CHAPTER 11 MENDELIAN PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE

I. Gregor Mendel 1. Mendel was an Austrian monk. 2. Mendel formulated two fundamental laws of heredity in the early 1860s. 3. He arrived at a particulate theory of inheritance because it is based on the existence of minute particles—now called genes. II. Mendel’s Law of Segregation: The two alleles separate.

III. Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment: Which allele the gamete gets is random.

IV. Genetic terms : Please see the handouts.

V. Laws of Probability 1. Probability is the likely outcome a given event will occur from random chance. a. For example, with every coin flip there is a 50% chance of heads and 50% chance of tails. b. Chance of inheriting one of either two alleles from a parent is also 50%. 2. The multiplicative law of probability states that the chance of two or more independent events occurring together is the product of the probability of the events occurring separately.

VI. The Punnett Square 1. The Punnett square was introduced by R. C. Punnett (early 1900s) and provides a simple method to calculate the probable results of a genetic cross. 2. In a Punnett square, all possible types of sperm alleles are lined up vertically and all possible egg alleles are lined up horizontally; every possible combination is placed in squares.

VII. Beyond Mendelian Genetics

A. Incomplete dominance: The flower B. Multiple Allelic Traits (Co-dominance): The ABO blood types C. Polygenic Inheritance: Albinism in human and animals D. Environmental factors that looks genetic: Coat color of animals 1. The location on a chromosome where a particular gene is located is known as the:

2. What crosses would always result in offspring that only display the dominant phenotype?

3. What aspect of Mendel's background gave him the necessary tools to discover the laws of inheritance?

4. If a pea plant shows a recessive phenotype, What is the genotype?

5. If an individual with a dominant phenotype is crossed with an individual with a recessive phenotype, 4 of their 9 offspring show the recessive phenotype. What is the genotype of the first parent?

6. Mendel's law of segregation?

7. If you had two guinea pigs of opposite sex, both homozygous, one black and one brown, but you didn't know which was the dominant characteristic, how would you find out the dominant color?

8. From Greek root word parallel or reciprocal: ______.

9. The term based on the Greek root words for "different" and "yoke" is

10. Greek root words for “birth or origin, and shape”: ______.

11. What are alleles?

12. Greek root words for “appearance and shape”: ______.

13. Unattached earlobes (EE or Ee) are described in the textbook as dominant over attached earlobes (ee). A couple both have unattached earlobes. Both notice that one of their parents on both sides has attached earlobes (ee). Their genotype and their children’s?

14. In 1940, two researchers named Weiner and Landsteiner discovered that about 85 percent of the human population sampled possessed a blood cell protein that had been previously detected in Rhesus monkeys. This blood type was labeled Rh positive, and Rh+ was found to be dominant over the absence of the blood factor (Rh-). Under normal Mendelian inheritance, can two Rh negative parents have Rh positive kids?

15. Since each child of two heterozygous parents has a 1/4 chance of receiving a recessive trait from each parent, if the first child is recessive phenotypically, what is such chance for the next kid?

16. If the probability of event A is 3/4 and the probability of event B is 1/4, then the probability of both A and B occurring at the same time is ______. 17. An individual with blood type A marries an individual with blood type B. What blood types could their offspring exhibit?

18. A classical example of incomplete dominance is ______.

19. A classical example of polygenic inheritance is ______.