Table 2. Key Results/Covariates from Current Knowledge About Epidemiology of Olfactory

Table 2. Key results/covariates from current knowledge about epidemiology of olfactory disorders Population Demographic Risk Factors Other Risk Factors Results Showing No Effects References age gender race Skövde age* men* - - - 26 Sweden

Skövde age men - nasal polyps diabetes mellitus, 27 Sweden+ smoking: current smoking number of pack-years Skövde age / - nasal polyps smoking Sweden# diabetes mellitus Skovde age / - 28 Sweden^ The Beaver Dam Study age men - current smoking prior smoking 13 WI, USA nasal congestion or URI history of stroke history of epilepsy The Beaver Dam Offspring Study age men - nasal conditions history of: 29 WI, USA ABI < 0.9 head injury household income epilepsy history of smoking (in women) allergies carotid IMT cooking fuel quality of life dietary choice depressive symptoms National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) age / / trouble with hearing trouble with vision 30 USA other limitations (all) depression phobia KNHANES age / - low income blood and urine test results 31 South Korea habitual exposure to air pollutants (2009) history of hepatitis B rhinitis chronic sinusitis KNHANES age / - alcohol consumption smoking 32 South Korea waist circumference routine exercise (2010–2011) job BMI education level psychological counseling, rhinitis depressed mood suicidal ideation NSHAP age men - lower level of education depressive symptoms 33 USA BMI NSHAP age men African socioeconomic status 34 USA Americans health conditions cognition mental health alcohol use smoking OLFACAT age men - smell detection: smell recognition: 36 Catalonia, Spain$ low educational level, smoking poor self-perception exposure to noxious substances

smell recognition: low educational level poor self-perception loss of smell history

smell identification: poor self-perception low educational level loss of smell history

OLFACAT age men - smell detection: smell recognition: Catalonia, Spain& loss of smell history smoking poor self-perception exposure to noxious substances

smell recognition: low educational level poor self-perception pregnancy

smell identification: poor self-perception history of head trauma loss of smell history

Memory and Aging Project (MAP) age / - perceptual speed education 42 IL, USA episodic memory semantic memory, working memory, visuospatial ability Blue Mountains Eye Study age men - mild olfactory impairment: mild olfactory impairment: 46 Sydney, Australia current nasal congestion GFR, smoking stroke, BMI >30 epilepsy cognitive impairment hypercholesterolemia PD stage II hypertension diabetes

moderate olfactory impairment: moderate olfactory impairment: current nasal congestion, smoking, cognitive impairment BMI Parkinson’s disease diabetes GFR <30, stroke epilepsy hypercholesterolemia stage II hypertension

Betula age men - education - 48 Sweden cognitive speed vocabulary Honolulu-Asia Aging Study (HAAS) age men - PD - 39 HI, USA smoking less frequent bowel movements excessive daytime sleepiness lower CASI score *for poorer than normal smell +prevalence of olfactory dysfunction #prevalence of anosmia ^prevalence of parosmia /no significant association $for hyposmia &for anosmia

PD Parkinson’s Disease GFR Glomerular Filtration Rate CASI Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument BMI Body Mass Index ABI Ankle-Brachial Index