Causes and US Reactions

Lesson Plan World War I Causes and US Reactions Goals- Students will access their background knowledge of WW1 and then state one thing they want to learn about. Resources-Computer and projector, PowerPoint presentation, handouts for poster, poster paper, and markers. Bell Ringer #38- Define the word neutral and then write about a situation where you remained neutral and others in which you took a stand. What conditions influenced your choices? Objectives- Identify the main causes of WW1, and then describe how the conflict expanded to draw in America. (Standard 4, Objective 2 ) Instructional Input-  Talk about Bell Ringer  KWL about WW1 or pre test  Lecture- Causes, US Involvement, Neutrality  Peace vs. Preparedness  Propaganda posters/inference chart  Make propaganda posters

Checking for understanding- Ask questions all throughout my lecture Modeling- I will model how to make inferences. Also with the posters by showing them what I expect. Closure- Summarize main points of the day and then have them do an exit slip. Exit slip= write down one of the causes for entering WW1 and write if you thought that it was a good reason or not and why. Guided Practice- Propaganda posters do inferences together and then have them make their own.

KWL World War 1 Era We just finished the progressive era and the general feeling in America was a good one. People were happy with the changes and reforms that were taking place, and they weren’t expecting any outside influences to interfere with their current state of life. But in the second decade of the 20th century a terrible war began in Europe. The death toll eventually totaled an estimated 8 million combats, and many more civilians. At first the United States vowed to maintain its neutrality (Why do you think that we wanted to remain neutral)??? Eventually the U.S. had to declare war in order to support its allies and defend its commercial interests. The Road to War Causes are: The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand , Alliances, Imperialism, militarism, and nationalism. (MAIN= an acronym to remember the 4 main causes, Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism)

The Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand He was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and on June 28, 1914 Ferdinand made a trip with his wife Sophie to visit Sarajevo (is the capital of Bosnia which was a new providence in the Austro-Hungarian Empire). This trip was significant because two assassination attempts were made on their lives, the first was unsuccessful, but the seconded ended the lives of Ferdinand and his wife Sophie. They were shot by Gavrilo Princip, who was a Bosnian nationalist who believed that Austria-Hungary had no right to rule Bosnia. (I don’t think that Princip realized that his act of terrorism would help cause WW1 it was the final straw though that made Austrians really mad and they declared war on Serbia on July 28 1914)

Another cause of WW1 surfaces when war was declared on Serbia (does anyone know why and what it is???) Alliances A complicated system of alliances were created in Europe during the late 19th century. These alliances were originally made to bolster each nation’s security, and they were bound to come to each other’s aid in the event of attack. But these alliances also forced them into war. For example Austria-Hungry (German Allies) declared war on Serbia (Russian allies). I will talk about these alliances when I get to the sequence of the war Imperialism Another reason for the war was imperialism. European nations were scrambling to conquer and claim un-colonized areas of the world (China and Africa). This competition created rivalries in Europe and many countries become enemies because of it. Militarism Definition- It’s a policy that aggressively builds up a nation’s armed forces in preparation for war. The problem with this was that all the great power including Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great Britain, and Russia all engaged in militarism, and their participation for planning for war made war more likely.(kinda reminds me of the saying that you get what you wish for) Nationalism Definition-is an ideology that holds a nation as the fundamental unit for human social life. There were two kinds of Nationalism that contributed to the War. The first was the tendency for countreis such as the great powers to act in their own national interest. Self-centered and would go the war beuase of it. The second type of nationalism occurred in countries with diverse populations. It would happen because the miniority groups there would fight for their indepenced and this would often lead to violence. A Chain Reaction The assassination of Ferdinand was used as an excuse by the Austria-Hungarians to crush their enemy Serbia and that is why they claimed Serbia was behind the assassination. On July 28, 1914 war is declared on Serbia and this sets off the chain reaction. Because of the complex web of alliances in Europe many nations had to go to war over this dispute. Just one day after Austria-Hungary declared war Russia (Serbia’s protector) began mobilization. Definition of Mobilization- the readying of troops for war. AH ally Germany demands Russia to stop mobilizing but they won’t so Germany starts to mobilize too. France who is Russia’s ally starts to get ready for war too. Then Germany starts the Schlieffen Plan and this leads to Great Britain joining. Draw on the Board (Central Powers) (Allies) Austria-Hungary verses Serbia Germany Russia France Great Britain (got involved b/c Germany had invaded their Belgium allies to instigate the Schlieffen Plan) Germany’s Schlieffen Plan- they wanted to quickly invade France and knock them out of the war and then they would just concentrate on Russia. (Why do you ______think that was a good idea or not???) How long will it last??? Each side in the war felt confident that they would quickly win, and experts even thought that the war would be all over in 6 weeks. They were all wrong though because the two sides (which are???) reached a Stalemate- (what is this) a situation in which neither side is able to gain the advantage. Next week we will talk more about this stalemate and the new forms of weapons that contributed to this stalemate. During this time period two new nations had joined in the war. The first joined on the Central Powers side and was the Ottoman Empire (Turkey Now) and the other was Italy joining the Allies. Who is missing??? The American Response Most Americans were devastated that world peace had ended, and many felt personally involved. The reason that they felt involved was because a third of Americans were immigrants from these countries at war. German and Irish immigrants were upset with past conflicts with the British soooo Which side do you think they favored??? (Central Powers) Most Americans didn’t like the Central powers though because of their leader and cruel and frightening background. Their leader was Kaiser Wilhelm and he was an autocrat- is a ruler with unlimited power. Americans decided to be neutral 1- split on what side to support 2- and most importantly trade reasons. Neutrality Between 1897 and 1914 US commercial investments had increased five fold, from $700 million to $3.5 Billion. Germans and British could both stop and interfere with our overseas trade so America under President Wilson officially declared their neutrality on August 4,1914. Americans start two movements pg 552-America takes sides The Peace Movement □ Who are the members? (mostly women, suffrage leaders) □ What did they found? (Women’s peace party, aka International League for Peace and Freedom) □ What did they try to do? (keep American out of war by telling the President not to build up a military.) □ What does John Works think about staying neutral? (be neutral, b/c Germany isn’t taking action against US) On the other side The preparedness Movement □ How did they think they would stay out of the war? (by preparing so they weren’t dragged into it) □ Why did they think it was good to be prepared? (just in cause they were pulled into war) □ What does Robert Lansing think about staying neutral? (America has to get involved, Germany is bad and hostile to all nations) As you can probably tell that there were some people who felt very strongly about NOT going to war and others who didn’t care as much, and there were some who eventually wanted to go to war.

If you didn’t want to go to war what do you think you would do about it??? If you did want to go to war same question what would you do????

Well people all over the world most propaganda posters either in favor or against war. Now let’s look at some together. Then do observation inference chart on white board. Observations Inferences Just what they see Interpret ideas what could they really be saying

Propaganda Posters-Explain the assignment and give them time to work on it

Lesson Plan World War I America Enters the War Goals- To have students gain an understanding and appreciation for our part in WW1. Resources- PowerPoint, TV, PBS WW1 Video (don’t have this clip), Thoughts on War Primary Document, posters, Video the Complete WWI Story. Bell Ringer#39- Give an example of a great country in the world besides US. What would be a reason that they would decided to go to war with someone? Objectives- Students will be able to identify events that moved the United States towards war, and than analyze how war impacted American’s way of life. (standard 4, objective2). Instructional Input-  Talk about Bell Ringer  Review chain reaction  Watch video/talk about it (20 minutes, beginning to soldiers leaving)  Read: Thoughts on the War Document  Lecture- AM’s entrance/ AM’s influence and impact of WW1 (Lusitania clip)  Work on posters

Checking for Understanding- Modeling- Guided Practice- Closure- Exit Slip- Explain how American’s way of life was changed because of the war. Use two topics discussed in class and then show how these events affected and changed the way of life. Read Primary Document

United States Declares War Entrance Action we took Impact at home

Last time we talk about how America wanted to remain neutral right??? Well today I am going to tell you why we didn’t remain neutral and why we got involved with the war. Events that pushed US into war:

German use of submarine warfare The Zimmermann note Russian Revolution

German’s use of submarine warfare They were called U-boats- short for unterseeboot. It was a terrifying hew weapon that changed the rules of naval warfare. Unlike other naval ships U-boats issued no warning to their targets. Even though the use of submarines was effectively militarily for the Germans, it did cost them dearly in terms with their American relations. The German’s use of these submarines angered many American’s and changed the publics opinion about who’s side they should join. Many American’s thought that not issuing a warning was uncivilized. They also realized that passenger and merchant ships had no defense and were entirely at their mercy. The British used and encouraged such anti-German feelings, and pushed for the US to punish Germany for its use of the submarine. Used propaganda poster to prove their point (show one do an inference on it) Of course this did encourage many Americans to become pro-Allies. But one May 7, 1915 something happened that lowered public opinion of Germans even more. Does any one know was it was? Sinking of the Lusitania. It was a British passenger liner, in the Irish Sea. The Germans thought that it did have weapons for the allies on it so that is why they fired on the ship. 18 minutes later it was sunk along with 1,200 passages including 128 Americans. The American press went wild and called it Germany’s act of barbarism. Were Americans warned was it their own faults??? Yes show posters does the press care? NO!!! Still used it to feed the fire. Remember Wilson is the President at this time and he doesn’t want war right? So he is encouraging Americans to remain patient but he does sent a note to Germany demanding that they stop its submarine warfare and make payments to the victim’s families… sends another letter and Germany does promise to stop sinking passenger ships without warning.. ships did have to agree to search or seizure thought they said. What do you all think good idea or not??? Should everything be considered fair during war??? Was America to blame too??? Should Germany follow these rules???

Well they don’t and on March 24, 1916 another passenger steamship is torpedoed. Called the Sussex, and was French boat. Americans are mad and threatened to remove their ties to Germany. What results is called the Sussex Pledge- Germans promise again that they will warn before attacking. Moving Towards War They don’t obey and Americans are no longer waiting to be neutral. Feb 3rd Am cuts ties with Germany.

Zimmermann Note This was an intercepted German telegram by Arthur Zimmermann sent to Mexico. This was the offer they sent to Mexico “We shall endeavor to keep the United States neutral. In the event of this not succeeding, we make Mexico a proposal of alliance…Make war together, make peace together…and.. Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.” The British are the ones who intercepted it and revealed the contents to America so you can probably guess that Great Britain just scored some points with America. Russian Revolution This revolution helped create a pro-war feeling in America because Czar Nicholas ll was forced to give up power. Why did this help??? Because he was an autocratic leader (who remembers what that mean???) and Russia’s Monarchy was replaced with a republican government. Americans didn’t want to side with the Czar, but now that he was out of the picture the last thing preventing Americans from entering the war was removed.

The War Resolution So now those stumbling blocks were removed and Americans kept on being aggravated because Germany wouldn’t keep their promised, not to sink ships (promised in what______). Enough Americans had been upset that they were ready to go to war, and the war resolution passed 82 to 6 in the Senate and 373 to 50 in the house. On April 6, 1917 President Wilson signed it and America officially declared war.

Closure-

Next time we are going to talk about Americans fighting on the European Front and what life was like at home in America as all the fighting is taking place Work on Propaganda Posters

Lesson Plan World War I Americans on the Front/ Life at Home Goals- To have students gain an understanding and appreciation for our part in WW1. Resources- PowerPoint, posters, handouts for western front, trench warfare paper, bbc.co.uk website (weapons). Bell Ringer#40- If you know that you were going to be going to war what would you do to prepare??? How would you prepare the nation? Objectives- Students will be able to explain how America’s role in World War 1 changed the wars outcomes, they will also analyze the affects of new weapons. (standard 4, objective2). Instructional Input-  Talk about Bell Ringer  Poster Presentations  Lecture- Americans on the front/ Life at home  Trench warfare on board (have them first try to draw it)  All Quiet on the Western Front (read article for hw)

Checking for Understanding- Modeling- Guided Practice- Closure- Exit Slip- Explain how American’s way of life was changed because of the war. Use two topics discussed in class and then show how these events affected and changed the way of life.

Americans on the European Front Preparing for Action I hope that everyone remembers our good old Preparedness movement …. What were they???? Even though they had tried to get America ready for war we were far from being ready to sent an entire army to the European Front. Imagine what it would have been like if we weren’t prepared at all, if absolutely no mobilization had taken place already. Even though we weren’t totally ready to help we did realize that the Allies desperately needed some reinforcements and help so we sent naval support, supplies, arms, and $3billion dollars in loans. We did send 14,500 men at that time too, but this was such a small amount that all we really did at this time was boost the Allies morale. In order to help more we created the Draft Draftees and Volunteers Needed a draft because we only had 120,000 enlisted men in the armed forces and 80,000, National Guardsmen… not nearly enough to really help Selected Service Act –was passed by congress to authorize a draft of young men for military service. Americans now supported the war and felt that this war was the war to end all wars so the draft wasn’t protested and by November 1918 more than 24 million men had registered and from those 3 millions were picked through a lottery. The rest of our forces were made up of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF). Made up of Volunteers and National Guardsmen Turning Tide Russia pulls out of the war and makes peace with Germany on March 3, 1918. They did this because of a violent revolution that took place in their own country. A group called the Bolsheviks had taken over the Russian Government and Lenin their new leader had promised that he would make peace with Germany if they helped him overthrow the existing Government. Now the Central Powers don’t have a two-front war and they start to just pound France and Great Britain!!!! Bad news only 3 months (in June) after Russia’s withdrawal Germany is only 50 miles from Paris!!! America to the Rescue!!! Americas are able to help save the day and they with the French are able to push the Germans out of Paris once and for all!! This ended up really being the turning of the tide. In favor of the ALLIES, and we start an impressive counterattack.

What was Life like In America while this was taking place??? Well we weren’t really ready for the war so we had to find a way to finance the war. One way was through Liberty Bonds- special war bonds sold to support the Allied cause. Bond is kinda like cash they could later be redeemed for the original value plus interest. Raised $20 billions dollars and loaned about 10 billion to the Allies. (remember all of the propaganda posters that supported buying war bonds. Another way to support the war was by managing the economy. Industries converted their goods into the production of war goods. These new agencies were overseen by a War Industries Board headed by Bernard Baruch. This board was very successful they were able to: control raw materials, told manufactures what and how much to produce, and even fixed prices. Also controlled foreign trade and made sure that none was done with the enemy. Regulating food and fuel consumption Lever Food and Fuel Control Act- it gave the President the power to control the production and distribution vital to the war effort. Used the slogan “Food will win the War” Had power to do two things: Price controls=pricing on food determined by gov’t. Rationing=the distributing of goods to consumers in a fixed amount. What do you think about this act????

Hoover headed this up but he didn’t like the idea of forcing so he promoted and advertised for people to do it voluntarily. He did this mostly by appealing to women he preached the gospel of the Clean Plate. “Stop, before throwing any food away, and ask “can it be used?... Stop catering to different appetites. NO second helpings. Stop all eating between meals…One meatless day a week. One wheatless meal a day…NO butter in cooking: use substitutes.” Herbert Hoover Women who were eager to help the war effort quickly willing responded. They wanted to save food and fuel. This is actually where we get Daylight savings time- turning clocks ahead one hour for the summer. Why was it helpful??? Created more light during the day which meant there was no need for as much artificial light, which lowered fuel consumption. Enforcing Loyalty Americans wanted to rally support for the war at home and this was done in several ways. News and information was controlled by the federal gov’t, newspapers were paid to support the war, had a fear of foreigners, preached 100 percent Americanism”, had literacy tests for immigrants, general hostility to Germans said Hate the Hun- started calling hamburgers (Hamburg a city in Germany) liberty sandwich, liberty measles. Sedition- is speech or actions that encourage rebellion. These were also made illegal in America at this time to stop anti-war feelings. (Only wanted to encourage it.) What do you all think??? Does this repress civil liberties??

Changing People’s Lives Because so many men were gone at war minorities and women started to play a larger role in society. African Americans Mexican Americans and even women were welcomed in the work force. Women opportunities for jobs they had never before had the chance to have. Such as telegraph messenger, elevator operator, letter carrier, and some even received management positions. About 400,000 women joined the industrial work force for the first time. Major social change!!!

So how you would all describe America at this time??? Women entered work force America is mostly pro-war Conserve food and fuel to help finance the war Anti-German Closure- Exit Slip- Explain how American’s way of life was changed because of the war. Use two topics discussed in class and then show how these events affected and changed the way of life.

Next time we are going to talk about the weapons and major battles of the war, and how these all influence the end of the war!!!!

Trench Warfare Activity- Tell students the names and parts of the trench and have them guess how it looks by drawing it, and then show them the right way on the board. Front Trench Line NO man’s land Shell holes Communication Trench Support Trench Reserve Trench Long Range Artillery