Jefferson Leads the Nation –Section 9.1 to 9.3

SWBAT

1. Compare “strict” versus “loose” interpretations of the Constitution. 2. Describe how the Marbury v. Madison case empowered the Supreme Court. 3. Label a map of the USA of 1806. 4. Explain the reasons for and the results of Jefferson’s “embargo.” 5. Illustrate the “American System.” 6. Explain the Monroe Doctrine.

Thomas Jefferson Wins Election and is Inaugurated (sworn into office) 1. First Inauguration in Washington D.C. – the New Capitol!! 2. Quote: “Every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle . . . We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.” 3. Describe a difference of opinion that is not about principles or morals: favorite food and color, we can have differences of opinion and still get along. However, differences in belief and principle can lead to strong arguments and sectionalism at the political level – Washington warned against this. 4. What is meant by the “We are all . . . “ statement? – We are all Americans, and need to work toward a common goal – the strength of the Nation.

Thomas Jefferson’s view on Interpreting the Constitution was STRICT – follows it to the letter

 Federalists had been “loose” interpreters. - If the constitution doesn’t say we can’t, then we can!  Demo-Reps were “strict” interpreters. - If the constitution doesn’t say we can, then we can’t!  Example: The Constitution doesn’t say we can’t have a bank, so Hamilton started a National Bank to protect the national wealth/solve debt. The Constitution doesn’t say we can have a bank, so TJ stopped using the National Bank thereby weakening the Bank.

Jefferson Cuts Costs

 Reduced size of the Army  Halted expansion of the Navy  Lowered costs of government social functions  All internal taxes eliminated (name one!)  Influence of Bank of U.S. reduced

Adams’s Influence lessened (Acts and Policies changed or removed)  Repeal of Alien and Sedition Acts  Pardoned all convicted under A&S Acts  Did not deliver appointment of Marbury

Marbury v. Madison: Principle of Judicial Review • When Thomas Jefferson took office, Adams had a number of judicial appointments made (judges) before he left. Marbury was one of them • When Madison (Secretary of State) DID NOT deliver Marbury’s judicial appointment, Marbury sued saying the Judiciary Act of 1801 required that the judicial appointment be delivered. • The Supreme Court heard the case and declared the law requiring them to decide on the case was UNCONSTITUTIONAL and thereby could not order Madision to deliver the appointment. • Supreme Court has power to • Declare laws “unconstitutional.” • Called “JUDICIAL REVIEW.” • Even though Marbury loses the case, the decision Gives the Supreme Court a check/balance against Congress’s ability to make laws.

Geography When Thomas Jefferson took Office

• Where might Thomas Jefferson, and other Americans be interested in expanding the USA boundaries? – Territory surrounding the Mississippi River (a major trade route), Florida? – threat from Spain

Louisiana Purchase

 Jefferson tried to obtain New Orleans and West Florida from France.  During negotiations, Haiti rebelled, France failed to stop or overturn the rebellion – Napoleon decided against an American Empire. and no longer wanted territory in the Americas  Louisiana offered to American Ambassadors for $15m, accepted w/o authorization  Jefferson pushed treaty through the Senate, the USA doubled in size.  Lewis & Clark (explorers) sent to explore and lay claim

Continued Problems with Great Britain • British warships continued to “impress” sailors from American ships and otherwise interfere with US overseas trade. • Jefferson urged and Congress passed an “Embargo Act” essentially banning all trade with all foreign countries. • This devastated the economies of the northern states – Jefferson is a Southerner.

Trade Problems continue under President James Madison • Madison will change the embargo to the “Non-Intercourse Act”, forbidding trade with only England and France. • If Britain or France stopped interfering with US commerce overseas, trade would begin again with that country.

The Duel: Hamilton vs. Burr • Enmity (anger) between Hamilton and Burr goes back to 1800. Hamilton supported Jefferson because he hated Burr more! • 1804 Burr ran for Governor of NY, Hamilton wrote that Burr “ought not to be trusted” • Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel • Hamilton died 11 July 1804.

War of 1812

Causes: • England and France @ war • Both interfered w/American trade. • England impressed (kidnapped) American sailors, French Pirates attacked our trade ships • Jefferson’s Embargo was not enough • Indian troubles, the Indians were supported & aided by England • War Hawks in congress press for war w/England (2nd generation, born under U.S. flag) • Federalist opposed the war as they favored trade with England. • Jefferson had initiated an Embargo against England, which had devastated New England trade

The Course and Outcome of the War • Names: – Mr. Madison’s War – War for Canada – Indian War beyond the Appalachians – Second War for American Independence

• Events: – Sea Battle Victories for Americans – Attempt to take Canada fails – Washington D.C. burned in 1814 – Ft McHenry attacked – War Ends – Andrew Jackson wins decisively in New Orleans

• Consequences of the War of 1812: – Commercial agreements between England & America – Canadian boundaries established, East to central – Jackson becomes war hero, very popular – Indirect result: Later, Spain is convinced to cede Florida to U.S.A. (Jackson had begun conquering it w/o official orders from Washington)

Section 9.3 The American System • Was created to achieve National Economic Growth • Industrial North supplied manufactured goods • Agricultural South supplied cotton • Agricultural West supply foodstuffs • In order to support the American System the Government: – Created Protective Tariffs (taxes) – created a barrier to European goods – Transportation improvements – Roads & Canals become physical connector between cities to encourage trade • Future Connectors: later the US had the means and technology to create Railroads – Second National Bank – financial connector to support investment in American business

The Missouri Compromise • By 1787 slavery was prohibited in the North West Territory – Ohio, Indiana • 1819 Missouri applied for statehood and wanted to allow slavery – Congress Struggled over it • Maine also applied for statehood • Missouri Compromise: North of the latitude of 36°30’: no Slavery • Missouri Compromise: South of the latitude of 36°30’: Slavery allowed • Missouri was split: allowed slavery in the Southern part of the state

The Monroe Doctrine (President Monroe’s foreign Policy) • After the Napoleonic Wars ended, Spain and Portugal wanted to reclaim colonies • Russians were making claims to west coast of North America • Monroe Declares: -European powers are not to interfere in American continental affairs. -Tells them not create any new colonies. -Tells them to not overthrow independent republics. -If this occurs, these actions will be considered as dangerous to our safety and peace (a threat) -The USA will stay out of European affairs and will not interfere in existing colonies

Keeping in mind Monroe’s stated policy - How was it applied through the 19th and 20th centuries? limited involvement in world affairs - How is it applied today? foreign policy - What must we consider that Monroe did not have to consider? global trade - What should be policy today? Opinion? Map of the Louisiana Purchase