Supplementary Table s1

E x p e r i m Code e Location Feedstock Plant Experiment duration Reference n t

t y p e f i 1 e Houay-Khot, Laos wood residue upland rice 1 season Asai et al. (2009) l d f i 2 e Long-Or, Laos wood residue upland rice 1 season Asai et al. (2009) l d f i 3 e Seng-Oudom, Laos wood residue upland rice 1 season Asai et al. (2009) l d 4 f Somusa-Nuck, Laos wood residue upland rice 1 season Asai et al. (2009) i e l d f i 5 e Long-Sang, Laos wood residue upland rice 1 season Asai et al. (2009) l d f i Baronti et al. 6 e Empoli, Italy wood residue wheat 1 season (2010) l d f i Baronti et al. 7 e Beano, Italy wood residue maize 1 season (2010) l d p Baronti et al. 8 o Italy wood residue ryegrass 2 months (2010) t f i Blaclwell et al. 9 e Walkaway, Australia wood residue wheat 1 season (2010) l d f i Blaclwell et al. 10 e Templers, Australia wood residue wheat 1 season (2010) l d f i Blaclwell et al. 11 e Shea-Oak Log, Australia wood residue wheat 1 season (2010) l d f i Blaclwell et al. 12 e Moora, Australia wood residue wheat 1 season (2010) l d p 13 o Menagle NSW, Australia wood and straw radish 6 weeks Chan et al. (2007) t p 14 o Australia poultry litter radish 6 weeks Chan et al. (2008) t f i 15 e Miyago, Japan Bagasse sugarcane 1 season Chen et al. (2010) l d f i 16 e Miyago, Japan biosolids sugarcane 1 season Chen et al. (2010) l d f i 17 e Jiangsu, China wheat straw rice 2 seasons Cui et al. (2011) l d f i 18 e Jiangsu, China wheat straw wheat 2 seasons Cui et al. (2012) l d p Deenik et al. 19 o Hawaii, USA wood lettuce 4-6 weeks (2010) t p Deenik et al. 20 o Hawaii, USA wood maize 4-6 weeks (2010) t f i Gajić and Koch 21 e Goettinggen, Germany sugar beet pulp sugar beet 1 season (2012) l d f i Gajić and Koch 22 e Goettinggen, Germany beer draff sugar beet 1 season (2012) l d p Gajić and Koch 23 o Germany sugar beet pulp sugar beet 4 weeks (2012) t p Gajić and Koch 24 o Germany beer draff sugar beet 4 weeks (2012) t f i e Gaskin et al. 25 Georgia, USA Peanut Hull maize 2 years 2 seasons l (2010) d

f i e Gaskin et al. 26 Georgia, USA wood residue maize 2 years 2 seasons l (2010) d

27 f Georgia, USA Peanut Hull maize 2 years 2 seasons Gaskin et al. i (2010) e l d

f i e Gaskin et al. 28 Georgia, USA wood residue maize 2 years 2 seasons l (2010) d

f i Gathorne-Haedy et 29 e UK unknownn barley 1 season al. (2009) l d f i e Haefele et al. 30 IRRI, Philippines rice husk rice 3 years 6 seasons l (2011) d

f i e Haefele et al. 31 Siniloan, Philipines rice husk rice 3 years 4 seasons l (2011) d

f i e Haefele et al. 32 Ubon, Thailand rice husk rice 3 years 2 seasons l (2011) d

33 p UK wood residue miscanthus 30 days Hartley et al. o (2009) t p Hartley et al. 34 o UK wood residue miscanthus 31 days (2009) t p Hartley et al. 35 o UK wood residue miscanthus 8 months (2009) t p Hossain et al. 36 o Camden, Australia wood residue tomato 16 weeks (2010) t p 37 o China corn stover ryegrass 3 months Hua et al. (2010) t p 38 o Zhejiang, China wheat straw ryegrass 55 days Huang et al. (2011) t f i In the first authors' 39 e Jiangsu, China municipal waste rice 1 season group l d f i In the first authors' 40 e Hunan, China wheat straw rice 1 season group l d f i In the first authors' 41 e Fujian, China wheat straw rice 1 season group l d 42 f Guangxi, China wheat straw rice 1 season In the first authors' i group e l d f i In the first authors' 43 e Shandong, Chian wheat straw maize 1 season group l d f i In the first authors' 44 e Shanxi, China wheat straw maize 1 season group l d f i 45 e Malang,Indonesia farm yard manure cassava 2 years 2 seasons Islami et al. (2011) l d f i 46 e Malang,Indonesia cassava stem cassava 2 years 2 seasons Islami et al. (2011) l d f i 47 e Malang,Indonesia farm yard manure maize 2 years 2 seasons Islami et al. (2011) l d f i 48 e Malang,Indonesia cassava stem maize 2 years 2 seasons Islami et al. (2011) l d 49 f Malang,Indonesia farm yard manure peanut 2 years 2 seasons Islami et al. (2011) i e l d f i 50 e Malang,Indonesia cassava stem peanut 2 years 2 seasons Islami et al. (2011) l d f i 51 e Abergwyngegyn, UK wood maize 3 years Jones et al. (2012) l d f i Kimetu et al. 52 e Vihiga, Kenya wood residue maize 1 season (2008) l d p Lincoln University, New Knowles et al. 53 o wood ryegrass 4 months Zealand (2011) t p Lehmanm et al. 54 o Brazil wood residue cowpea 45 days (2003) t f i Lentz and Ippolito 55 e Idaho, USA wood residue maize 2 years 2 seasons (2011) l d f i 56 e Zhejiang, China bamboo rice 1 season Liu (2011) l d f i 57 e Zhejiang, China rice straw rice 1 season Liu (2011) l d f i 58 e Sichuan, China wheat straw rice 1 season Liu et al. (2012) l d f i 59 e Hunan, China wheat straw rice 2 seansons Liu et al. (2012) l d f i 60 e Jiangxi, China wheat straw rice 2 seansons Liu et al. (2012) l d f i Llanos-Orientales, 61 e wood residue maize 4 years 4 seasons Major et al. (2010) Colombia l d p Masulili et al. 62 o Indonesia rice husk rice 45 days (2010) t p Namgay et al. 63 o Sydney, Australia wood maize 10 weeks (2010) t 64 f Embrapa, Brazil wood residue upland rice 1 season Nehls 2002 i e l d p Noguera et al. 65 o Colombia wood residue rice 10 weeks (2010) t p Noguera et al. 66 o Colombia charcoal rice 10 weeks (2010) t p Noguera et al. 67 o Colombia wood residue rice 11 weeks (2010) t f i Oguntunde et al. 68 e Ejura, Ghana wood maize 1 season (2004) l d p 69 o Australia chicken manure mustard 5 weeks Park et al. (2011) t p 70 o Australia greenwaste mustard 5 weeks Park et al. (2011) t f i 71 e Changsha, China wheat straw rice 1 season Peng et al. (2011) l d p Iswaran et al. 72 o New Delhi, India charcoal moong 8 weeks (1980) t p Iswaran et al. 73 o New Delhi, India charcoal soybean 16 weeks (1980) t 74 p New Delhi, India charcoal pea 16 weeks Iswaran et al. o (1980) t p o 75 Germany beet root chips beet 5 weeks Rilling et al. (2010) t

p o 76 USA corn stover maize 46 days Rilling et al. (2010) t

p o 77 USA Hazelnut shell maize 46 days Rilling et al. (2010) t

p o 78 USA wood residue maize 46 days Rilling et al. (2010) t

p o 79 USA Dairy manure maize 46 days Rilling et al. (2010) t

p o 80 USA Food \waste maize 46 days Rilling et al. (2010) t

p o 81 USA Paper waste maize 46 days Rilling et al. (2010) t

p o 82 USA manure and sawdust maize 46 days Rilling et al. (2010) t

p Rondon et al. 83 o Colombia wood residue bean 75 days (2007) t p 84 o Egypt rice husk wheat unknown Saleh et al. (2011) t p Schnell et al. 85 o USA sorghum biomass sorghum 45 days (2011) t f i Solaiman et al. 86 e Pindar, Australia wood residue wheat 1 season (2010) l d f i Steiner et al. 87 e Amazonas, Brazil wood residue sorghum 2 years (2007) l d f i e Steiner et al. 88 Manaus, Brazil wood residue rice 2 years 2 seasons l (2008) d

f i Sukartono et al. 89 e Lombok, Indonesia coconut shell maize 1 year 2 seasons (2011) l d 90 f Lombok, Indonesia cattle dung maize 1 year 2 seasons Sukartono et al. i (2011) e l d p Nakhon Ratchasima, Suppadit et al. 91 o manure soybean 5 months Thailand (2012) t f i e Taghizadeh-Toosi 92 Canterbury, New Zealand wood residue ryegrass 2 months l et al. (2011) d

p Taghizadeth-Toosi 93 o New Zealand wood residue ryegrass 30 days et al. (2012a) t p Taghizadeth-Toosi 94 o New Zealand wood residue ryegrass 25 days et al. (2012b) t p 95 o Gifu, Japan chicken manure soybean 5 months Tagoe et al. (2008) t p 96 o Gifu, Japan municipal waste soybean 5 months Tagoe et al. (2008) t f i 97 e Xinjiang, China wheat straw maize 1 season Tang et al. (2011) l d f i Maripasoula, French Topoliantz et al. 98 e wood bean 1 season Guiana (2005) l d 99 p Xinjiang, China cow manure maize 85 days Uzoma et al. o (2011) t f i Vaccari et al. 100 e Toscana, Italy wood residue wheat 2 years 2 seasons (2011) l d f i Vaccari et al. 101 e Toscana, Italy wood residue wheat 1 season (2011) l d p van Zwieten et al. 102 o NSW, Australia wood residue wheat 65 days (2010a) t p van Zwieten et al. 103 o NSW, Australia wood residue radish 64 days (2010a) t p van Zwieten et al. 104 o Australia sludge and wood wheat 56 days (2010b) t p van Zwieten et al. 105 o Australia sludge and wood soybean 56 days (2010b) t p van Zwieten et al. 106 o Australia sludge and wood radish 42 days (2010b) t p 107 o Nanjing, China Rice husk rice 1 season Wang et al. (2012) t p 108 o Nanjing, China Rice husk wheat 1 season Wang et al. (2012) t 109 p Manawatu, New Zealand manure and sludge ryegrass 19 weeks Wang et al. (2012) o t p 110 o Manawatu, New Zealand wood and sludge ryegrass 19 weeks Wang et al. (2012) t p Warnock et al. 111 o USA wood residue plantain 30 days (2010) t p Warnock et al. 112 o USA peanut shell plantain 30 days (2010) t f i Llanos-Orientales, Warnock et al. 113 e wood residue savanah grass 8 months Colombia (2010) l d f i Yamato et al. 114 e South Sumatra, Indonesia bark maize 1 season (2006) l d f i Yamato et al. 115 e South Sumatra, Indonesia bark cowpea 1 season (2006) l d f i Yamato et al. 116 e South Sumatra, Indonesia bark peanut 1 season (2006) l d 117 f South Sumatra, Indonesia bark maize 1 season Yamato et al. i (2006) e l d f i Yamato et al. 118 e South Sumatra, Indonesia bark cowpea 1 season (2006) l d f i Yamato et al. 119 e South Sumatra, Indonesia bark peanut 1 season (2006) l d f i Yamato et al. 120 e South Sumatra, Indonesia bark maize 1 season (2006) l d f i Yamato et al. 121 e South Sumatra, Indonesia bark maize 1 season (2006) l d p Yeboah et al. 122 o Ayuom, Ghana wood residue maize 6 weeks (2009) t p Yeboah et al. 123 o Kwadaso, Ghana wood residue maize 6 weeks (2009) t p 124 o Adelaide, Australia wood residue onion 5 weeks Yu et al. (2009) t 125 f Jiangsu, China wheat straw rice 1 season Zhang et al. i (2010a) e l d p Zhang et al. 126 o Jiangsu, China Wheat straw maize unknown (2010b) t p 127 o China wheat straw spinach 50 days Zhang et al. (2011) t f i Zhang et al. 128 e Jiangsu, China wheat straw rice 2 years 2 seasons (2012a) l d f i Zhang et al. 129 e Henan, China wheat straw maize 1 season (2012b) l d f i Suddick & Six, 130 e California, USA Walnut shell lettuce 14 months 2013 l d f i Suddick & Six, 131 e California, USA Walnut shell pepper 14 months 2013 l d p 132 o Texas, USA Corn stove switchgrass unknown Husmoen, 2011 t 133 f Jiangsu, China Wheat straw rice 117 days Xie et al. 2013 i e l d p 134 o Norway Wheat straw rye grass 3 months O’Toole et al. 2013 t p 135 o Fujian, China Sewage sludge letuce unknown Khan et al. 2013 t p Alburquerque et al. 136 o Spain Wood residue wheat 2 months 2013 t p Alburquerque et al. 137 o Spain Wheat straw wheat 2 months 2013 t f i 138 e Hunan, China straw rice 1 crop season Shen et al. 2013 l d p PrabhaV, et al. 139 o India Wood residue rice unknown 2013 t p 140 o Kenya Wood residue maize 1 crop season Söderberg, 2013 t f i 141 e Pakistan / maize 1 crop season Arif et al. 2012 l d f i 142 e India Wood residue radish unknown Sekar, 2012 l d p Quilliam et al. 143 o UK Wood residue clover unknown 2012 t p Pudasaini et al. 144 o Australia Wood residue capsicum 3 months 2012 t f i 145 e Bangladesh bagasse rice 1 crop season Ali et al. 2013 l d f i 146 e USA Maize stove maize 4 years Güereña et al. 2013 l d p Singla & Inubushi, 147 o Japan / rice unknown 2013 t f i 148 e Italy Wood residue rice 1 crop season Lugato et al. 2013 l d p 149 o Uganda Wood residue maize 45 days Deal et al., 2012 t p 150 o Uganda Maize cobs maize 45 days Deal et al., 2012 t p 151 o Uganda Coffee husk maize 45 days Deal et al., 2012 t 152 p Uganda Rice husk maize 45 days Deal et al., 2012 o t p 153 o Uganda Groundnut shell maize 45 days Deal et al., 2012 t p Aguilar-Chávez et 154 o Mexico Wood residue wheat 45 days al., 2012 t p 155 o South Africa Wood residue wheat 12 weeks Sika, 2012 t p 156 o Australia wood grass 2 months Zhang et al. 2013 t p 157 o Australia Wheat husk grass 2 months Zhang et al. 2013 t p Widowati et al. 158 o Indonesia Chicken manure maize unknown 2012 t p Widowati et al. 159 o Indonesia Municipal waste maize unknown 2012 t f i 160 e South Africa Wood residue tomato 22 weeks Nzanza et al. 2012 l d p 161 o Australia Rice husk maize unknown Nguyen et al. 2012 t p 162 o Arizona, USA Wood residue lettuce unknown Artiola et al 2012 t f i van Zwieten et al. 163 e NSW, Australia Poultry manure maize 1 crop season 2013 l d p Borchard et al. 164 o Germany Wood residue Rye grass 142 days 2012 t p 165 o Tennessee, USA straw Switchgrass unknown Edmunds 2012 t p Tatarková et al. 166 o Slovakia Wheat straw Sunflower 4 weeks 2013 t f i 167 e Hainan, China wood residue grass unknown Deng et al. 2010 l d P 168 o Heilongjiang, China Crop straw soybean unknown Wang et al. 2013 t p 169 o Virginia, USA Chicken manure pepper 194 days Revell et al. 2012 t Supplementary Table

Reference

Aguilar-Chávez A, Díaz-Rojas M, Cárdenas-Aquino MR, Dendooven L, Luna-Guido, M (2012) Greenhouse gas emission from a wastewater

sludge-amended soil cultivated with wheat as affected by different application rate of charcoal. Soil Biol Biochem 52: 90-95 Alburquerque JA, Salazar P, Barrón V, Torrent J, del Campillo MC, Gallardo A, Villar R (2013) Enhanced wheat yield by biochar addition under

different mineral fertilization levels. Agron Sustain Dev: DOI 10.1007/s13593-012-0128-3

Ali MA, Hoque A, Kim PJ (2013) Mitigating Global Warming Potentials of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Gases from Rice Paddies under different

irrigation regimes. AMBIO 42: 357–368

Arif M, Ali A, Umair M, Munsif F, Ali K, Inamullah, Saleem M, Ayub G (2012) Effect of biochar, FYM and mineral nitrogen alone and in

combination on yield and yield components of maize. Sarhad J Agric 28: 191-195

Artiola JF, Rasmussen C, Freitas R (2012) Effects of a Biochar-Amended Alkaline Soil on the Growth of Romaine Lettuce and Bermudagrass.

Soil Sci 177: 561-570

Asai H, Samson BK, Stephan HM, Songyikhangsuthor K, Homma K, Kiyono Y, Inoue Y, Shiraiwa T, Horie T (2009) Biochar amendment

techniques for upland rice production in Northern Laos 1. Soil physical properties, leaf SPAD and grain yield field crop research. Field Crop

Res 111: 81-84

Baronti S, Alberti G, Vedove GD, Gennaro FD, Fellet G, Genesio L, Miglietta F, Peressotti A, Vaccari FP (2010) The Biochar option to improve

plant yields: First results from some field and pot experiments in Italy. Ital J Agron 5: 3-11

Blackwell P, Krull E, Butler G, Herbert A, Solaiman Z (2010) Effect of banded biochar on dryland wheat production and fertilizer use in south-

western Australia: an agronomic and economic perspective. Aust J Soil Res 48: 531-545 Borchard N, Wolf A, Laabs V, Aeckersberg R, Scherer HW, Moeller A, Amelung W (2012) Physical activation of biochar and its meaning for

soil fertility and nutrient leaching-a greenhouse experiment. Soil Use Manag 28: 177-184

Chan KY, van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S (2007) Agronomic values of greenwaste biochar as a soil amendment. Aust J Soil

Res 45: 629-634

Chan KY, van Zwieten L, Meszaros I, Downie A, Joseph S (2008) Using poultry litter biochars as soil amendments. Aust J Soil Res 46: 437-

Chen Y, Shinogi Y, Taira M (2010)Influence of biochar use on sugarcane growth, soil parameters, and groundwater quality. Aust J Soil Res 48:

526-530

Cui LQ, Li LQ, Zhang AF, Pan GX, Bao DD, Chang A (2011) Biochar amendment greatly reduces rice Cd uptake in a contaminated paddy soil:

a two-year field experiment. Bioresources 6: 2605-2618

Cui LQ, Pan GX, Li LQ, Yan JL, Zhang AF, Bian RJ, Chang A (2012) The reduction of wheat Cd uptake in contaminated soil via biochar

amendment: a two-year field experiment. Bioresources 7: 5666-5676

Deal C, Brewer CE, Brown RC, Okure MAE, Amoding A (2012) Comparison of kiln-derived and gasifier-derived biochars as soil amendments

in the humid tropics. Biomass Bioenerg 37: 161-168

Deenik JL, McClellan T, Uehara G, Antal MJ, Campbell S (2012) Charcoal volatile matter content influences plant growth and soil nitrogen transformations. Soil Sci Soc Am J 74: 1259-1270

Deng WG, Wu PB, Zhao QH, Qi ZP, Wu WD (2010) The effect of biochar on grass yield and quality. Acta Agrestia Sinica 18: 844-853 (in

Chinse with English abstract)

Edmunds (2012) The Effects of Biochar Amendment to Soil on Bioenergy Crop Yield and Biomass Composition. Dissertation, University of

Tennessee. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/1150

Gajić A, Koch HJ (2012) Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Growth reduction caused by hydrochar is related to nitrogen supply. J Environ Qual 41:

1067-1075

Gaskin JW, Speir RA, Harris K, Das KC, Lee RD, Morris LA, Fisher DS (2010) Effect of Peanut hull and pine chip biochar on soil nutrients,

corn nutrient status, and yield. Agron J 102: 623-633

Gathorne-Haedy A, Knight J, Woods J (2009) Biochar as a soil amendment positively interacts with nitrogen fertilizer to improve barley yields

in the UK, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 6 372052, doi:10.1088/1755-1307/ 6/7/372052

Güereña D, Lehmann J, Hanley K, Enders A, Hyland C, Riha S (2013) Nitrogen dynamics following field application of biochar in a temperate

North American maize-based production system. Plant Soil 365: 239–254

Haefele SM, Konboon Y, Wongboon W, Amarante S, Maarifat AA, Pferfer EM, Knoblauch C (2011) Effects and fate of biochar from rice

residues in rice-based systems. Field Crop Res 121: 430-440 Hartley W, Dickinson NM, Riby P, Lepp NW (2009) Arsenic mobility in brown field soils amended with green waste compost or biochar and

planted with Miscanthus. Environ Pollut 157: 2654-2662

Hossain MK, Strezov V, Chan KY, Nelson PF (2010) Agronomic properties of waste water sludge biochar and bioavailability of metals in

production of cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Chemosphere 78: 1167-1171

Hua L, Zhang C, Ma HR, Yu W (2010) Environmental benefits of biochar made by agricultural straw when applied to soil. Ecol Environ Sci 19:

2489-2492 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Huang C, Liu LJ, Zhang MK (2011) Effect of biochar on properties of red soil and ryegrass growth. J Zhejiang University (Agric & Life

Science) 37: 439-445 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Husmoen DH (2011) Effect of biochar recycling on switchgrass growth and soil and water quality in bioenergy production systems. Dissertation,

Texas A&M University. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-05-9250

Islami T, Guritno B, Basuki N, Suryanto A (2011) Biochar for sustaining productivity of cassava based cropping systems in the degraded lands

of East Java, Indonesia. J Trop Agric 49: 40-46

Iswaran V, Jauhri KS, Sen A (1980) Effect of charcoal, coal and peat on the yield of moong, soybean and pea. Soil Biol Biochem 12: 191-192

Jones DL, Rousk J, Edwards-Jones G, Deluca TH, Murphy DV (2012) Biochar-mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three year

field trial. Soil Biol Biochem 45: 113-124 Khan et al. 2013 Reduced bioaccumulation of PAHs by Lactuca satuva L. grown in contaminated soil amended with sewage sludge and sewage

sludge derived biochar

Kimetu JM, Lehmann J, Ngoze SO, Mugendi DN, Kinyangi JM, Riha S, Verchot L, Recha JW, Pell AN (2008) Reversibility of soil

productivity decline with organic matter of differing quality along a degradation gradient. Ecosystems 11: 726-739

Knowles OA, Robinson BH, Contangelo A, Clucas L (2011) Biochar for the mitigation of nitrate leaching from soil amended with biosolids. Sci

Total Environ 409: 3206-3210

Lehmanm J, da Silva Jr. JP, Steiner C, Nehls T, Zech W, Glaser B (2003) Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaelologival Anthrosol and a

Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charceal amendments. Plant Soil 249: 343-357

Lentz RD, Ippolito JA (2011) Biochar and Manure affect Calcareous Soil and Corn Silage Nutrient Concentrations and Uptake. J Environ Qual

41: 1033-1043

Liu XY, Qu JJ, Li LQ, Zhang AF, Zheng JF, Zheng JW, Pan GX (2012) Can biochar be an ecological engineering technology to depress N2O

emission in rice paddies?-A cross site field experiment from South China. Ecol Eng 42: 168-173

Liu YX (2011) Effect of biochar on the characteristic of nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas emission from soil. Doctoral Thesis of Zhejiang

University, Chapter 5, pp: 65-83.

Lugato E, Vaccari FP, Genesio L, Baronti S, Pozzi A, Rack M, Woods J, Simonetti G, Montanarella L, Miglietta F (2013) An energy-biochar chain involving biomass gasification and rice cultivation in Northern Italy. Global Change Biol Bioenerg 5: 192-201

Major J, Rondon M, Molina D, Riha SJ, Lehmann J (2010) Maize yield and nutrition during 4 years after biochar application to a Colombia

savanna oxisol. Plant Soil 333: 117-128

Masulili A, Utomo WH, Syechfani MS (2010) Rice husk biochar for rice based cropping system in Acid Soil 1. The Characteristics of rice

Husk biochar and its influence on the properties of Acid sulfate soils and rice growth in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. J Agric Sci 2, 39-47

Namgay T, Singh B, Singh BP (2010) Influence of biochar application to soil on the availability of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn to maize (Zea mays

L.). Aust J Soil Res 48: 638-647

Nehls T (2002) Fertility Improvement of a Terra Firme Oxidol in Central Amazonia by Charcoal Application. Final Thesis in Geoecology,

Institute of Soil Science and Soil Geography, University of Bayreuth

Nguyen H, Blair G, Guppy C (2012) Effect of rice husk biochar and nitrification inhibitor treated urea on N and other macronutrient uptake by

maize. Australian Agronomy Conference 16th

Noguera D, Rondón M, Laossi KR, Hoyos V, Lavelle P, de Carvalha MHC, Brot S (2010) Contrasted effect of biochar and earthwoems on rice

growth and resource allocation in different soils. Soil Biol Biochem 42: 1017-1027

Nzanza B, Marais D, Soundy P (2012) Effect of arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungal inoculation and biochar amendment on growth and yield of

tomato. Int J Agric Biol 14: 965–969 O’Toole A, de Zarruk KK, Steffens M, Rasse DP (2013) Characterization, stability, and plant effects of kiln-produced wheat straw biochar. J

Envriron Qual 42: 429–436

Oguntunde PG, Fosu M, Ajayi AE, van de Giesen N (2004) Effects of charcoal production on maize yield, chemical properties and texture of

soil. Biol Fert Soils 39, 295-299

Park JH, Choppala GK, Bolan NS, Chung JW, Chuasavathi T (2011) Biochar reduces the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of heavy metals.

Plant Soil 348: 439-451

Peng H, Ji XH, Wu JM, Tian FX, Huo LJ, Zhu J (2011) Integrated effect of decreasing CH4 and N2O emission by biochar incorporated to paddy

field on late rice. Ecol Environ Sci 20: 1620-1625 (in Chinese with English abstract)

PrabhaVS, Renuka R, Sreekanth NP, Babu P, Thomas (2013) A study of the fertility and carbon sequestration potential of rice soil with respect to

the application of biochar and selected amendments. Ann Enriron Sci 7: 17-30

Pudasaini K, Ashwath N, Walsh K, Bhattarai T (2012) Biochar improves plant growth and reduces nutrient leaching in red clay loam and sandy

loam. J Water, Energy Environ: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v11i1.7221

Quilliam RS, DeLuca TH, Jones DL (2012)Biochar application reduces nodulation but increases nitrogenase activity in clover. Plant Soil: DOI

10.1007/s11104-012-1411-4

Revell Maguire RO, Agblevor FA (2012) Influence of Poultry Litter Biochar on Soil Properties and Plant Growth. Soil Sci 177: 402-408 Rilling MC, Wagner M, Salem M, Antunes PM, George C, Ramke HGr, Titirici MM, Antonetti M (2010) Material derived from hydrothermal

carbonization: Effects on plant growth and arbuscuar mycorrhiza. Appl Soil Ecol 45: 238-242

Rondon MA, Lehmann J, Ramírez J, Hurtado M (2007) Biological nitrogen fixation by common beans increases with biochar additions. Biol

Fert Soils 43: 699-708

Saleh ME, Mahmoud AH, Rateb KA (2011) Influence of rice husk biochar application and irrigation water salinity on growth and nitrogen use

efficiency by wheat. Alex J Agric Res 56: 125-131

Schnell RW, Vietor DM, Provin TL, Munster CL, Capareda S (2011) Capacity of biochar application to maintain energy crop productivity: soil

chemistry, sorghum growth, and runoff water quality effects. J Environ Qual 41: 1044-1051

Sekar S (2012) The effect of biochar and anaerobic digester efflulent on soil quality and crop growth in Karnataka, India. Dissertation, Ohio

State University. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343750717

Shen JL, Tang H, Liu JY, Li Y, Ge TD, Wu JS (2013) A comparison of greenhouse gas emissions from a paddy field following incorporation of

rice straw and straw-based biochar. Functions of Natural Organic Matter in Changing Environment, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-5634-2_190

Sika MP (2012) Effect of biochar on chemistry, nutrient uptake and fertilizer mobility in sandy soil. Dissertation, Stellenbosch University.

http://scholar.sun.ac.za

Singla A, Inubushi K (2013) Effect of biochar on CH4 and N2O emission from soils vegetated with paddy. Paddy Water Environ: DOI 10.1007/s10333-013-0357-3

Söderberg C (2013) Effects of biochar amendment in soils from Kisumu, Kenya. Dissertation, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.

http://stud.epsilon.slu.se

Solaiman ZM, Blackwell P, Abbott LK, Storer P (2010) Direct and residual effect of biochar application on mycorrhizal root colonization,

growth and nutrition of wheat. Aust J Soil Res 48: 546-554

Steiner C, Glaser B, Teixeira WG, Lehmann J, Blum WEH, Zech W (2008) Nitrogen retention and plant uptake on a highly weathered central

Amazonian Ferralsol amended with compost and charcoal. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 171: 893-899

Steiner C, Teixeira WG, Lehmann J, Nehls T, de Macêdo JV, Blum WEH, Zech W (2007) Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral

fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant Soil 291: 275-290

Suddick EC, Six J (2013) A estimation of annual nitrous oxide emissions and soil quality following the amendment of high temperature walnut

shell biochar and compost to a small scale vegetable crop rotation. Sci Total Environ: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.094

Sukartono, Utomo WH, Kusuma Z, Nugroho WH (2011) Soil fertility status, nutrient uptake, and maize (Zea mays L.) yield following biochar

and cattle manure application on sandy soils of Lombok, Indonesia. J Trop Agric 49: 47-52

Suppadit T, Phumkokrak N, Poungsuk P (2012) The effect of using quail litter biochar on soybean production. Chil J Agric Res 72: 244-251

Taghizadeh-Toosi A, Clough TJ, Condron LM, Sherlock RR, Anderson CR, Craigie RA (2011) Biochar incorporation into pasture soil suppresses in situ nitrous oxide emissions from ruminant urine patches. J Environ Qual 40: 468-476

Taghizadeth-Toosi A, Clough TJ, Sherlock RR, Condron LM (2012a) A wood based low-temperature biochar captures NH3-N generated from

ruminant urine-N, retaining its bioavailability. Plant Soil 353: 73-84

Taghizadeth-Toosi A, Clough TJ, Sherlock RR, Condron LM (2012b) Biochar adsorbed ammonia is bioavailable. Plant Soil 350: 57-69

Tagoe SO, Horiuchi T, Matsui T (2008) Preliminary evaluation of the effects of carbonized chicken manure, refuse derived fuel and K fertilizer

application on the growth, nodulation, yield, N and P contents of soybean and cowpea in the greenhouse. Afr J Agric Res 3: 759-774

Tang GM, Ge CH, Xu WL, Wang XH, Zheng JW, Li LQ, Pan GX (2011) Effect of applying biochar on the quality of grey desert soil and maize

cropping in Xinjiang, China. J Agro-Environ Sci 30: 1797-1802 (in Chinese with English abstract)

Tatarková V, Hiller E, Vaculik M (2013) Impact of wheat straw biochar addition to soil on the sorption, leaching, dissipation of the herbicide

acetic acid and the growth of sunflower. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.02.005i

Topoliantz S, Ponge JF, Ballof S (2005) Manioc peel and charcoal: a potential organic amendment for sustainable soil fertility in the tropics. Biol

Fert Soils 41: 15-21

Uzoma KC, Inoue M, Andry H, Fujimaki H, Zahoor A, Nishihara E (2011) Effect of cow manure biochar on maize productivity under sandy

soil condition. Soil Use Manage 27: 205-212

Vaccari FP, Baronti S, Lugato E, Genesio L, Castaldi S, Fornasier F, Miglietta F (2011) Biochar as a strategy to sequester carbon and increase yield in durum wheat. Eur J Agron 34: 231-238 van Zwieten L, Kimber S, Downie A, Morris S, Petty S, Rust J, Chan KY (2010a) A glasshouse study on the interaction of low mineral ash

biochar with N in a Sandy soil. Aust J Soil Res 48: 569-576 van Zwieten L, Kimber S, Morris S, Chan KY, Downie A, Rust J, Joseph S, Cowie A (2010b) Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of

papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility. Plant Soil 327: 235-246 van Zwieten L, Kimer SWL, Morris SG, Singh BP, Grace PR, Scheer C, Rust J, Downie AE, Cowie AL (2013) Pyrolysing poultry litter reduces

N2O and CO2 fluxes. Sci Total Environ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.02.054

Wang DD, Xu Q, Yang Y, Sun SS, Guo W (2013) Effect of biochar application as basal fertilizer on nutrition absorption and soil nutrient supply

of vegetable soybean. Soybean Sci 32: 72-75 (in Chinse with English abstract)

Wang JY, Pan XJ, Liu YL, Zhang XL, Xiong ZQ (2012) Effects of biochar amendment in two soils on greenhouse gas emissions and crop

production. Plant Soil 360: 287-298

Warnock DD, Mummey DL, McBride B, Major J, Lehmann J, Rillig MC (2010) Influences of non-herbaceous biochar on arbuscular

mycorrhizal fungal abundances in roots and soils: Results from growth-chamber and field experiments. Appl Soil Ecol 46: 450-456

Widowati, Utomo WH, Guritno B, Soehono LA (2012) The effect of biochar on the growth and N fertilizer requirement of maize in green house

experiment. J Agric Sci 5: 255-262 Xie ZB, Xu YP, Liu G, Liu Q, Zhu JG, Tu C, Amonette JE, Cadisch G, Yong JWH, Hu SJ (2013) Impact of biochar application on nitrogen

nutrition of rice greenhouse-gas emissions and soil roganic carbon dynamics in two paddy soils of China. Plant Soil: DOI 10.1007/s11104-

013-1636-x

Yamato M, Okimori Y, Wibowo IF, Anshori S, Ogawa M (2006) Effects of the application of charred bark of Acacial mangium on the yield of

maize, cowpea and peanut, and soil chemical properties in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 52: 489-495

Yeboah E, Ofori P, Quansah GW, Dugan E, Sohi SP (2009) Improving soil productivity through biochar amendments to soils. Afr J Environ Sci

Tech 3: 34-41

Yu XY, Ying GG, Kookana RS (2009) Reduced plant uptake of pesticides with biochar additions to soil. Chemosphere 76: 665-671

Zhang AF, Bian RJ, Pan GX, Cui LQ, Hussain Q, Li LQ, Zheng JW, Zheng JF, Zhang XH, Han XJ, Yu XY (2012a) Effect of biochar amendment

on soil quality, crop yield and greenhouse gas emission in a Chinese rice paddy: A field study of 2 consecutive rice growing cycles. Field Crop

Res 127: 153-160

Zhang AF, Cui LQ, Pan GX, Li LQ, Hussain Q, Zhang XH, Zheng JW, Crowley D (2010a) Effect of biochar amendment on yield and methane

and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice paddy from Tai Lake plain, China. Agric Ecosyst Environ 139: 469-475

Zhang AF, Liu YM, Pan GX, Hussain Q, Li LQ, Zheng JW, Zhang XH (2012b) Effet of biochar amendment on maize yield and greenhouse

gas emissions from a soil organic carbon poor calcareous loamy soil from central China Plain. Plant Soil 351: 263-275 Zhang HZ, Huang Y, Liu G, Xu YP, Liu JS, Bei QC, Ling XW, Zhu JG, Xie ZB (2010b) Effects of biochar on corn growth, nutrient uptake and

soil chemical properties in seeding stage. Ecol Environ Sci 19: 2713-2717

Zhang WJ, Li ZF, Zhang QZ, Du ZL, Ma MH, Wang YD (2011) Impacts of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer on spinach yield and tissue nitrate

content from a pot experiment. J Agro-Environ Sci 30: 1946-1952

Zhang ZH, Solaiman Z, Meney K, Murphy DV, Rengel Z (2013) Biochars immobilize soil cadmium, but do not improve growth of emergent

wetland species Juncus subsecundus in cadmium-contaminated soil. J Soil Sediment 13: 140–151