Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences s100

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,

BANGALORE, KARNATAKA,INDIA.

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

01 NAME OF THE : SHREEDEVI.G.C CANDIDATE AND M.sc NURSING 1 YEAR ADDRESS PRAGATHI COLLEGE OF NURSING #33, BYRATHI (EXT), NEAR EBEN EZER HOSPITAL, HENNUR BAGALUR MAIN ROAD, KOTHANUR POST, BANGALORE-77 02 NAME OF THE : PRAGATHI COLLEGE OF NURSING INSTITUTION #33, BYRATHI (EXT), NEAR EBEN EZER HOSPITAL, HENNUR BAGALUR MAIN ROAD, KOTHANUR POST, BANGALORE-77 03 COURSE OF : DEGREE OF MASTERS IN NURSING STUDY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING SUBJECT 04 DATE OF : ADMISSION TO 18-06-2012 COURSE 05 TITLE OF THE : EFFECTIVENESS OF SELF INSTRUCTIONAL STUDY MODULE ON KNOWLEDGE REGARDING DOMESTIC WASTE DISPOSAL AMONG WOMEN AT SELECTED URBAN COMMUNITY, BANGALORE.

6 BRIEF RESUME OF INTENDED WORK

INTRODUCTION

Disposal of wastes is now a largely the domain of sanitarians and public health engineers. However, health professionals need to have a basic knowledge of the subject since improper disposal of wastes constitutes a health hazard. Further the health professional may be called to give in some special situations, such as camp sanitations or

1 coping with waste disposal problems when there is a disruption or breakdown of community health services in natural disasters1.

Wastes can be considered, as those materials no longer required by an individual, institution or industry. Wastes are thus regarded as by-products or end products of the production and consumption process respectively. Household Waste (Domestic Waste): Solid waste, composed of garbage and rubbish, which normally originates from residential, private households, or apartment buildings2.

The growth of the world's population, increasing urbanization, rising standards of living, and rapid developments in technology have all contributed to an increase in both the amount and the variety of solid wastes generated by industrial, domestic and other activities . The problems of dealing with greater volumes of - often more dangerous – waste materials are particularly acute in developing countries where these changes have not been met by improvements in waste management technologies. Even domestic solid waste has become a health hazard in many developing countries as a result of careless handling and a failure to organize appropriate solid waste collection schemes 3.

India, with a population of over 1.21 billion account for 17.5% of the world population (Census of India 2011). According to the provisional figures of Census of India 2011, 377 million people live in the urban areas of the country. This is 31.16 % of the Country’s total population. that the growth of urban population is at a much faster rate than the growth of rural population4.

About three-quarters of the countries and territories around the world use crude 'open dumping' method of disposal for municipal solid waste (MSW) which is the easiest and cheapest method of removing waste from the immediate environment but it creates serious environmental problems like groundwater contamination and air pollution. Land- filling is considered to be the most cost-effective method for solid waste disposal in developing countries if adequate sites are available5. Solid waste management is becoming a major public health and environmental concern in urban areas of many developing countries. The public sector in many countries is unable to deliver services effectively, regulation of the private sector is limited and illegal dumping of domestic and industrial waste is a common practice. In general, solid waste management is given a very low priority in these countries. As a result, very limited funds are provided to the solid waste management sector by the governments, and the levels of services required for protection of public health and the environment are not attained. The problem is acute at the local government level where the local taxation system is inadequately developed and, therefore, the financial basis for public services, including solid waste management, is weak6. Urban India generates 188500 tonnes per day (68.8 million tonnes per year) of municipal solid waste (MSW) at a per capita waste generation rate of 500 grams/person/day. The total waste generation figure is achieved by extrapolating the total tonnage of wastes documented for 366 cities (70% of India's urban population)7.

In Karnataka number of cities are 21,municipal population is 8,283,498 and municipal solid waste is 3118 (t/day) and per capita generated is 0.376 (kg/day)8.

Greater Bangalore known as the garden city in early 1970’s, is the fifth metropolis city of India. Population of Bangalore city has increased from 6,537,124 (2001) to 95,88,910 (2011). In Bangalore, Municipal solid waste originates from Domestic (55%), Markets (15%), Hotels and eatery (20%), trade and commercial (6%), Slums (1%) and Street sweeping and parks (3%). The composition of the waste generated at the residences level as well as the city level has changed over the last two decades9.

Improper solid waste management leads to substantial negative environmental impacts (for example, pollution of air, soil and water, and generation of greenhouse gases from landfills), and health and safety problems (such as diseases spread by insects and rodents attracted by garbage heaps, and diseases associated with different forms of pollution)6.

3 A generation study in the domestic sector was undertaken with the aim of finding out the composition and the generation rate of household hazardous waste (HHW) produced at residences. Simultaneously to the generation study, a socioeconomic survey was applied to determine the influence of income level on the production of HHW over a period of 2008. Study revealed that the solid waste generation analysis indicated that approximately 1.6% of the waste stream consists of HHW. Correspondingly, it was estimated that in Morelia, a total amount of 442 ton/day of domestic waste are produced, including 7.1 ton of HHW per day. Furthermore, the overall amount of HHW is not directly related to income level, although particular by products do correlate. However, an important difference was observed, as the brands and the presentation sizes of goods and products used in each socioeconomic stratum varied10.

In 2007 the Government introduced strict regulations with regard to recycling of waste as part of its campaign to clean up the countryside and reduce landfill sites.

We will be introducing new waste recycling bins which will contain clear plastic bags. You can put cardboard, waste paper (non confidential), plastic (including empty drinks bottles and containers) and empty food/drinks cans in them and our contractor will take them to their recycling plant for onward re-use.

That leaves the black sacks for the remaining waste items such as food, polystyrene packaging and any other non recyclable item except glass. Glass, unless it is contaminated with medicinal products in which case it would be classed as clinical waste, goes in brown paper collection bags and is disposed of separately by Facilities.

Follow the above guidance for domestic waste and we will have a much better understanding of what is being disposed of which makes it safer for the porters and the waste disposal staff at our contractors11.

NEED FOR THE STUDY

Million of tonnes of waste is produced by various human activities everyday all over the world. Solid waste is produced in the households, offices, factories and industries etc. Solid waste which is of no use is called garbage, refuse or rubbish. Solid waste produce differ from country to country, state to state and rural to urban.More of waste is generated in urban areas compared to rural areas. Urban waste is a serious environmental burden in every city. Because most of solid waste being dumped on roads, street, residential areas, open spaces . Nuisance occurs due to all this and causes health hazards12.

In 2010, the total generation of waste from economic activities households in the EU-27 amounted to 2 570 million tonnes; this was slightly higher than in 2008 but lower than in 2004 and 2006; the relatively low figures for 2008 and 2010 may, at least in part, reflect the downturn in economic activity as a result of the financial and economic crisis. Among the waste generated in the EU-27 in 2010, some 94.5 million tonnes (3.7 % of the total) were classified as hazardous waste. As such, inhabitants in the EU-27 generated on average about 5.1 tonnes of waste each, of which 188 kg were hazardous waste. Hazardous waste may pose a risk to human health and the environment if not managed and disposed of safely. In 2010, some 94.5 million tonnes of hazardous waste was generated in the EU-27; this was higher than in 2004 (89 million tonnes), but lower than in 2006 (101 million tonnes) and 2008 (98 million tonnes)13.

In 2010 municipal waste generated fell once again, this time by 7.1 per cent to 248,672 tonnes, most of which (81.1 per cent) was land filled, while 7.7 per cent was recycled, up from four per cent in 2009, while six per cent was recovered. The recent decline in municipal waste generated in comparison with the increasing trend registered over the years may be due to the economic climate in 2009-2010. In 2010, each Maltese resident generated 595.5kg of municipal waste, 50.8kg less municipal waste per capita than in 2009, but still relatively high in comparison with the EU average, which was 503kg per capita in 201014.

5 Simply Throwing Garbage aways also highly problematic when it is taken as a whole. There is something very passive about throwing garbage away: put it in the basket and watch the truck haul it away. A garbage disposal is a step in the right direction, but it solves less than half of the problem. Composting Taking all of your organic food scraps, including coffee grounds and eggshells (excluding meat, bones, skin and lard) and throwing it in layers on a compost pile eventually breaks it down and becomes nutrient-rich fertilizer. Recycling Instead of simply throwing everything away in trash, get in the habit of recycling what can be reused or remade. Metal, paper products, certain plastics, motor oil, electronics, appliances, mattresses, wood, rubber, glass and other things can all be recycled. Incineration While this method is mainly used at the industrial level, residential incinerators are available to dispose of waste. There is the danger of releasing toxins from certain materials, though, so be sure you know the potential hazards15. A cross sectional study was conducted with an objective to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice towards domestic waste management among women over a period of march 2010. Study revealed that 400 Myanmar women’s of age ranged between 15-65 years asked by using structured questionnaire, nearly 39.8% have high level of knowledge, 61.2% of the respondents have moderate attitude level and only 16.5% had good practiced 83.5% had less practice towards domestic waste disposal. Author concluded that there is a need to improve knowledge and practice of a women regarding domestic waste disposal16. A cross sectional study was conducted with an objective to assess the status of waste management and hygiene practices in Kersa Woreda, Eastern Ethiopia over a period of 2008. The study subjects were randomly selected 444 households. Data were collected through interview and observation, study revealed that the majority of the households, (66%) disposed solid wastes in open dumps and only 6.9% of the households had temporary storage means for solid waste. About 98.4 % of the respondents revealed that the responsibility of waste management is left for women and girls. Author concluded that study community household management of waste is in poor condition. Health-workers and local authorities must pay special emphasis to improve these conditions. Further in-depth studies should also be encouraged to look for improved interventions17. The urban population of 285 million is concentrated in a few large cities and 32 metropolitan cities area accounting for 34.5 percent of the urban population that is expected to reach 341 million by 2010 (census of India, 2001). The waste quantities are estimated to increase from 46 million tonnes in 2001 to 65 million tonnes in 2010.The waste characteristics are expected to change due to urbanization, increased commercialization and standard of living. The present trend indicates that the paper and plastics content will increase while the organic content will decrease. In keeping with the present practices and estimates of waste generation, around 90% of the generated wastes are land filled requiring around 1200 hectare of land every year with an average depth of 3 m. Due to rapid urbanization, prevailing land use regulation and completing demands for available land, it is desirable that adequate land be earmarked at the planning stage itself for solid waste disposal. The larger quantities of solid waste and higher degree of urbanization will necessitate better management involving a higher level of expenditure on manpower and equipment18.

Household products that contain corrosive, toxic, ignitable, or reactive ingredients are considered to be household hazardous waste (HHW). Products, such as paints, cleaners, oils, batteries, and pesticides, that contain potentially hazardous ingredients require special care when you dispose of them.

Improper disposal of HHW can include pouring them down the drain, on the ground, into storm sewers, or in some cases putting them out with the trash. The dangers of such disposal methods might not be immediately obvious, but improper disposal of these wastes can pollute the environment and pose a threat to human health. Many communities in the United States offer a variety of options for conveniently and safely managing HHW19.

A study was conducted with an objective to evaluates current epidemiologic literature on health effects in relation to residence near landfill sites. Increases in risk of adverse health effects (low birth weight, birth defects, certain types of cancers) have been

7 reported near individual landfill sites and in some multisite studies, and although biases and confounding factors cannot be excluded as explanations for these findings, they may indicate real risks associated with residence near certain landfill sites. A general weakness in the reviewed studies is the lack of direct exposure measurement. An increased prevalence of self-reported health symptoms such as fatigue, sleepiness, and headaches among residents near waste sites has consistently been reported in more than 10 of the reviewed papers. It is difficult to conclude whether these symptoms are an effect of direct toxicological action of chemicals present in waste sites, an effect of stress and fears related to the waste site, or an effect of reporting bias. Although a substantial number of studies have been conducted, risks to health from landfill sites are hard to quantify. Author concluded that there is insufficient exposure information and effects of low-level environmental exposure in the general population are by their nature difficult to establish. More interdisciplinary research can improve levels of knowledge on risks to human health of waste disposal in landfill sites20.

Based on the above fact and figures, investigator’s personal experience in day to day life many people are unaware of the proper domestic waste disposal and its harmful effects on the health and environment. Woman takes a key role in housekeeping and disposing domestic waste, community health nurse with other inter sectoral approach can provide knowledge to the women regarding emphasis on proper domestic waste disposal.

Hence the investigator personally felt that providing of adequate knowledge regarding domestic waste disposal is very essential among urban women

6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The related literature of the present study has been collected and organized under the following sections.

SECTION 1: Literature related to information about domestic waste disposal

A case study of SWM in the Nablus district – Palestine. Surveys for household residents and SWM program operators, field investigations, on-site waste measurements and characterizations were conducted. Per capita waste generation rates varied between different localities although trends were similar. Overall, the majority of waste was organic (65.1% by weight),Recyclable waste (plastic, paper and card) made up 16.7% by weight. The objective is waste composition suggesting an incentive to introduce source separation. Household attitudes complemented the waste characterization. the study, revealing the main problems faced. SWM operators quoted on the current status, highlighting problems with disposing in unsanitary landfills, ineffective solid waste fees system, increasing solid waste quantities and lacking equipment and experienced personnel. thus author concluded that to enhance sustainable SWM, public awareness, funding. expertise, equipment and facilities and other provisions currently lacking or inappropriate must be provided21.

A study was conducted on the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) in shanghai has been increasing. Despite the long time efforts aimed at MSW management (MSWM),the disposal of MSW achieves poor performance. Thus, a MSW minimisation plan for shanghai was proposed in December 2012. In this study, direct face-to face interviews and a structured questionnaire survey were used in four different shanghai community types. study conducted on econometric analysis of the social factors that influence the willingness to pay for MSW separation and discussed the household waste characteristics, daily waste generation and current treatment of kitchen wastes. The results suggested that respondents are environmentally aware of separation, but only practice minimal separation. The Negative neighbour effects, confused classification of MSW and mixed transportation and disposal are the dominant limitations of MSW source-separated collection. Most respondents are willing to pay for MSWM. Public support is influenced by household population, income and cost. Author concluded that attitudes and behaviours of citizens are important for reducing the amount of MSW disposal by 50% per capita by 2020 (relative to 2010).Concerted efforts should be taken to enlarge pilot areas. In addition, the source separation of kitchen wastes should be promoted22.

SECTION 2: Literature related to hazards of domestic waste disposal

9 A cross-sectional study was conducted with an objective to examined the association between housing quality and chronic illness among household members in the little investigated, underserved urban communities in Hay el Sellom, one of the largest informal settlements on the outskirts of Beirut, Lebanon over a period of 2008, Face-to- face interviews were conducted to obtain the required information on 3881 individual of all age groups in 788 households. Housing quality was measured using infrastructure and services, and housing conditions.ill health was measured by the reporting of chronic illnesses. study reveled that Fifty percent of studied households reported chronic illnesses. Approximately two-thirds of individuals lived in households with more than four problems relating to housing conditions. The results of the study showed a significant positive association between housing conditions and chronic illness.author concluded that the need for immediate action as they suggest that health in poor urban communities could be improved with better planning of housing need23.

A study was conducted wit an objective of bagging and collection of household solid waste and health implications for children. The research was conducted in nine human settlements on the outskirts of Salvador, Bahia State, Brazil.Intestinal nematod infection, predominantly involving Ascaris lumbricoides,Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms, was used as an epidemiological indicator in1,893 children from 5 to 1 years of age. The study also included diarrhoea incidence and nutritional status as shown by anthropometric indicators in 1,204 children less than 5 years of age. There was a higher prevalence on the three nematodes in children living in households without proper bagging/isolation and collection of household solid waste as compared to those in areas with regular garbage collection and adequate isolation of solid waste. The differences were statistically significant when other socioeconomic, cultural, demographic, and environmental risks factors were considered in the analysis. Similar results were also observed for epidemiological indicators, diarrhoea incidence, and nutritional status24.

The study was examined and reported household-level waste management and disposal practices in the Accra Metropolitan Area, Ghana.Because the solid waste infrastructure is inadequate, over 80 percent of the populations donate have home collection services. Only 13.5 percent of respondents are served with door-to-door collection of solid waste, while the rest dispose of their waste at communal collection points, in open spaces, and in waterways. Waste storage in the home is associated with the presence of houseflies in the kitchen (r = .17, p < .0001). The presence of houseflies in the kitchen during cooking is correlated with the incidence of childhood diarrhea (r = . 36, p< .0001). Inadequate solid waste facilities result in indiscriminate burning and burying of solid waste. There is an association between waste burning and the incidence of respiratory health symptoms among adults (r = .25, p < .0001) and children (r = .22, p < .05). Poor handling and disposal of waste are major causes of environmental pollution, which creates breeding grounds for pathogenic organisms, and the spread of infectious diseases. Improving access to solid waste collection facilities and services will help achieve sound environmental health in Accra25. SECTION 3: Literature related to women knowledge regarding domestic waste disposal

The study is carried out to identify the role of women with a view to integrating them into household solid waste management in order to achieve a healthy and clean living environment in Bauchi metropolis. Systematic random sampling technique was adopted for the selection of the samples and 4% of the study population was taken as the sample size. The major instruments used for data collection were questionnaire, interview and direct measurement of household solid waste at source and the data is presented in tables and charts. It is found that over 95% of sweeping, cooking and food preparation are exclusively reserved for women in the study area. The women dominate generation, storage and collection of household solid with 81%, 96% and 91% respectively within the study area and yet they not integrated in the management. study revealed that education, income and quantity of waste generation correlate positively and segregation can be 95% effectively carried out by women that have free time It is recommended that segregation of household solid waste at source in the high density area should be adopted and women should be the key actors in the segregation, and there should be a law to enforce the mandatory segregation of solid wastes at source for all the households in the walled-city. The result will not only improve the environmental quality but would also increase the income base of the family26.

11 A descriptive survey design was conducted on problems of household disposal in Punjab. By multi-stage stratified random sampling, one hundred and eight female respondents were selected. Both the primary and secondary data were collected. The primary data were collected with the help of structured and pre-tested interview schedule through personal interview method. The result showed that a few respondents (nearly 29%) considered the improper disposal of garbage as a cause of disease. The separation of waste before disposing was done only by 33.9%27. A study on awareness among urban inhabitants about waste management and its impact on environment was conducted. One hundred and fifty women of Punjab were randomly selected to identify their waste management practices. The data were collected through personal interview in which satisfaction from existing waste disposal facilities, perceived effect on health and environment were studied. The result revealed that in 26% families, children were throwing waste here and there, 18.6% households foul smelled from the waste and 14. 6% families did not clean bins regularly. Most respondents were aware of adverse effect of waste material on environment28. SECTION 4: Literature related to effectiveness of self instructional module.

A pre experimental study was conducted with an objective to find out the effectiveness of self instructional module in terms of gain in knowledge score in post test over a period of 2007. The knowledge level of the subjects was determined using a structured questionnaire and study revealed that the mean percentage of knowledge score in post test was high (84.39) when compared to pre test score (50%) . There was a significant difference between pre and post test knowledge score(t 29=21.99, p>0.05 tab value 2.045) and author concluded that there was a significant difference between the pre test and post test scores which shows that the self instructional module was effective (t 29=21.99, p>0.05)29. A Quasi experimental study was conducted with an objective to evaluate the effectiveness of self instructional module on prevention of musculoskeletal discomfort among sedentary works. Structured questionnaire was prepared to determine the knowledge of sedentary workers, study revealed that pre test knowledge score was 8.91+ 2.99 and in post test it was 18.35+ 2.61 which is 83.40% of total score, hence author concluded that self instructional module is effective for improving the knowledge among sedentary workers regarding prevention of musclo skeletal system30. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A study to assess the effectiveness of self instructional module on knowledge regarding domestic waste disposal among women at selected urban community,

Bangalore.

6.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To assess the knowledge regarding domestic waste disposal among women at selected urban community, Bangalore.

2. To assess the effectiveness of self instructional module by comparing pre and post test knowledge score.

3. To find out the association between the knowledge score with selected demographic variables of women.

6.4 HYPOTHESES

H1: There will be a significant difference between the pre and post test knowledge score of women regarding domestic waste disposal

H2: There will be a significant association between the knowledge score with selected demographic variables of women

6.5 ASSUMPTIONS

 Women may have less knowledge regarding domestic waste disposal

 Self instructional module may increase the knowledge of women regarding domestic waste disposal.

6.6 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

13  Assess: It is the statistical measurement of knowledge of women regarding domestic waste disposal.

 Effectiveness: It refers to the significant gain in knowledge score of the women regarding domestic waste disposal.

 Self instructional module: It is a self instructional material prepared in English and kannada regarding domestic waste disposal.

 Knowledge: It refers to the correct responses of respondents to knowledge items on domestic waste disposal as measured by structured interview schedule.

 Domestic waste: Any garbage that is generated from residences.

 Waste disposal: Proper disposition of a discarded or discharged material in accordance with local environment guidelines or laws.

 Women : It refers to urban female above 20 years.

7.0 MATERIAL AND METHOD

7.1 SOURCE OF DATA

Data will be collected from the women at selected urban community of

Bangalore.

7.2.1 RESEARCH APPROACH

In the present study an evaluative approach will be used to assess the effectiveness of self instructional module on domestic waste disposal.

7.2.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

One group pre and post test design will be used to conduct the study.

7.2.3 SETTING OF THE STUDY The study will be conducted in selected urban community, Bangalore.

7.2.4 RESEARCH VARIABLES

Independent variable: In the present study, self instructional module on domestic waste management is independent variable

Dependent variable: Knowledge level on domestic waste disposal among women is dependent variable.

7.2.5 POPULATION

The population will be the women resides in selected urban community , Bangalore

7.2.6 SAMPLE SIZE

The sample size of the present study will be 60 women resides in selected urban community of Bangalore

7.2.7 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Purposive sampling technique will be adopted to select the sample

7.2.8 SAMPLING CRITERIA

The following criteria were set for selecting the sample

INCLUSION CRITERIA

1. Women who are above 20 years

2. Women who are willing to participate

3. Women who are available at the time of study

4. Women who knows to read and write kannada and English

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

15 1. Women who are below 20 years

2. Women who are not willing to participate in the study

3. Women who are having previous knowledge regarding domestic waste disposal

7.2.9 DATA COLLECTION TOOL

The data will be collected by using structured questionnaire

It contains two parts.

PART-A: It includes demographic variables of women

PART-B: It includes knowledge items on domestic waste disposal

7.2.10 PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS

The data will be analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Descriptive statistics: It includes mean, frequency, percentage, range, standard deviation.

Inferential statistics: It includes paired t test and chi-square test to describe the effectiveness of self instructional module and association between the knowledge score with selected demographic variables of women

7.3 DOSE THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INTERVENTION TO BE

CONDUCTED IN A PATIENT OR OTHER HUMANS OR ANIMALS

7.4 HAS THE ETHICAL CLEARANCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM

YOUR INSTITUTION?

YES, Ethical clearance certificate has obtained and enclosed 8. LIST OF REFERENCE

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29. Mr. Simple Rajagopal Assistant Professor: Study To Determine The Effectiveness Of A Self Instructional Module On Biomedical Waste Management Among The Nursing Personnel In Selected Hospital Of Mangalore

30. Mr. Ramakant D. Gaikwad,, Effectiveness of Self Instructional Module on Knowledge regarding prevention of Musculoskeletal Discomfort among Sedentary Workers.

SIGNATURE OF THE STUDENT :

REMARKS OF THE GUIDE : The research topic selected for this

candidate is relevant. There is a need

for educating the women to improve

knowledge regarding domestic

waste disposal.

NAME AND DESIGNATION OF THE GUIDE : Ms.Shankarevva Nandaragi Associate professor Community health nursing GUIDE NAME AND ADDRESS : Ms.Shankarevva Nandaragi

Associate professor

Community Health Nursing

Pragathi College of Nursing

#33, byrathi (ext), near eben ezer

hospital, hennur bagalur main

road, kothanur post, Bangalore-77

SIGNATURE OF THE GUIDE :

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT : Ms.Shankarevva Nandaragi

Associate professor

Community Health Nursing

SIGNATURE OF HOD :

21 REMARKS OF THE PRINCIPAL : The research topic selected for the

candidate is suitable as there is a

need for improving knowledge of

women regarding domestic

SIGNATURE OF THE PRINCIPAL :