High Middle Ages Study Notes and Study Guide

What were causes of the Black Death (bubonic plague)? Famine in the early 14th Century (1300s) Starvation and depopulation. People already were sick and weak Disease spreads from Mongol Empire expansion Rats spread the disease from China who were trading with the Middle East Finally being carried back to Europe

Effects of the Black Death Society Breaks Down Some turn to witchcraft others see this as punishment from god Priests are not around to give last rights Art reflects the horrors of the afterlife (Bring out your dead) The weepers – traveling survivors would travel from town to town flailing themselves in penance

Anti Semitism and the Black Plague: As the plague swept across Europe in the mid-14th century, annihilating nearly half the population, Jews were taken as scapegoats, in part because isolation in the ghettos meant in some places that Jews were less affected.[1][2] Accusations spread that Jews had caused the disease by deliberately poisoning wells.[3][4]

The first massacres directly related to the plague took place in April 1348 in Toulon, France, where the Jewish quarter was sacked, and forty Jews were murdered in their homes, then in Barcelona.[5] In 1349, massacres and persecution spread across Europe, including the Erfurt massacre (1349), the Basel massacre, massacres in Aragon, and Flanders.[6][7] 900 Jews were burnt alive on 14 February 1349 in the "Valentine's Day" Strasbourg massacre, where the plague had not yet affected the city.[8] Many hundreds of Jewish communities were destroyed in this period. Of the 510 Jewish communities so destroyed in this period, some killed themselves to avoid the persecutions ART - Art would reflect the horrors of the Plague and the feeling of damnation. Notice Realism returns to art! why????? Realism returns!! – Breakdown in Hierachy chronicle what is happaning Hieronymus Bosch

Dante's Inferno Dante's Inferno (1314) Dante's Inferno, widely hailed as one of the great classics of Western literature, details Dante's journey through the nine circles of Hell. The voyage begins during Easter week in the year 1300, the descent through Hell starting on Good Friday. After meeting his guide, the eminent Roman poet Virgil, in a mythical dark wood, the two poets begin their descent through a baleful world of doleful shades, horrifying tortures, and unending lamentation. All of Dante’s work on The Comedy (later called The Divine Comedy, and consisting of three books: Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso) was done after his exile. He completed Inferno, which depicts an allegorical journey through Hell, around 1314. Dante roamed from court to court in Italy, writing and occasionally lecturing, until his death from a sudden illness in 1321.

Why have we not heard of the effect of the plague in parts of the world other than Europe? China had less written history on the subject and because we are from the West we focus on the West. Since the Plague started in China, What was the effect in China: 1331, an outbreak erupted in the Yuan Empire; it may have hastened the end of Mongol rule over China. In 1334, this disease killed 5 million people in Hebei Province - about 90% of the population. As of 1200, China had a total population of more than 120 million, but a 1393 census found only 65 million Chinese surviving. Some of that missing population was killed by famine and upheaval in the transition from Yuan to Ming rule, but many millions died of bubonic plague.

Economic Crisis * Survivors want higher wages, more money is printed leading to inflation or the lessoning the value of money. Villagers were forced off the land * Towns had limited employment due to guilds (trade unions today) * Many feared to come back to cities. * Peasants led revolts and were often savagely suppressed. * It would take over hundred years to recover Church Splits (not the same as the split between the west and the east) * Weakened church leaders move Papal Court to Avignon France * Accused of lavish living and corruption reformers chose a 2nd pope and even a 3rd pope. (the true Vicar of Christ) 1417 at the council of Constance in Germany all popes are removed from power with the Papal Court to return to Rome

*Who gained power? – Ultimately Rome of course in that would be the center of the Christian Church.

Responding to Hersey * John Wycliffe accused the church of corruption, He translated the bible in English * All you need is the bible not the church. * Follows such as Jan Hus and his followers the Hussites did the same. Jan Hus, who was condemned by the Council of Constance (1414–18) and burned at the stake. After his death in 1415 many Bohemian knights and nobles published a formal protest and offered protection to those who were persecuted for their faith. * The church persecuted Wycliffe's followers, the Hussites many were burned at the steak. * 100 years later Martin Luther would lead the Protestant Reformation based on these ideas

Hundred year war 1337 – 1453 England vs. France long term Rivals First over territory later over Religion Causes: * Long time rivals * English want lands owned by Norman ancestors * French power grows * Edward the 3rd who’s mother was a French princess claims French thrown war breaks out * Control for the English Channel * Economic Power and National pride keeps war going New Weapons: English Long bow give them an advantage by shooting and being out of range of the French.

French use of cannons (originally from China) will end the war. French extend power to conquer more land Joan of Arc - 17 year old French girl has vision she can lead the French to victory. King Charles authorizes her to head an army against the British. Joan led the French to several victories Taken by allies of the English she is tried by the English for witchcraft and burned at the steak. Joan would later be a catholic saint.

Impact of the 100 Years war French Power Rises leading to absolutism

English power shifts to parliament Cannons end the castle and fortified walls. More use of diplomacy Diplomacy and war will continue

1453 Constantinople's impenetrable walls falls to the Muslims by use of cannons (same year as end of 100 year war.) (the cannon ended both) This Cannon was invented by a Turk and first went to the Byzantine Emperor. He declined. It was then sold to the Muslims. The cannon could only be fired 3 times a because it got so hot it needed time to cool down. The cannon was first invented by the Chinese roughly 1128

Magna Carta 1215 CE Barons of England and King John to sign the Magna Carta (great Charter) Forced to divide his power due to abuses of raising taxes before consulting the barons, and failing in military campaigns led to these reforms. . The Church - The Church was to be free from royal interference, especially in the election of bishops . Taxes - No taxes except the regular feudal dues were to be levied, except by the consent of the Great Council, or Parliament . The right to due process which led to Trial by Jury . Weights and Measures - All weights and measures to be kept uniform throughout the realm Importance: Creation of English Parliment led to the basis of separation of church and state (Kind of for us anyway) American system of justice (due process) Jury Trials division of power between a king and Parliament (NO Absolute Power)

High Middle Ages Study Guide:

Black Death Plague, pgs 83 -85 and 88 - 89 1. What was cause of the Plague. What time period and locations did the Plague effect? 2. What were the political, social, and economic effects it had on Europe and China? Upheaval in the Church Pgs. 84 -85 - Great (Papal) Schism Europe: Western Schism, also called Great Schism, or Great Western What was the Great Schism? What were the causes how was it resolved ?

1. Why was John Wycliffe and the Jan Jus dangerous to the catholic Church? 2. What is heresy. How did the church deal with heretics? Hundred Years War pgs 85- 87 2. What and when was the Hundred Years War? What were causes for the Hundred Year War 3. Who was Joan of Arc? Why was she tried for witchcraft? What was the result? 4. What invention helped England early on? 5. What invention ended the war and who won. 6. Describe the impact of the Hundred years war ? Dante's inferno pg. 79 1. What is the basic storyline of Dante's inferno? 2. How is Hell represented? 3. How did this work shape peoples view of Hell? The English Magna Carta 1215 pgs. 60 - 61 & pg. 64 1. Describe how the Magna Carta came to be signed by King John of England and Barons 2. Know the key points of the MC that influenced our system of government today 3. How did the MC Change English Government 4. Why would the Magna Carta make England different from all other Monarchies?

Crusades (Pope Urban's Speech including background, Pilgrims in Arms, my notes on movie) 1. Give three reasons Alexius the 1st requested help from Urban the 2nd 2. What were the conditions of Christians living in Muslim occupied lands? 3. By the year the end of the first millennium how has western Europe evolved from the early middle ages 4. Describe the role of the Church and peoples outlook on religion. 5. Know Urban the 2nd political motives for helping Alexius 6. How did Alexius realize Urban's motives for helping 7. Why was Jerusalem so important to Christians, 8. Be able to analyze why Urban the 2nd speech was so effective 9. Describe at least 3 benefits one would get if they went on the Crusade 10. What was the Peasant Crusade and who was Peter the Hermit 11. What in Urban's speech would move peasants to join the crusade 12. What crimes were committed during the Peasant Crusade? 13. What was the result of the peasant crusade? 14. What two ways did Alexius out smart Urban when Urban's army came to Constantinople 15. Why were Antioch, and Nicaea important battles during the Crusades 17. At what city did cannibalism take place? What conditions could have led to that atrocity 18. How long a journey was it to finally come to Jerusalem. 19. Describe the Siege of Jerusalem of 1096 (Primary Source) 20. According to Monk Fulcher what happened when the Knights entered Jerusalem. 21. What was the outcome of the first crusade? 22. Who was Saladin? Why did he cause the 3nd and third Crusades? 23. In the Third Crusade why was the meeting between Saladin and Richard the Lion Heart unusual 24. What was the outcome of the Third Crusade 25. Be able to describe why the Crusades over 200 years still affect us today

The Fall of Jerusalem 1099: Fulcher the Monk Then our leaders planned to attack the city with machines, in order to enter it and adore the sepulchre of our Saviour. They made two wooden towers and many other machines. . . . Day and night on the fourth and fifth days of the week we vigorously attacked the city on all sides; but before we made our assault the bishops and priests persuaded all by their preaching and exhortation that a procession should be made round Jerusalem to God's honour, faithfully accompanied by prayers, alms and fasting. Early on the sixth day we attacked

19th century illustrator Gustave Dore's conception of the siege of Jerusalem the city on all sides and could do nothing against it. We were all surprised and alarmed. Then, at the approach of the hour at which our Lord Jesus Christ deigned to undergo the passion of the cross for us, our knights in one of the towers fought bravely, amongst them Duke Godfrey and his brother, Count Eustace. One of our knights, Letholdus by name, climbed on to the wall of the city. When he reached the top, all the defenders of the city quickly fled along the walls and through the city. Our men followed and pursued them, killing and hacking, as far as the temple of Solomon, and there there was such a slaughter that our men were up to their ankles in the enemy's blood. . . . The emir who commanded the tower of David surrendered to the Count[of St. Gilles] and opened the gate where pilgrims used to pay tribute. Entering the city, our pilgrims pursued and killed the Saracens up to the temple of Solomon. There the Saracens assembled and resisted fiercely all day, so that the whole temple flowed with their blood. At last the pagans were overcome and our men seized many men and women in the temple, killing them or keeping them alive as they saw fit. On the roof of the temple there was a great crowd of pagans of both sexes, to whom Tancred and Gaston de Beert gave their banners [to provide them with protection] . Then the crusaders scattered throughout the city, seizing gold and silver, horses and mules, and houses full of all sorts of goods. Afterwards our men went rejoicing and weeping for joy to adore the sepulchre of our Saviour Jesus and there discharged their debt to Him. . . . On the eighth day after the capture of the city they elected Duke Godfrey prince of the city, to fight the pagans and protect the Christians. Also, on the day of St. Peter in chains, they elected as Patriarch a most wise and honourable man, named Arnulf. The city was captured by the Christians on Friday, July 15."