Industrial Revolution & Its Impact on European Society

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION & ITS IMPACT ON EUROPEAN SOCIETY

FOCUS QUESTIONS  What conditions & developments coalesced (came together) in Great Britain to bring about the first Industrial Revolution?  What were the basic features of the new industrial system created by the Industrial Revolution?  How did the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to the Continent of the U.S.?  How did industrialization in Great Britain & the U.S. different?  What effects did the Industrial Revolution have on urban life, social classes, family life & standards of living?  What were working conditions like in the early decades of the Industrial Revolution & what efforts were made to improve them?  What was the role of government in the industrial development of the Western World?

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN GREAT BRITAIN  Although the Industrial Revolution evolved over a long period of time, historians generally agree that it began in ______sometime after 1750  By 1850 the I.R. had made Great Britain the ______country in the world & had also spread to the ______continent & the New world  In another 50 years both ______& the U.S. would surpass Britain in ______production • Before the I.R. people relied almost solely on farming to make a living, life expectancy was very low (40), only 25% of Europeans lived in cities, many never left their village, all rural villagers were ______, wealthy land owners owned & controlled the land with rent (Feudal Lords), villagers made their own homes, clothes & tools & all daily activity revolved around ______

Origins  A number of factors or ______came together to produce the first Industrial Revolution  The “______Revolution” of the 18th century changed the methods of farming & stock breeding that led to a significant increase in food production allowing Britain to feed more people at lower prices & with less labor  Unlike most of Europe, ordinary families did not have to use most of their income to buy ______o This gave them the potential to purchase ______goods  At the same time there was a rapid growth of population in the second half of the 18th century that provided a pool of “______” (extra) labor for the new factories in British industry

Supply Of Capital  Britain had a ready supply of “______” for investment in the new industrial machines 7 factories that were needed to house them  Britain also had an effective central bank & well-developed, flexible credit facility where people were used to using paper instruments (paper $$$) to make capital ______

Early Industrial Entrepreneurs  Britain also had a fair number of individuals who were interested in making ______if the opportunity presented itself o These early industrial ______faced considerable financial hazards as fortunes were made quickly & lost just as quickly o The structure of early firms was fluid & an individual or family ______was the usual mode of operation, but entrepreneurs also brought in friends to help

Mineral Resources  Britain had ample supplies of important ______resources, such as coal & iron ore that were needed in the manufacturing process o Britain was also small & the relatively short distances made ______non-problematic  In addition to abundant rivers, from the mid 17th century onward, both private & public investment poured into the construction of new roads, bridges & canals that linked the major industrial centers of the North, the Midlands, ______& the ______

Role Of Government  Britain’s ______also played a significant role in the process of industrialization b/c Parliament contributed to the favorable business climate by providing a stable government & passing laws that protected private ______ Britain provided ______for private enterprise & placed fewer restrictions on private entrepreneurs

Markets  A supply of markets gave British ______a ready outlet for their manufactured goods o British ______quadrupled from 1660 to 1760 b/c of its 18th century wars & conquests, G.B. had developed a vast colonial empire at the expense of its leading Continental rivals, the Dutch Republic & ______ Britain also possessed a well developed merchant ______that was able to transport goods anywhere in the world & had the ability to produce cheaply the articles most in demand abroad in the Americas, Africa & the East, where people wanted sturdy, inexpensive clothes rather than costly, highly finished ______items  Britain had the highest standard of ______in Europe & a rapidly growing population & this demand from both domestic & foreign markets & the inability of the old system to fulfill it led entrepreneurs to seek & adopt the new methods of manufacturing that a series of ______provided  These individuals ______the Industrial Revolution

Technological Changes & New forms Of Industrial Organization (5)  In the 1770s & 1780s the “cotton textile industry” took the first major step toward the I.R. with the creation of the modern ______ Already in the 18th century, G.B. had surged ahead in the production of cheap cotton goods using the traditional methods of the “______industry” (in home production)  The development of the flying shuttle had sped the process of weaving on a loom & enabled weavers to double their output but it caused shortages of ______o James ______’ spinning jenny in 1768, enabled spinners to produce yarn in greater quantities o Richard Arkwright’s water frame spinning machine, powered by water or horse & Samuel ______so-called mule, which combined aspects of the water frame & the spinning jenny increased yarn production even more o Edmund Cartwright’s power ______in 1787 allowed the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of yarn  These inventions presented new opportunities to entrepreneurs & it was much more ______to bring workers to the machines & organize their labor collectively in factories located next to rivers & streams than to leave the workers dispersed in their ______o Increased ______in the new factories also brought the laborers & their families to live in the new towns that rapidly grew up around the factories but the expansion of the cotton industry & the ongoing demand for even more cotton goods created additional pressure for new & more complicated ______ The invention that pushed the cotton industry to greater heights of productivity was the “______”  The steam engine ______the production of cotton goods & allowed the factory system to spread to other areas of production creating new industries (triumph of the I.R.) o In the 1760s Scottish engineer, ______(1736-1819) created an engine powered by steam that could pump water from mines 3 times as quickly as previous engines then in 1782 he developed a ______engine that could turn a shaft & thus drive machinery allowing team power to be applied to spinning & weaving ______ Because steam engines were fired by ______, they did not need to be located near ______; entrepreneurs now had greater flexibility in their choice of location o In 1760 Britain had imported 2.5 million pounds of raw ______o In 1787 the British imported ______million pounds of cotton o By 1840 Britain imported ______million pounds of cotton (most important product in value)  By this time most cotton industry employees worked in factories making cotton goods that were sold everywhere in the ______(tough, comfortable, cheap & easily washable)  The steam engine was a tireless source of power but depended for fuel on a substance---______--- that seemed unlimited in ______ The success of the steam engine led to a need for more coal & an expansion in coal production & new processes using coal furthered the development of the “______”  Britain had large resources of iron ore & in the early 18th century new methods of ______iron ore to produce cast iron were devised  ______iron developed in the 1780s by “______”----- ______(converting pig iron/smelted iron ore into wrought iron/cast iron by subjecting it to heat & frequent stirring in a furnace in the presence of oxidizing substances) o In 1740 Britain produced ______tons of iron o By the 1780s almost ______tons o By the 1840s over ______million tons o By 1852, almost ______million tons, more than the rest of the world combined  The development of the iron industry was in many ways a response to the demand for the new machines & the growing supply of less costly metal encouraged the use of ______in other industries, most noticeably in new means of “______”  The 18th century had witnessed an expansion of transportation facilities in Britain as entrepreneurs realized the need for more efficient means of moving ______& ______ To many economic historians, “______” were the ‘‘most important single factor in promoting European economic progress in the 1830s & 1840s” o The railways reduced friction, enabling horses to haul more substantial loads & by 1700, some entrepreneurs began to replace wooden rails with ______rails  In 1804 “Richard Trevithick” pioneered the first steam-powered ______on an industrial rail line in southern Wales that pulled 10 tons of ore & 70 people at ______miles per hour  “George ______” Rocket was used on the first public railway line, which opened in 1830, extending 32 miles from Liverpool to ______(16 miles per hour) o Within 20 years locomotives had reached ______miles per hour  During the same period, new companies were formed to build additional railroads as the infant industry proved successful not only technically but also ______o In 1840 Britain had almost ______miles of railroads o By 1850, ______miles of railroad track crisscrossed much of the country  The railroad’s demands for coal & iron furthered the growth of those industries & the huge capital demands necessary for railway construction encouraged a whole new group of middleclass ______to invest their money in ______companies o Railway construction created new job opportunities & a cheaper & faster means of ______o By reducing the price of goods, larger ______were created that increased sales which demanded more factories & more ______ The great productivity of the I.R. enabled entrepreneurs to reinvest their profits in new ______equipment, further expanding the productive capacity of the economy o Continuous, rapid, self-sustaining economic growth came to be seen as a fundamental characteristic of the new industrial ______o The ______was the perfect symbol of this aspect of the I.R.  The ability to transport goods & people at dramatic ______also provided visible confirmation of a new sense of power over ______ Initially due to the cotton industry the “industrial factory” became the chief means of ______labor for the new machines o ______hired workers who no longer owned the means of production but were simply paid wages to run the machines & were forced to work regular hours & in shifts to keep the machines producing at a steady pace for maximum output (boring & unvarying work = no ______) o Adult workers were fined for a wide variety of minor ______such as being a few minutes late for work & dismissed for more serious misdoings (drunkenness)---it set a bad example for younger workers & also had potential for ______o Dismissals & fines worked well for adult employees but children were less likely to understand the implications of dismissal so they were sometimes disciplined more directly---by ______ As the 19th century progressed the second & third ______of workers came to view a regular working week as a natural way of life & that attitude that made possible Britain’s incredible economic growth in that ______

Manchester Factories  The I.R. affected every part of life in ______& eventually led to a better quality of life for most people  Changes to machine production initially caused human ______but rapid industrialization brought plentiful jobs, but it also caused ______working conditions, air & water pollution & child labor  This led to the rising class tension between the ______class & the ______class o Industrialization allowed for higher wages in the factories than on farms, people wore better clothing & cities ______due to increase of job seekers  Living Conditions (______) declined & b/c cities grew so rapidly there were no development plans, sanitary codes or building codes o The cities lacked ______housing, education, police protection, streets were unpaved & had no drainage or garbage collection, entire families lived in one bedroom apartments, epidemics spread easily & the average lifespan was ______years old for the working class compared to ______years old for the rural areas (1842)  Working Conditions were horrible as workers worked 14 hour days, 6 days a week (never changed like farming & seasons), factories were dimly lit & barely clean & machines often injured the mostly ______workers o The “______class” was made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, & wealthy farmers o The “______middle class” included government employees, doctors, lawyers & managers of factories o The “______middle class” included factory overseers, toolmakers, mechanical drafters & printers o The “______class” included laborers who saw little improvement in their working & living conditions who became frustrated & began smashing machines that they believed were putting them out of work

Britain’s Great Exhibition Of 1851  In 1851, 6 million people visited the first British world’s industrial fair at Kensington in ______containing 100,000 exhibits that showed the wide variety of ______created by the I.R.  The Great Exhibition displayed Britain’s ______to the world & was a gigantic symbol of British success  “Prince ______”, Queen Victoria’s husband, expressed the sentiments of the age when he described the exhibition as: o A sign that ‘‘man is approaching a more complete fulfillment of that great and sacred mission which he has to perform in this world . . . to conquer nature to his use’’ o He also linked ______success to divine will: ‘‘In promoting [the progress of the human race], we are accomplishing the will of the great & blessed ______ By the year of the “Great Exhibition”, G.B. had become the world’s first industrial nation & its ______o It produced one-half of the world’s coal & manufactured goods; its cotton industry alone in 1851 was equal in size to the industries of all other ______countries combined

THE SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION  Beginning first in Great Britain, industrialization spread to the ______countries of Europe & the ______at different times & speeds during the 19th century  First to be industrialized on the Continent were ______, France & the ______states & the first in North America was the new U.S. o Not until after ______did the I.R. spread to the rest of Europe & other parts of the world

Limitations To Industrialism (3)  In 1815, the Low Countries, France & the German states were still largely ______(agriculture) due to the lack of good roads & ______with river transit that made transportation difficult o “______” on important rivers & customs barriers along state boundaries increased the costs & prices of goods o “______” (associations) restrictions were also more prevalent, creating obstructions that pioneered industrialists in Britain did not have to face o “Continental ______” were generally less enterprising than their British counterparts & tended to adhere to traditional business attitudes, such as a dislike of competition, a high regard for family security, an unwillingness to take risks in investment & an excessive worship of ______ The “______” associated with the wars of the French revolutionary & Napoleonic eras also disrupted regular communication b/t Britain & the Continent which made it difficult for Continental countries to keep up with the new British ______o The ______wreaked havoc with trade, caused much physical destruction & loss of manpower, weakened currencies & led to ______& social ______ By 1815 after Napoleon had finally been defeated & normal ______b/t Britain & the Continent had been restored the British industrial equipment had grown larger & become more ______o As a result, ______family enterprises were either unable or unwilling to raise the amount of capital necessary to modernize by investing in the latest equipment so most entrepreneurs in France, Belgium & Germany initially chose to invest in used ______& less productive mills

(1) Borrowing Techniques & Practices  Lack of technical knowledge was initially a major obstacle to industrialization but the Continental countries possessed an advantage here---they could simply borrow British ______& ______ The British tried to prevent that & up until 1825, British artisans were prohibited from leaving the country o Until 1842 the ______of important machinery & machine parts was ______but were not able to control this situation by legislation (sold illegally) o “John ______” established a highly profitable industrial plant at Seraing near Lie`ge in southern Belgium in 1817 & thought nothing of ______the innovations of other British industrialists to further his own factories  Gradually the Continent achieved technological ______as local people learned all the skills their British teachers had to offer o By the 1840s, a new generation of ______mechanics from Belgium & France was spreading their ______east & south o Continental countries, especially France & the German states began to establish a wide range of technical ______to train engineers & ______

(2) Role Of Government  Governments in most of the Continental countries were accustomed to playing a significant role in economic affairs & furthering the ______of industrialization was a logical extension of that attitude o Governments provided for the costs of technical ______, awarded grants to inventors & foreign entrepreneurs, ______foreign industrial equipment from import duties & in some places even financed factories  Governments actively bore much of the cost of ______roads & canals, deepening & widening river channels & constructing ______ Governments on the Continent also used “______” (taxes) to further industrialization & to protect their fledgling industries o German writer “______” (1789--1846) advocated a rapid & large-scale program of industrialization as the surest path to develop a nation’s strength & to assure that path to industrialization he felt that a nation must use protective ______ If countries followed the British policy of free trade then cheaper British goods would inundate ______markets & ______infant industries before they had a chance to grow (can’t compete w/o tariffs)

(3) Join-stock Investment Banks  A third significant difference b/t British & Continental industrialization was the role of the ______investment bank on the Continent o JsI banks mobilized the savings of thousands of small & large ______, creating a supply of capital that could then be plowed back into ______ By accepting ______from many depositors, they developed large capital ______that they invested on a large scale in railroads, mining & heavy industry o Shareholders in these joint-stock corporations had ______liability; they could be held responsible only for the amount of their ______

Centers Of Continental Industrialization  The I.R. on the Continent occurred in ______major centers between 1815 & 1850---Belgium, France & the German states o Britain, ______played an important role, although it was not as significant as heavy industry o ______was the Continental leader in the manufacture of cotton goods but still lagged far behind Great Britain o With its cheap coal & scarce water, ______gravitated toward the use of the steam engine as the major source of power & invested in the new ______ In Britain the Industrial Revolution had been built on the cotton industry; on the Continent, the iron & coal of ______industry led the way  Before 1850 Germany lagged significantly behind both Belgium & France in heavy industry & most German iron ______was still based on old ______

The Industrial Revolution In The U.S.  In 1800 the U.S. was an ______society with no cities over 100,000 & 6 out of every 7 American workers being ______but by 1860, the population had grown from 5 million to 30 million people (larger than Great Britain’s) o Almost half of them lived west of the ______Mountains, the number of states had more than doubled (from 16 to 34), there were 9 American cities that had over 100,000 in population & only 50% of American workers were ______o Between 1800 & the eve of the Civil War, the U.S. had experienced its own I.R. & the ______that accompanied it o During the War of 1812, the British set up a ______that kept the U.S. from trading with other countries which caused the U.S. to develop independent ______ The initial application of machinery to production was accomplished, as in Continental Europe, by ______from Great Britain o A British immigrant, “______” established the first textile factory using water powered spinning machines in Rhode Island in 1790 (from ______) o ______n 1790 opened the first U.S. factory that manufactured thread & ______Lowell from Boston ______every stage in the manufacture of cloth  By 1813, factories with power looms copied from British versions were being established & Americans began to equal or surpass British technical ______o The ‘______” arsenal built muskets with “______” parts o Because all the individual parts of the ______were identical the final product could be put together ______& ______o The so called American system reduced costs & revolutionized production by saving ______(few skilled artisans)  Unlike Britain, the U.S. was a large country & the lack of a good system of “internal ______” seemed to limit American economic development by making the transport of goods ______ Thousands of miles of roads & canals were built linking east & west, the steamboat facilitated transportation on the Great Lakes, Atlantic coastal waters & rivers but most importantly the “______” turned the U.S. into a single massive market for the ______goods of the Northeast which was the early center of American ______o ______saw 100 miles of railroad track o ______more than 27,000 miles of railroad track  “______” for the growing number of factories came primarily from rural areas but the expanding farm population in the N.E. soon outstripped the available ______forcing men to move west while others (mostly women) found work in the new textile & shoe factories of the ______states o ______made up more than ______of the laboring force in the large textile factories o In Massachusetts mill towns, company boarding houses provided rooms for large numbers of young women who worked for several years before ______o ______Massachusetts, factory owners sought entire families, including ______to work in their mills  When a decline in rural births threatened to dry up this labor pool in the 1830s & 1840s poor & unskilled European ______appeared in large numbers to replace American women & children in the factories o Women, ______& these immigrants had one thing in common as employees: they were largely unskilled laborers that pushed American industrialization into a capital-intensive pattern o Factory owners ______heavily in machines that could produce in quantity at the hands of ______workers & by 1860 the U.S. was well on its way to being an industrial nation  The was a “______boom” after the ______ended in 1865 due to a wealth of natural resources (oil, coal, & iron), a burst of inventions like the electric light bulb & ______& a swelling urban population that consumed the new manufactured goods  The rise of “______” & the “______” sold stock to people to become partial owners of the businesses  “______” was founded in Ohio by in 1870 by John D. ______& dominated the U.S. producing, transporting, refining, & marketing ______& remained the largest oil refiner in the world until it was broken up by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1911 o Standard Oil made Rockefeller the richest man in modern history but became widely criticized in the public eye due to business strategies, tactics & practices that were lawful (______) o In 1911 the “______Antitrust Act” dissolved standard Oil & split into 34 companies in which 2 eventually becoming ______& ______ “______Steel Company” (steel mill) was founded by Andrew Carnegie in ______in the late 19th century & would be sold to the U.S. Steel Company in 1901 o These big corporations made big ______by reducing the ______of producing goods o ______earned low wages for laboring long hours, while the ______earned high profits & corporate leaders made fortunes

THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION  Eventually, the I.R. radically altered the ______life of Europe & the ______ Although much of Europe remained bound by its ______ways, in the first half of the 19th century the social impact of the Industrial Revolution was being felt o Vast changes in the number of ______& where they lived were already dramatically evident

Population Growth  Accurate record keeping (______) in the 19th century allowed governments to collect precise ______on births, deaths & marriages  The key to the ______of population was the decline in death rates evident throughout Europe b/c of 2 major causes o There was a drop in the number of deaths from ______, epidemics & ______o Major ______diseases, such as plague & smallpox, declined noticeably, although small- scale epidemics broke out now & then  More food enabled a greater number of people to be better fed & therefore more ______to disease  ______in Ireland produced the century’s greatest catastrophe “The Great ______” o The predominantly ______peasant population rented land from mostly absentee British ______landlords whose primary concern was collecting their rents o The Irish ______lived in mud hovels in desperate poverty & cultivated the ______, a nutritious & relatively easy food to grow that produced 3 times as much food per acre as grain & provided the Irish peasants a basic staple that enabled them to survive & even expand in numbers o B/t the summer of 1845-1851 the potato crop in Ireland was struck by blight due to a fungus that turned the potatoes black resulting in more than 1 million dying of ______& disease & almost 2 million “______” (exiting) to the U.S. & Britain  Bad ______in Europe in 1846--1847 produced massive numbers of ______& in addition to the estimated 1.6 million from Ireland another 935,000 people left Germany between 1847 & 1854

The Growth Of Cities  Cities had traditionally been centers for princely courts, government & military offices, churches & commerce but by 1850, especially in Great Britain & Belgium cities were rapidly becoming places for ______& ______o In 1800 Great Britain had one major city, ______with a population of 1 million & 6 cities between 50,000 & 100,000 o 50 years later, London’s population had swelled to 2,363,000 & there were ______cities over 100,000 & 18 cities with populations b/t 50,000 & 100,000-----28 cities = ______ Britain was forced to become a food ______rather than an exporter as the number of people involved in agriculture ______to 20% of the population  The dramatic growth of cities in the first half of the 19th century produced ______“urban living conditions” for many of the ______in the Early Industrial Revolution o ______conditions in towns were appalling & with the lack of municipal direction, city streets were often used as sewers & open drains o Unable to deal with human excrement, cities in the new industrial era ______horrible & were extraordinarily ______o The ______of coal blackened towns & cities with soot like a death trap (deaths outnumbered births in most large cities) o ______were ______in a variety of ways: alum was added to make bread look white & more expensive; beer & milk were watered down & red lead, despite its poisonous qualities was substituted for pepper  In Britain the “______” produced detailed reports on the effects of urban life on the poor & investigators observed that young working-class men were considerably ______& scrawnier than the sons of middle-class families & much more subject to disease  To “______” this situation presented a clear danger to society b/c these masses of workers, sunk in crime, disease, prostitution & immorality were a potential threat to their own ______ “James ______” a British reformer of the 1830s & 1840s described them as ‘‘volcanic elements, by whose explosive violence the structure of society may be destroyed”  “Edwin ______” (1800--1890) became obsessed with eliminating the poverty & squalor of the metropolitan areas by becoming a civil servant who was soon appointed to a number of ______investigatory commissions o As ______of the Poor Law Commission, he initiated a passionate search for detailed facts about the living conditions of the working ______o After three years of investigation, Chadwick summarized the results in his ______& concluded that ‘‘the various forms of epidemic, endemic & other disease’’ were directly caused by the ‘‘atmospheric impurities produced by decomposing animal & vegetable substances, by damp & filth & close overcrowded dwellings amongst the population in every part of the kingdom’’ o Such conditions, he argued, could be ______by drainage, the removal of all refuse of habitations, streets & roads & the improvement of the supplies of water’’ (sewers & piped in water)  Britain’s first Public Health Act created the “______Board of Health” & formed local boards that would establish modern ______systems  ______of “______” (bacteria infection of the intestine spread by food & H20 contained feces) had ravaged Europe in the early 1830s & late 1840s & were especially rampant in the overcrowded cities

New Social Classes: Industrial Middle Class  The rise of industrial capitalism produced a new “______” group of people who were involved in commerce, industry & banking as well as professionals, such as lawyers, teachers, physicians & government officials at various levels while at the lower end of the economic scale were master ______& ______ The “New Industrial ______” were the people who ______the factories, purchased the machines, & figured out where the markets were---their qualities included resourcefulness, single- mindedness, resolution, initiative, vision, ambition & ______ The opportunities for making ______were great, but the risks were also tremendous as the ear of ______was constant, especially among small firms

New Social Classes: Workers In the Industrial Age  At the same time that the members of the industrial middle class were seeking to reduce the barriers b/t ______& the landed elite, they also were trying to ______themselves from the laboring classes below them  The working class was actually a ______of groups in the first half of the 19th century & in the cities, artisans or craftspeople remained the largest group of urban workers during the first half of the 19th century o They worked in numerous small industries, such as shoemaking, ______, bookbinding, printing & ______o ______also formed another large group of urban workers, especially in major ______like London & Paris  Working Conditions for the Industrial Working Class Workers in the new industrial factories also faced ______working conditions as work hours ranged from ______to ______hours a day, six days a week, with a half hour for lunch & for dinner  There was no security of employment & no ______wage but the worst conditions were in the cotton mills, where ______were especially debilitating  ______in the coal mines were also harsh & the introduction of steam power meant only that steam powered engines ______lifted coal to the top o ______the mines, men still bore the burden of digging the coal out while horses, mules, women & children hauled coal carts on rails to the lift o ______included cave-ins, explosions, gas fumes (called ‘‘bad air’’), cramped conditions b/c tunnels often did not exceed 3 or 4 feet in height---& constant ______in the mines resulted in deformed bodies & ruined ______ Both children & women were employed in large numbers in early factories & mines but child labor was exploited more than ever & in a considerably more ______fashion  ______had a delicate touch as spinners of cotton, their smaller size made it easier for them to crawl under ______to gather loose cotton & they were paid cheaply (1/6 of a man & 29% of the work force) o Children as young as ______worked 12 to 15 ______per day & six days a week o Some children (apprentice paupers---orphans) worked longer hours under strict discipline & received inadequate food & recreation; many became deformed from being kept too long in contorted positions  As the number of children employed declined under the “______” their places were taken by women, who came to dominate the labor forces of the early factories  Women made up ______of the labor force in textile (cotton & woolen) factories before 1870 & were mostly ______labor who was paid half or less of what men received  The “______of 1834” established workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live o The intent of this policy was based on the ______that the poor were responsible for their own pitiful conditions & was ‘‘to make the workhouses as close to a prison as possible . . . to establish a ______of work & repulsive as to make them a terror to the poor’’ o More than 200,000 poor people were locked up in ______, family members were separated, forced to live in dormitories, given work assignments & fed dreadful ______

Standards Of Living  One of the most heated debates on the I.R. were concerns the standard of ______ Most historians assume that in the long run the I.R. ______living standards dramatically in the form of higher per capita incomes & greater consumer ______ What certainly did occur in the first half of the 19th century was a widening gap b/t rich & poor  The real gainers in the early I.R. were members of the ______class---& some skilled workers whose jobs were not eliminated by the new ______

Efforts At Change: The Workers  Before long, workers looked to the formation of labor ______to gain decent wages & working ______ These new associations were formed by skilled workers in a number of new industries & served 2 purposes o One was to preserve their own workers’ ______by limiting entry into their trade o The other was to gain ______from the employers  During the “______Movement” some trade unions were even willing to strike to attain their goals  In the 1820s & 1830s the union movement began to focus on the creation of ______unions o One of the leaders in this effort was a well-known cotton magnate & social reformer “______” (1771--1858) believed in the creation of ______associations that would demonstrate to others the benefits of ______rather than competitive living  Trade unionism was not the only type of ______action by workers in the early decades of the I.R.  The “______” named after Ned Ludd was a group of rebels who traveled around Northern England ______machinery & factories  “______” was a much more meaningful expression of the attempts of British workers to improve their condition as its aim was to achieve political ______o Chartism took its name from the ______Charter, a document drawn up in 1838, by the London Working Men’s Association that demanded universal male suffrage, payment for members of Parliament, the elimination of property ______for members of Parliament & annual sessions of ______o Chartism attempted to encourage ______through peaceful, constitutional means, although there was an underlying threat of force, as is evident in the Chartist slogan, ‘‘Peacefully if we can, forcibly if we must’’ o Its true significance stemmed from its ability to ______& ______millions of working-class men & women, to give them a sense of working-class consciousness that they had not really possessed before  This political education of working people was important to the ultimate acceptance of all the points of the People’s Charter in the ______

Efforts At Change: Reformers & Government  Efforts to improve the worst conditions of the industrial factory system also came from ______the ranks of the working classes  ______individuals, be they factory owners who felt twinges of conscience or social reformers in Parliament, ______against the evils of the industrial factory, especially condemning the abuse of children  Their first success was a series of ______passed between 1802 & 1819 that limited labor for children b/t the ages of 9 & 16 to 12 hours a day; the employment of children under nine years old was ______o The laws also stipulated that children were to receive instruction in ______& arithmetic during ______hours o The “______of 1833” strengthened earlier labor legislation as now children b/t 9 & 13 could work only 8 hours a day; those between 13 & 18, 12hours  Factory ______were appointed with the power to fine those who broke the ______ In 1847 the “______” reduced the workday for children b/t 13 & 18 to 10 hours & women were also now included in the 10 hour limitation  In 1842 the “______” eliminated the employment of boys under 10 & women in mines

Positive Effects Of The Industrial Revolution  The I.R. ______jobs for workers, contributed to the ______of the nation, fostered ______progress & invention, greatly increased the production of goods, raised the ______of living, provided the hope of improvement in people’s lives, produced ______diets, better housing, cheaper mass-produced clothing & expanded ______opportunities (demand for engineers & professional workers)

Global Effects Of The Industrial Revolution  I.R. shifted the world balance of ______, increased ______b/t industrialized nations & poverty in less-developed nations, widened the wealth gap b/t industrialized & non-industrialized countries  “______” (extending one countries rule over many other lands) was born out of industrialization o The Age of Imperialism was a time period beginning around 1850 when modern, relatively developed nations were taking over less developed areas, ______them or ______them in order to expand their own power o Age of Imperialism generally refers to the ______of nations such as the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Japan & the U.S. in the mid 19th through the middle 20th centuries  "The ______" in Persian lands, the "Scramble for ______," & the "Open Door Policy" in ______ The development of the ______gave them a greater opportunity for ______& democratic participation o Greater democratic participation in turn fueled a powerful movement of ______reform