover the entire cell site and depending cell phone activator using Squeleche’s circuit. on their received signal strength , draw the If cell phone is in ON state, then cell phone circles keeping transmits the help signal using existing system But if it is in OFF state , then Squelch circuit is used to switch on the cell phone. R1 , R2 are selected such that when output of SRR is high, then only voltage across R2 will be high enough to bias the transistor Q2 . Then Q1 also conducts . Since Q1 each of them as centre . Point of the intersection is parallel to ON/OFF switch of cell phone , if of 3 circles gives the exact location of the user . Q1 conducts, it act as short circuit and hence the Here two towers used are not entirely base cell phone is switched on . Then ,cellphone station but just transceivers. So it is economical . transmits help signal using existing system They inform the strength of the signal received to base station and base station can locate the user exactly ( with strength of signal at 3 places ) as explained in the fig .Thus, MTSO can locate the cell phone (user).

MEDICAL ASSISTANCE MTSO , after locating , sends medical help via ambulance . Mean while it activates the alarm circuit in the cell phone so that medical team MTSO can find the victim easily , and rescue them . MTSO on receiving the help signal from any cellphone , first it should locate the user ADVANTAGES OF SUGGESTED SYSTEM first , sends medical assistance and should This suggested system will work even if activates the alarm signal in the user’s cellphone . cell phone is in OFF state by switching on it using cell phone activator, Even if the user is in LOCATING THE VICTIM BY TRI CIRCLE a big house alone and if he is affected by mild METHOD heart attack or some other health problem , Depending on the strength of signal automatically he will get medical help received at base station ,The approximate distance immediately . of user from the base station can be determined.

7 In the case of big accident , (say collision cash. They can also solve a common dilemma of of two passenger trains in a today’s wired world – the forgotten password. remote area) atleast if any one has a cell phone , then all of them will get medical attention DIGITAL JEWELRY AND ITS COMPONENTS: immediately thus saving lives of many innocents . Soon, cell phones will take a totally new In this machine life where human values form, appearing to have no form at all. Instead of one are not given importance, even single device, cell phones will be broken up into their those who are in the accident spot are reluctant basic components and packaged as various pieces of to help victims afraid of facing police investigation digital jewelry. Each piece of jewelry will contain a . Even hospitals are not ready to admit the accident fraction of the components found in a conventional victims . In this present scenario, suggested system mobile phone. Together, the digital-jewelry cell of providing automatic medical help to those phone should work just like a conventional cell who are in need of it is a gift to the mankind phone. .As this system provides medical help at appropriate time and at right place , it will The various components that are inside a cell decrease the death rate to large extent thus phone: Microphone, Receiver, Touch pad, Display, makes this world a safe place. Circuit board, Antenna, and Battery. IBM has developed a prototype of a cell phone that DIGITAL JEWELERY consists of several pieces of digital jewelry that will MADE POSSIBLE USING WIRELESS work together wirelessly, possibly with Blue tooth COMMUNICATION wireless technology, to perform the functions of the above components. By the end of the decade, we could be wearing our computers instead of sitting in front of them.

WHAT IS DIGITAL JEWELERY? : Digital jewelry is the fashion jewelry with embedded intelligence. “Digital jewelry” can help Cell phones may one day be comprised of you solve problems like forgotten passwords and digital accessories that Work together through security badges. “Digital jewelry” is a nascent wireless connections. catchphrase for wearable ID devices that contain Here are the pieces of computerized-jewelry phone personal information like passwords, identification, and their functions: and account information. They have the potential to Earrings - Speakers embedded into these earrings be all-in-one replacements for your driver’s license, will be the phone's receiver. key chain, business cards, credit cards, health Necklace - Users will talk into the necklace's insurance card, corporate security badge, and loose embedded microphone.

8 Ring - Perhaps the most interesting piece of the phone, this "magic decoder ring” is equipped with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that flash to indicate an incoming call. It can also be programmed to flash different colors to identify a particular caller or indicate the importance of a call.

the eyepiece above displays images and data Bracelet - Equipped with a video graphics array received wirelessly from the Communicator's belt (VGA) display, this wrist display could also be module. used as a caller identifier that flashes the name and The mouse-ring that IBM is developing will phone number of the caller. use the company's Track Point technology to With a jewelry phone, the keypad and dialing wirelessly move the cursor on a computer-monitor function could be integrated into the bracelet, or else display. (Track Point is the little button embedded in dumped altogether -- it's likely that voice-recognition the keyboard of some laptops). IBM Researchers have software will be used to make calls, a capability that transferred TrackPoint technology to a ring, which is already commonplace in many of today's cell looks something like a black-pearl ring. On top of the phones. Simply say the name of the person you want ring is a little black ball that users will swivel to move to call and the phone will dial that person. IBM is also the cursor, in the same way that the TrackPoint button working on a miniature rechargeable battery to power on a laptop is used. these components. This Track Point ring will be very valuable when monitors shrink to the size of watch face. In the coming age of ubiquitous computing, displays will no longer be tied to desktops or wall screens. Instead, you'll wear the display like a pair of sunglasses or a bracelet. Researchers are overcoming several obstacles facing these new wearable displays, the IBM's magic decoder rings will flash when you get most important of which is the readability of a call. information displayed on these tiny devices. The same ring that flashes for phone calls could also inform you that e-mail is piling up in your inbox. This flashing alert could also indicate the urgency of the e-mail.

9 Prototype bracelet display developed by IBM Semiconductor is developing a new Java-based, Charmed Technology is already marketing its computerized ring that will automatically unlock digital jewelry, including a futuristic-looking eyepiece doors and log on to computers. display. The eyepiece is the display component of the company's Charmed Communicator, a wearable, wireless, broadband-Internet device that can be controlled by voice, pen or handheld keypad. The Communicator can be used as an MP3 player, video player and cell phone. The Communicator runs on the company's Linux-based Nanix operating system. The Java Ring can be programmed to give you TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF DIGITAL access to every door and device. JEWELRY: Digital jewelry devices consist of a screen or display for information, most likely consisting of 7- 16-segment, or dot matrix LEDs, LCDs, or other technologies such as electroluminescent material (EL) or others, which could become an optional display. So Blue Dot receptor too, an audiovisual or other 'display' could consist of a speaker, a single flashing light, a sensor of some kind The Java Ring is snapped into a reader, called a (such as a temperature driven EL display), or other Blue Dot receptor, to allow communication informational aesthetic. The display layer sits on a between a host system and the Java Ring. face of the device, which is enclosed in some material such as plastic, metal, crystal, or other material. It has The Java Ring is a stainless-steel ring, 16- external switches and buttons on its side and a data- millimeters (0.6 inches) in diameter, which houses a port for accessing the programmable electronic circuit 1-million-transistor processor, called an iButton. The inside. A micro controller that is a surface mounted ring has 134 KB of RAM, 32 KB of ROM, a real-time device (SMD) on a printed circuit board (PCB) with clock and a Java virtual machine, which is a piece of resistors (R) and capacitors (C) are the internal 'guts' software that recognizes the Java language and of the jewelry. translates it for the user's computer system. Digital jewelry, (designed to supplement the personal THE JAVA RING: computer,) will be the evolution in digital technology It seems that everything we access today is that makes computer elements entirely compatible under lock and key. Even the devices we use are with the human form. protected by passwords. It can be frustrating trying to keep with all of the passwords and keys needed to CONCLUSION: access any door or computer program. Dallas

10 In this artificial computerized , machine- like life , even though developments in science and technology is tremendous , still there occurs lot of unnoticeable accidents such as mild heart attacks , accidents in the National Highways ,accidents in the remote (uncrowded) areas which inflicts heavy human losses nowadays .This should be attended immediately . Even though there are few changes to be done in the existing mobile (cellular)communication system to achieve our aim of providing medical assistance to the innocents who are the victims of unnoticeable accidents , we have to do it for our own safety . Nothing is more important than our safety.

REFERENCES:

Books:

1. Mobile Communications --Jochen Schiller

2. Bluetooth Connect without Cables--Jennifer Bray and Charles F Sturman

3. Cellular & Mobile Communications-- LEE

Websites: www.en.wikipedia.org www.itu.int www.fas.org www.howstuffworks.com www.infoworld.com www.ibutton.com