Native American Education

Documentaries:

Native American Education Historical:

The Thick Dark Fog (2011) http://thickdarkfog.com/#trailer

Synopsis: Walter Littlemoon attended a federal Indian boarding school in South Dakota sixty years ago. The mission of many of these schools in 1950, was still to “kill the Indian and save the man.” The children were not allowed to be Indians – to speak their language or express their culture or native identity in any way at the risk of being severely beaten, humiliated or abused. What effects did these actions cause? Many Native people, like Walter, lived with this unresolved trauma into adulthood, acting it out through alcoholism and domestic violence. At age 58, Walter decided to write and publish his memoirs as a way to explain his past abusive behaviors to his estranged children. But dealing with the memories of his boarding school days nearly put an end to the project. “The Thick Dark Fog” tells the story of how Walter confronted the “thick dark fog” of his past so that he could heal himself and his community. Contemporary: A Long Road Back to the ‘Rez’ (2013) http://www.edweek.org/ew/projects/2013/native-american-education/a-long-road-back- to-rez-video.html

A starkly beautiful place, the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation is home to the Oglala Lakota Nation where education for most remains a yet-to-be fulfilled promise for moving families out of profound poverty.

Up Heartbreak Hill (2012) http://www.pbs.org/pov/upheartbreakhill/

Synopsis: Thomas and Tamara are track stars at their rural New Mexico high school. Like many teenagers, they are torn between the lure of brighter futures elsewhere and the ties that bind them to home. For these teens, however, home is an impoverished town on the Navajo reservation, and leaving means separating from family, tradition and the land that has been theirs for generations.

Gender/Leadership Young Lakota (2013) http://younglakota.com/ South Dakota’s Pine Ridge Reservation is no stranger to strife and heartbreak, stark realities and inspired idealism. In Young Lakota, we are brought directly into the emotional and often uncertain journey of Sunny Clifford, her twin sister Serena, and their politically ambitious friend Brandon Ferguson, who all share the desire to make a difference for themselves and their community. Their political awakening begins when Cecelia Fire Thunder, the first female president of the Oglala Lakota, as she counters a South Dakota law that makes abortion a crime, with no exceptions for rape or incest. Fire Thunder takes a stand by proposing a women's health clinic providing abortions on the reservation but open to all local women. While Serena is unwed and with a toddler, and Brandon is raising two little boys, Sunny is just back on the reservation after two years in college. All three find themselves immersed in this political battle as they struggle between opportunity and principle. Fire Thunder's bold proposal is seen by some as grandstanding, and the tribe becomes divided over both the abortion issue and Fire Thunder herself. Ultimately, Fire Thunder is impeached by her political enemies inside the tribal government (perhaps with the help of the South Dakota political right), an act that sets off a chain reaction in the lives of Sunny, Serena, and Brandon. Young Lakota shows the diverging paths they begin to take, and the complex interplay of personal choice, cultural, economic, and political circumstance that defines who they are and what kind of adults they will become. A Thousand Voices (2014) http://silverbulletproductions.com/documentary-films/a-thousand-voices/ Synopsis: This is the story of Native American women in New Mexico, from the creation stories of the beginning of time, through the invasions from Spain, Mexico, and United States. The power remains and the story continues. “At the center of all is Woman, and nothing is sacred without her blessing, her thinking.” —Paula Gunn Allen, The Sacred Hoop From the proverb, “It takes a thousand voices to tell a single story,” this is a documentary that builds from thousands of voices to present one universal story of New Mexico’s Native American women. Native American women have been purveyors of culture since creation. In spite of Western invasions, Native American women remain strong and grounded in traditional values by enduring courage and wisdom. The voices and advisers are from the Navajo Nation, Mescalero Apache Tribe, Jicarilla Apache Tribe, Kiowa Tribe, Pueblo de Cochiti, Ohkay Owingeh, and Pueblos of Acoma, Laguna, Jemez, Santo Domingo, Pojoaque, Santa Clara, Taos, Nambe and San Ildefonso. Two Spirit/Gender and Sexuality Two Spirits (2010) http://twospirits.org/

Synopsis: Fred Martinez was nádleehí, a male-bodied person with a feminine nature, a special gift according to his ancient Navajo culture. But the place where two discriminations meet is a dangerous place to live, and Fred became one of the youngest hate-crime victims in modern history when he was brutally murdered at sixteen. Between tradition and controversy, sex and spirit, and freedom and fear, lives the truth—the bravest choice you can make is to be yourself.

Veterans Defending the Fire (2017) http://silverbulletproductions.com/documentary-films/modern-warrior/

Synoposis: Since the beginning of time, Native American Warriors have navigated a unique cultural and spiritual path, relying on the tenets of the Warrior in ancient and modern warfare. The lessons of the Warrior are universal; the spirit of the Warrior survives, even in the face of conflict. With a focus on the spiritual and historic journey of Native American Warriors, Silver Bullet Productions will present the story of the Warrior, the importance of cultures in modern quests, and the lessons of War through the lens of these cultures. The characters will be elders and historians from New Mexican tribes and Native veterans of World War II, and the Korean, Vietnam and Afghanistan/Iraq conflicts. Grounded in research and guided by voices of men and women in our armed forces, the documentary will reveal the distinct motive, preparation, conflict, and healing of tribal soldiers.

Website Articles:

Special Editions

EdWeek:

Education in Indian Country: Running in Place – December 4, 2013 http://www.edweek.org/ew/projects/2013/native-american-education/running-in- place.html#jump

A Long Road Back to the ‘Rez’ http://www.edweek.org/ew/projects/2013/native-american-education/a-long-road-back- to-rez-video.html

Chronicle of Higher Education:

From the Reservation – July 18, 2016 http://www.chronicle.com/specialreport/From-the-Reservation-to/48

Books:

Adams, D.W. (1995). Education for extinction: American Indians and the boarding school experience, 1987-1928. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.

Anderson, K. (2000). A recognition of being: Reconstructing native womanhood. Toronto: Second Story Press.

Brayboy, B. M. J., Fann, A. J., Castagno, A. E., & Solyom, J. A. (2012). Postsecondary education for American Indian and Alaska Natives: Higher education for Nation building and self-determination. Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass.

Child, B. J., (2000). Boarding school seasons: American Indian families 1990 – 1940. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Deloria, V. (1969). Custer died for your sins: An Indian manifesto. New York, N.Y.: Macmillan Company.

Grande, S. (2004). Red pedagogy: Native American social and political thought. Rowman & Littlefield.

Lomawaima, K. T., & McCarty, T. L. (2006). "To remain an Indian": Lessons in democracy from a century of Native American education. New York: Teachers College Press.

Reyhner, J. A., & Eder, J. M. O. (2004). American Indian education: A history. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.

Szasz, M. C. (1999). Education and the American Indian: The road to self-determination since 1928 (3rd ed.). Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico. Trafzer, C. E., Keller, J. A., & Sisquoc, L. (2006). Boarding school blues: Revisiting American Indian educational experiences. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press

Book Chapters: Faircloth, S., & Tippeconnic III, J. W. (2010). Tribally controlled colleges and universities: Global influence and local design. In K. Schafft & A. Y. Jackson (Eds.) Rural education for the twenty-first century: Identity, place, and community in a globalizing world. (pp. 175 - 190). University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.

Horse, P. (2005). Native American identity. In M. J. T. Fox, S. C. Lowe, & G. S. McClellan (Eds.), New Direction for Student Services: Serving Native American students. (pp. 61- 68). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Horse, P. (2012). Twenty first century Native American consciousness: A thematic model of Indian identity. In C. L. Wijeyesinghe, B. W. Jackson III. (Eds.), New Perspectives on Racial Identity Development: Integrating Emerging Frameworks. (pp. 108-120). New York: New York University Press. Szasz, M. C. (2006). Through a wide-angle lens: Acquiring and maintaining power, position, and knowledge through boarding schools. In Trafzer, C. E., Keller, J. A., & Sisquoc, L. (Eds.), Boarding school blues: Revisting American Indian educational experiences (pp. 187-201). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Academic Journal Articles:

Bigfoot, D. S., & Schmidt, S. R. (2010). Honoring children, mending the circle: Cultural adaptation of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for American Indian and Alaska Native children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(8), 847-856.

Brave Heart, M. Y. H. & DeBruyn, L. M. (1998). The American Indian holocaust: Healing historical unresolved grief. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 8(2), 56.

Brayboy, B. M. J., (2004). Hiding in the ivy: American Indian students and visibility in elite educational settings. Harvard Educational Review, 74(2), 125 – 152. Brayboy, B. M. J., (2005a). Transformational resistance and social justice: American Indians in Ivy League universities. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 36, 193 – 211. Brayboy, B. M. J., (2005b). Toward a tribal critical race theory in education. The Urban Review, 37(5), 425 – 446.

Castagno, A. E., & Brayboy, B M. J. (2008). Culturally responsive schooling for indigenous youth: A review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 78(4), 941-993. Gloria, A., & Robinson-Kurpius, S. (2001). Influences of self-benefits, social support and comfort in the university environment on the academic nonpersistence decisions of American Indian undergraduates. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7(1), 88-102.

Guillory, R. M., & Wolverton, M. (2008). It’s about family: Native American student persistence in higher education. The Journal of Higher Education, 79(1), 58 – 87. Guillory, R. M. (2009). American Indian/Alaska native college student retention strategies. Journal of Developmental Education, 33(2), 12-38. HeavyRunner, I., & DeCelles, R. (2002). Family education model: Meeting the student retention challenge. Journal of American Indian Education, 41(2), 29-37. Jackson, A.P., Smith, S. A., Hill. C.L., (2003). Academic persistence among Native American college students. Journal of College Student Development, 44, 548 – 565. Larimore, J. & McClellan, G. (2005). Native American student retention in U.S. postsecondary education. In M. J. T. Fox, S. C. Lowe, & G. S. McClellan (Eds.), New Direction for Student Services: Serving Native American students. (pp. 17-32). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Shotton, H. J., Oosahwe, E. S. L., & Cintrón, R. (2007). Stories of success: Experiences of American Indian students in a peer-mentoring retention program. Review of Higher Education, 31(1), 81-108.

Tippeconnic Fox, M. J., McClellan, G. S., & Lowe S. C. (Eds.), New directions for student services: Serving American Indian students (pp. 7-32). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Conferences and Professional Development National Institute for Native Leadership in Higher Education (NINLHE) - http://www.unco.edu/national- institute-native-leadership/ Native American Student Advocacy Institute (NASAI) - https://nasai.collegeboard.org/ NASPA – Indigenous Peoples Knowledge Community - https://www.naspa.org/constituent- groups/kcs/indigenous-peoples ACPA – Native, Aboriginal, and Indigenous Network - http://www.myacpa.org/scma-nain National Indian Education Association (NIEA) - http://www.niea.org/ United National Indian Tribal Youth (UNITY) - http://unityinc.org/

Other Online Resources American Indian Science and Engineering Society - http://conference.aises.org/ American Indian College Fund – collegefund.org Native American Rights Fund - http://www.narf.org/