Chapter 1: the Science of Psychology

Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology

Multiple-Choice Questions

1.1 The Classical Roots of Psychology

1. Psychology is the scientific study of ______. 4 a. the physiological functions of the brain C, c b. how personality can be determined by the size and shape of one’s head c. behavior and mental processes d. how cultures and societies develop and interact with each other

2. Socrates is known for his thoughts on ______. 4 a. dualism C, a b. Structuralism c. behavior and mental processes d. how cultures influence psychology

3. Plato believed that we must balance our desires and ______. 4-5 a. goals C, c b. wishes c. emotions d. thoughts

4. Aristotle argued against the existence of ______. 5 a. observation C, c b. reason c. innate knowledge d. culture

5. Descartes argued that the human mind is not subject to ______. 5 a. innate control C, c b. understanding c. laws d. forces of culture

6. Locke believed that at the moment of birth the mind contains ______innate knowledge. 5 a. all C, c b. physical c. no d. some

7. Hobbes proposed thoughts and experiences are by-products of the workings of the ______. 5 a. brain C, a b. liver c. sub consciousness d. culture

8. Darwin believed that observable behavior can be studied ______. 5 a. experimentally C, c b. only in humans c. scientifically

1.2 The Rise of Scientific Psychology

9. The first psychology laboratory was founded by ______. 5 a. Wundt c. Titchener F, a b. James d. Watson

10. Most psychologists agree that psychology, as a science, was born in ______. 5 a. 1879 c. 1909 F, a b. 1891 d. 1921

11. The first psychology laboratory was opened in ______. 5 a. 1642 c. 1879 F, c b. 1853 d. 1906

12. Wundt was the first ______. 5 *** a. psychologist to use an experimental laboratory F, a b. psychologist to analyze dreams c. American-born psychologist d. psychologist to use written tests to measure human abilities

13. Wundt believed that ______be studied through scientific experiments. 5 a. no mental processes could F, b b. some mental processes could not c. only mental processes could d. all mental processes could

14. Wundt’s primary experimental interest was ______. 5 *** a. sensation c. human instincts F, d b. emotion d. selective attention

15. According to Wundt, the mind should be studied ______. 5 *** a. subjectively and introspectively c. as a spiritual entity F, b b. scientifically d. according to philosophical traditions

2 yr.: 84% r = .24

16. Wundt believed that attention is actively controlled by ______. 5 a. instincts and drives c. rewards and punishments F, b b. intentions and motives d. hormones and neurotransmitters

17. The person most directly responsible for moving psychology out of the realm of 5 philosophy and into the world of science is ______. F, d a. Sigmund Freud c. B.F. Skinner b. William James d. Wilhelm Wundt

18. The person who established the first American psychology laboratory at Johns Hopkins 6 University in 1883 was ______. F, a a. G. Stanley Hall c. William James b. Edward Titchener d. J. M. Cattell

19. The first American to be called a “professor of psychology,” at the University of 6 Pennsylvania in 1888 was ______. F, d 2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. a. G. Stanley Hall c. William James b. Edward Titchener d. J. M. Cattell

20. A famous student of Wundt’s, who later became the leader of American 6 psychology as a professor at Cornell University, was ______. F, c a. Watson c. Titchener b. Galton d. James

21. Titchener believed psychologists should analyze complex experiences in terms of 6 ______. F, a a. their simplest elements c. learned behaviors b. a stream of consciousness d. actualizing experiences

22. Titchener wanted to strip perception of its associations in order to find ______. 6 a. spiritual purity F, c b. the instinctive underpinnings of behavior c. the atoms of thought d. the root causes of physiological sensation

23. Titchener broke experience down into ______basic elements. 6 a. two c. four F, b b. three d. five

24. Experience was broken down into three basic elements (physical sensations, feelings, 6 and images) by ______. F, b a. Freud c. Galton b. Titchener d. James

25. Which of the following choices correctly matches a famous psychologist with his 6 *** theoretical perspective? F, a a. Titchener - structuralism c. Watson - functionalism b. Laing - cognitive d. James - behaviorism

4 yr.: 68% r = .32

26. Structuralism emphasizes ______. 6 a. individual differences C, d b. the application of biological principles to the mind c. the influence of subconscious urges on conscious behavior d. the basic units of experience and their combinations

4 yr.: 74% r = .05

27. The basic units of experience and their combinations were the foundation of ______. 6 a. structuralism c. behaviorism C, a b. functionalism d. Gestalt psychology

28. One of structuralism’s most important proponents was ______. 6 a. Freud c. Titchener F, c b. Galton d. James

29. Titchener was a member of the ______school of thought. 6 a. structuralist c. behaviorist F, a b. functionalist d. reductionist

3 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 30. If you looked at an apple and recognized it because of seeing its red, round shape, 6 with a stem at the top, remembering what other apples had looked like, and A, c remembering that you really like the taste of apples, you would be supporting the ______school of psychology. a. functionalist c. structuralist b. behaviorist d. Gestalt

31. The theory of mental life and behavior that is concerned with how an organism uses its 7 perceptual abilities to function in its environment is ______. C, a a. functionalism c. objective introspection b. structuralism d. behaviorism

32. The idea that consciousness is a continuous flow is central to ______. 7 a. structuralism c. objective introspection C, b b. functionalism d. behaviorism

33. According to James, the atoms of experience (pure sensations without 6 *** associations) ______. F, d a. were genetically predetermined b. were the basis of all human behavior c. were best understood through experimental research d. did not exist

34. James argued that consciousness ______. 6-7 a. does not exist c. is comprised of “atoms of thought” F, d b. is an illusion d. flows in a continuous stream

35. James suggested that ______allow us to benefit from previous experience. 7 a. rewards and punishments c. atoms of experience F, b b. mental associations d. dreams

36. The ideas that mental associations allow us to benefit from experience, every time we 7 *** repeat something our nervous systems are changed, and psychology should use C, c subjective introspection to study everyday, true-to-life experiences, are central to ______. a. structuralism c. functionalism b. humanism d. Gestaltism

37. A central idea of functionalism is that ______. 7 *** a. consciousness can be broken down into three elements C, c b. individual differences are the basis of human behavior c. consciousness is a continuous flow d. thoughts must be studied by objective introspection

4 yr.: 28% r = .21

38. James suggested that when we repeat something several times, ______. 7 a. our nervous systems change F, a b. we must re-learn the activity each time c. we become bored with the activity d. we can strip perceptions of their basic associations

2 yr.: 36% r = .02

4 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 39. In discussing sensations, feelings, and images the______. 6-7 *** a. structuralist focused on the primary role of sensations in our experience of the C, c world while the functionalist focused on the primary role of feelings b. structuralist and the functionalist completely agreed on how they should be studied c. structuralist considered the three to be atoms of experience whereas the functionalist claimed that these three aspects of experience could not be teased apart d. functionalist considered the three to be atoms of experience whereas the structuralist claimed that these three aspects of experience could not be teased apart

4 yr.: 79% r = .40

40. William James is noted for founding the ______school of psychology. 7 a. Gestalt c. structuralist F, b b. functionalist d. reductionist

41. Roughly translated from the German, gestalt means ______. 7 a. "whole" c. "parts" b. "perception" d. "background" F, a

42. Wertheimer, Köhler, and Koffka were all associated with ______psychology. 7 a. functionalist c. Gestalt F, c b. psychoanalytic d. existential

43. The idea that psychology should focus on how people experience and perceive 7 *** separate objects (such as dots) as whole patterns (such as lines, or objects) is a C, c central concept of ______psychology. a. cognitive c. Gestalt b. humanistic d. behavioral

4 yr.: 70% r = .25

44. When applied to perception, Gestalt refers to ______. 7 *** a. the atoms of thought c. a flow of consciousness C, d b. environmental stimuli d. our tendency to see patterns

2 yr.: 77% r = .48; 2 yr.: 67% r = .30

45. Gestalt psychologists were most interested in ______. 7 a. sensations c. elements of thought F, b b. perception d. conditioning

4 yr.: 67% r = .31; 2 yr.: 75% r = .55

46. When we see a painting by Georges Seurat, the famous French impressionist, we 7 *** tend to experience it as a rendering of a lovely landscape rather than as the series A, a of separate, differently colored dots of which the painting is actually composed. This phenomenon illustrates an important point made by ______. a. Gestalt psychologists c. behavioral psychologists b. structuralists d. existentialists

47. When we listen to a favorite piece of music, we tend to experience the melodies and 7 harmonies as a beautiful single piece of music rather than as the series of separate A, a notes of which the song is actually composed. This phenomenon illustrates an important point made by ______. 5 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. a. Gestalt psychologists c. psychoanalysts b. humanists d. behaviorists

2 yr.: 78% r = .39 48. The female psychologist who is known for her work in color vision during 7 psychology’s early years is ______. F, a a. Christine Ladd-Franklin c. Margaret Floy Washburn b. Margaret Mead d. Mary Whiton Calkins

49. The female psychologist who is known for her analysis of how we learn verbal material 7 and her contributions to self-psychology is ______. F, d a. Christine Ladd-Franklin c. Margaret Floy Washburn b. Margaret Mead d. Mary Whiton Calkins

50. The female psychologist who is known for her pioneering research examining the role of 7 imagery in thought processes is ______. F, c a. Christine Ladd-Franklin c. Margaret Floy Washburn b. Margaret Mead d. Mary Whiton Calkins

51. Two female psychologists who were elected and served as presidents of the 7 American Psychological Association were ______. F, d a. Christine Ladd-Franklin and Margaret Floy Washburn b. Margaret Mead and Christine Ladd-Franklin c. Margaret Floy Washburn and Margaret Mead d. Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn

52. Today women receive ______of the Ph.D.s granted in psychology. 7 a. very few c. most F, c b. fewer than half d. none

53. Women receive about ______of the baccalaureate degrees awarded in psychology. 7 a. one-third c. two-thirds F, d b. one-half d. three-fourths

54. Women represent ______of all psychology graduate students. 7 a. the vast minority c. two-thirds F, d b. about half d. the vast majority

1.3 Contemporary Approaches to Psychology

55. The ______approach presumes that biological processes are the sole determinant of thoughts and behavior. 8 a. biological c. behavioral F, a b. structuralism d. humanistic

56. ______are especially interested in determining the extent to which behavior, thoughts and emotions are affected by physical conditions. 8 a. Physiological psychologists c. Behavioral psychologists F, a b. Cognitive psychologists d. Humanistic psychologists

57. John Watson was the founder of the school of thought that became known as ______. 8-9 *** a. functionalism c. behaviorism F, c b. structuralism d. humanism

6 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 58. The school of thought that became known as behaviorism was founded by ______. 8 a. Watson c. James F, a b. Titchener d. Wundt

59. According to Watson, consciousness ______. 8-9 a. is the focal point of modern psychology F, d b. is an observable behavior c. is a continuous flow d. can neither be measured nor defined

2 yr.: 62% r = .25

60. Watson felt that psychologists should study ______. 9 a. consciousness c. mental imagery F, b b. observable behavior d. elements of thought

4 yr.: 74% r = .12; 2 yr.: 74% r = .33; 2 yr.: 73% r = .45

61. Psychologists should only study observable, measurable behavior, according to ______. 9 a. Freud c. Kohler F, d b. Titchener d. Watson

62. The idea that psychology should be based only on observable, measurable behaviors 9 is central to ______. C, a a. behaviorism c. structuralism b. cognitive theory d. psychodynamic theory

4 yr.: 70% r = .21

63. Watson’s views were based on experiments by ______. 9 a. Skinner c. James F, d b. Titchener d. Pavlov

64. Pavlov called his method of training ______. 9 a. shaping c. reinforcement F, b b. conditioning d. modeling

2 yr.: 84% r = .40; 2 yr.: 86% r = .33

65. Pavlov intentionally trained his dogs to expect food when they ______. 9 a. saw a red light c. heard a ringing bell F, c b. heard a laboratory door open d. received an electric shock

66. Pavlov’s famous conditioning experiments involved ______. 9 a. dogs c. chickens F, a b. a child d. a morning dove

67. Watson’s famous conditioning experiment involved a ______. 9 a. dog c. chicken F, b b. child d. dove

2 yr.: 86% r = .23

68. Watson’s experiment with Little Albert proved that ______. 9 a. other animals besides dogs can be conditioned F, c 7 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. b. reward learning is more powerful in humans than conditioning c. people can be conditioned d. children are born with a natural fear of rats

69. In Watson’s famous experiments with Little Albert, he taught Albert to fear a ______. 9 a. dog c. cat F, b b. rat d. dove

70. By snapping your fingers just before you blow a gentle puff of air into someone’s 9 eyes, causing them to blink, you can teach them to blink to just the sound of your A, d fingers snapping, even when you no longer blow the puff of air. This is an example of ______. a. shaping c. reinforcement b. modeling d. conditioning

71. If Watson’s ideas are correct, then when Albert learned to fear the rat (in Watson’s 9 famous experiment), he ______. A, a a. simply responded to the environment b. was affected by unconscious mental images c. was responding to inherited biological fears d. was avoiding the self-actualizing tendency

2 yr.: 46% r = .30

72. B.F. Skinner is associated with ______. 9 a. psychodynamic psychology c. Gestalt psychology F, b b. behaviorism d. existentialism

73. Cognitive psychologists are concerned with the scientific study of ______. 9 a. psychosocial development c. mental processes F, c b. observable behaviors d. self-actualization

74. The scientific study of mental processes in the broadest sense: thinking, feeling, 10 *** making decisions and judgments is ______psychology. C, d a. humanistic c. existential b. behavioral d. cognitive

4 yr.: 79% r = .45; 2 yr.: 59% r = .43; 2 yr.: 63% r = .31

75. The current belief that not only behavior, but also thoughts and feelings, can be 9 *** studied scientifically is traceable most directly to the impact of ______psychology. A, c a. humanistic c. cognitive b. existential d. psychoanalytic

4 yr.: 83% r = .17 4 yr.: 81% r = .19

76. Twenty years ago, most psychology textbooks described psychology as the “study 10 of behavior.” Today, most of these describe psychology as the “study of F, c behavior and mental processes.” This definitional change can in large part be attributed to the impact of ______psychology. a. behavioral c. cognitive b. humanistic d. existential

77. The field of psychology that explores the neurological mechanisms that underlie 10 mental processes such as learning, memory, intelligence, and emotion is ______. C, b 8 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. a. evolutionary psychology c. psychoneuroimmunology b. cognitive neuroscience d. Gestalt psychology

78. The field of psychology that is concerned with the biological origins of behaviors 11 and mental processes, their adaptive value and the purposes they continue to serve C, d is ______psychology. a. ethnographic c. physiological b. cognitive d. evolutionary

79. ______psychologists tend to see the mind as a general purpose computer that requires 10 software (experience) to process information. C, a a. Cognitive c. Trait b. Psychodynamic d. Evolutionary

80. Abraham Maslow is most closely associated with ______psychology. 10 a. existential c. cognitive F, d b. behavioral d. humanistic

81. The psychologist who developed humanistic theory was ______. 10 a. Wertheimer c. Maslow F, c b. Perls d. Ellis

82. ______theory has never been totally accepted in the mainstream of psychology. 10 a. Cognitive c. Existential F, b b. Humanistic d. Trait

83. ______refers to the spontaneity and creativity that result from focusing on problems 10 outside of oneself and looking beyond the boundaries of social conventions. C, a a. Self-actualization c. Psychological congruence b. Self-efficacy d. Rational restructuring

84. ______psychology has made important contributions to the study of motivation and 10 and emotions. F, a a. Humanistic c. Structural b. Behavioral d. Gestalt

85. Positive psychologists are most similar in their beliefs to ______. 10 a. behaviorists c. humanists C, c b. psychodynamic theorists d. Gestalt theorists

86. The field of psychology that focuses on subjective well-being, self-determination, the 10 relationship between emotions such as happiness and physical health, and the factors C, b that allow individuals, communities, and societies to flourish, is ______psychology. a. cognitive c. Gestalt b. positive d. psychodynamic

87. A positive psychologist is most likely to devote her attention to studying the______. 10 a. influences of unconscious processes on mental illness C, c b. role of learning and conditioning in shaping a child’s personality c. “good life”: the study of subjective well-being d. role of evolution in shaping behaviors linked to human survival

88. Modern approaches to psychology ______. 12 a. are becoming more and more mutually exclusive of each other F, d b. have become more and more dominated by behavioral and biological approaches 9 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. c. have become increasingly dominated by Freudian and mentalistic approaches d. tend to complement each other, with each approach contributing in its own way to our understanding of human behavior using a multiple perspective approach

89. The most controversial of psychology’s pioneers is ______. 10 a. Wilhelm Wundt c. Sigmund Freud F, c b. William James d. B.F. Skinner

90. Freud’s work with his patients convinced him that many nervous ailments are ______. 10 a. caused by environmental toxins F, b b. psychological in origin c. physiological in origin d. genetically inherited characteristics

91. Freud’s ideas provided the foundation for ______. 10 a. existential psychology c. psychodynamic theory F, c b. behavioral psychology d. behaviorism

2 yr.: 78% r = .56

92. Psychodynamic theory is MOST closely associated with ______. 10 a. James c. Perls F, d b. Rogers d. Freud

93. For Freud, much of our behavior is controlled by ______. 11 *** a. unconscious desires c. mental Gestalts F, a b. environmental stimuli d. mental associations

2 yr.: 90% r = .35; 2 yr.: 96% r = .33; 2 yr.: 86% r = .53

94. A psychologist claims that hidden motives and unconscious desires are the basis 10-11 *** of behavior. This psychologist is MOST likely a(n) ______psychologist. A, a a. psychoanalytic c. Gestalt b. behavioral d. existential

4 yr.: 68% r = .46; 4 yr.: 73% r = .23; 4 yr.: 78% r = .33

95. The evolutionary/sociobiological approach builds on the work of _____. 11 a. Darwin F, a b. Locke c. Plato d. Hobbes

96. The sociocultural approach builds on the importance of _____. 11 a. culture, gender, race and ethnicity F, a b. behavior c. the environment d. the subconscious

1.4 Enduring Issues in Psychology

97. Each of the following is one of five enduring issues that draws psychologists 13 together EXCEPT ______. F, b a. mind-body c. diversity-universality 10 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. b. situation-group d. stability-change

98. The enduring issue of Person-Situation is believed to be caused by ______. 13 F, b a. external factors c. diversity factors b. internal factors d. cultural factors

99. The enduring issue of Nature-Nurture is believed to be caused by ______. 13 a. external factors c. diversity factors F, b b. heredity factors d. cultural factors

100. The enduring issue of Stability-Change tries to understand behavior in terms of ______. 13 a. external factors c. diversity factors F, b b. time d. cultural factors

101. The enduring issue of Diversity-Universality tries to explore ______. 13 a. external factors c. diversity factors F, b b. if all people are alike d. cultural factors

102. The enduring issue of Mind-Body tries to understand the relationship between experience 13 and ______. F, b a. external factors c. diversity factors b. biological processes d. cultural factors

1.5 Psychology as Science

103. Psychology is the science of ______. 14 a. objective introspection c. behavior and mental processes C, c b. functionalism and structuralism d. human mental processes and emotion

104. The term “psychology” is defined by your text as the “science of behavior and mental 14 processes.” According to your text, the key word in that definition is ______. F, a a. science c. behavior b. mental d. processes

105. Psychologists use techniques based on ______. 14 a. inductive reasoning c. deductive reasoning F, d b. objective introspection d. the scientific method

106. A scientist decides to solve a problem by collecting data through careful systematic 14 observation, developing theories, making predictions based on those theories, A, a and systematically testing those predictions. The scientist is using ______. a. the scientific method c. the deductive method b. objective introspection d. the inductive method

107. Psychologists use the scientific method to do each of the following EXCEPT ______15 what they study. F, b a. describe c. predict b. circumvent d. control

108. A systematic explanation of a phenomenon that organizes known facts, allows 15 the prediction of new facts, and permits a degree of control over the new C, c phenomenon is known as a ______. a. postulate c. theory 11 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. b. hypothesis d. principle

109. Wilhelm runs an experiment and finds that males with high levels of testosterone tend 15 to be more physically aggressive than males with lower levels of testosterone. This A, c leads him to believe that testosterone has a direct effect on physical aggression in males. Wilhelm’s belief is BEST described as a ______. a. thesis c. theory b. hypothesis d. prognosis

110. A specific, testable prediction about a phenomenon, usually derived from a theory, 15 *** is a ______. C, b a. prognosis c. principle b. hypothesis d. theory

111. A teacher suspects that her students are unusually quiet during her Monday 15 morning classes because they stay up late on Sunday nights. She believes that A, b if she monitored the times they went to bed, she would find that the sleepy ones went to bed later than the more alert ones. In scientific terms, her hunch, or suspicion of what she would find if she monitored her students is called a ______. a. theory c. prognosis b. hypothesis d. postulate

1.6 Research Methods in Psychology

112. ______require evidence based on careful observation and experimentation. 15 a. Only the “soft” sciences like psychology and sociology F, d b. Only the “hard” sciences like biology and chemistry c. Only the pseudosciences like phrenology d. All sciences

113. Naturalistic observation is ______. 16 a. recreating natural conditions in the laboratory as closely as possible C, b to make an experiment more valid b. studying behavior in its natural context c. basically the same process as objective introspection d. observing behavior in the lab without taking formal notes or using technological equipment to measure the experimental findings

4 yr.: 80% r = .31

114. Observing behavior as it happens in real-life natural settings without imposing 16 *** laboratory controls is known as the ______. C, a a. naturalistic observation method b. experimental method c. correlational method d. psychometric approach

115. When you watch dogs play in the park or watch how your professors 16 *** conduct their classes, you are engaging in a form of ______. A, c a. case study research c. naturalistic observation b. survey research d. psychometric study

116. A researcher, interested in how children interact with each other, goes to a 16 12 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. school playground and unobtrusively takes notes as she watches them over a A, a period of several hours. This researcher is using the ______method of research. a. naturalistic observation c. experimental b. psychometric d. case study

117. The primary advantage of the naturalistic observation method of research is 16 that it ______. F, d a. allows for better control of the experimental situation than other research methods b. allows for gathering information more easily, quickly, and cheaply than other research methods c. virtually eliminates the problem of observer bias d. usually allows for behavior that is more natural, varied, and spontaneous than in a laboratory

118. A recent study of people with bipolar disorder found that they are more likely to adjust 16 successfully to the workplace ______. F, b a. if they had fewer stressful life events b. when they had strong supportive personal relationships with others c. when they had flexible work hours d. when they didn’t have extensive contact with the public

119. Which of the following is NOT true of naturalistic observation? 16 *** a. It involves studying human or animal behavior in its natural context. F, c b. Observer bias is one problem associated with naturalistic observation. c. One trained observer is more advantageous than several trained observers. d. The behavior is more likely to be spontaneous than behavior in a laboratory situation.

4 yr.: 91% r = .25

120. In the early 1930s, anthropologist Margaret Mead lived among the people of Samoa. 16 *** She recorded their behaviors and spent long hours talking with them, particularly with A, a the young girls in whose development she was most interested. Her approach to gaining knowledge represents which of the following social science methods? a. naturalistic observation c. the correlational method b. the psychometric approach d. survey research

121. The expectations of a researcher that might distort or influence his or her interpretation 16 of what he or she actually observed is called ______. C, c a. the Phi phenomenon c. observer bias b. sample bias d. cognitive dissonance

122. A research method in which the real-life behavior of a pre-selected individual or a few 17 individuals is studied at an in-depth level for some time through the use of observation, C, c interviews, and writings (such as letters) is the ______method of research. a. survey c. case study b. correlational d. naturalistic observation

123. The case study method is one in which ______. 17 a. findings are based on the naturally occurring relationships between two C, b or more variables b. findings are based on the intensive description and analysis of a single individual or a few individuals c. researchers manipulate one or several variables while controlling all other variables to measure the impact of the changing variable(s) on subjects and their behaviors d. specially constructed tests are administered to reveal subjects’ abilities, skills, career 13 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. interests, or mental health

124. The research method used by Jean Piaget in developing his comprehensive theory of 17 cognitive development was the ______method. F, d a. naturalistic observation c. psychometric b. experimental d. case study

125. Jean Piaget’s observations of his three children to form his theories of childhood 17 development is an example of the ______method of research. A, a a. case study c. correlational b. naturalistic observation d. psychometric

126. A detailed, well-researched biography of a famous historical person is technically 17 an example of the ______method of research. A, c a. psychometric c. case study b. naturalistic observation d. correlational

127. Which of the following is true of case studies? 17 a. It is impossible to confidently draw generalized conclusions from their results. F, a b. They tend to be lacking in detailed, descriptive information. c. They eliminate problems of observer bias. d. They fail to provide observations of real-life behavior.

128. Research in which a carefully selected group of people is asked a set of predetermined 17 questions in interviews or through questionnaires is known as ______research. C, c a. correlational c. survey b. case study d. experimental

129. The survey method of research involves ______. 17 a. an intensive description and analysis of a single individual or a group of individuals C, b b. asking predetermined questions of a carefully selected group of people through interviews or questionnaires c. studying the naturally occurring relationship between two or more variables d. unobtrusively observing people engaging in normal behavior in their natural environment

130. Political polls taken before major elections are examples of ______research. 17 a. correlational c. case study A, d b. experimental d. survey

131. Which of the following is an example of survey research? 17 a. A researcher tracks smokers and nonsmokers to see how many of them get A, c lung cancer and if there are significant differences in lung cancer rates between the two groups. b. A historian conducts an extensive study of the factors that led to the American defeat at Pearl Harbor in 1941. c. A researcher interviews taxpayers to find out how strongly they would support a proposal for a “flat” tax. d. A researcher randomly divides her participants into two groups, giving one group a powerful new medicine while the other group gets a placebo.

132. Case studies, naturalistic observation, and surveys are BEST suited for ______18 behaviors, beliefs, opinions, and attitudes. F, c a. explaining c. describing b. predicting d. determining the causes of 14 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 133. Research techniques based on the naturally occurring relationship between 18 two or more variables are known as the ______method. C, c a. case study c. correlational b. naturalistic observation d. experimental

134. A psychologist uses the correlational method to ______. 18 *** a. explain the effects of one variable on another A, d b. compare two groups of subjects c. determine what causes a variable to change d. identify relationships between variables

4 yr.: 80% r = .16; 2 yr.: 70% r = .30

135. The degree of relationship between two or more variables is ______. 18 a. correlation c. reliability C, a b. validity d. a hypothesis

136. A psychologist studying child abuse discovered that parents who abuse their children 18 *** were frequently mistreated themselves by their parents when they were younger. A, a This approach to gaining knowledge is MOST like which of the following social science methods of research? a. the correlational method c. the case study method b. experimentation d. objective introspection

4 yr.: 82% r = .21; 4 yr.: 70% r = .14

137. The research finding that “people who drink a lot of alcohol tend to have high blood 18 *** pressure” indicates ______. A, c a. that high blood pressure causes people to drink alcohol b. that drinking alcohol contributes to high blood pressure c. that drinking alcohol and blood pressure are correlated d. drinking is unrelated to blood pressure

4 yr.: 80% r = .28

138. Tests used to predict future performance, such as intelligence tests, College Boards, 18 and tests for clerical and mechanical aptitude are all based on extensive ______studies. A, d a. case c. naturalistic observation b. longitudinal d. correlational

139. If explanation of the causes of thoughts, feelings, and behavior is a psychologist’s goal, 18 then the ______method of research should be used. F, b a. correlational c. survey b. experimental d. naturalistic observation

140. A research technique in which an investigator deliberately manipulates selected events 19 or circumstances and then measures the effects of those manipulations on subsequent C, b behavior is the ______method. a. correlational c. survey b. experimental d. naturalistic observation

141. People who participate in an experiment, whose reactions or responses are observed as 19 part of the experiment, usually to test the validity of a hypothesis, are called ______. C, d a. stooges c. partners 15 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. b. assistants d. participants

142. The only research method that can demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between 19 variables is the ______method. F, b a. correlational c. case study b. experimental d. naturalistic observation

143. In an experiment to test the effects of varying amounts of anxiety on performance, the 19 independent variable is the ______. A, a a. amount of anxiety c. subject’s performance b. age of the subject d. cause of the anxiety

2 yr.: 46% r = .38

144. In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a second 19 *** variable. The manipulated variable is called the ______. C, c a. dependent variable c. independent variable b. experimental variable d. placebo

145. In an experiment, a researcher manipulates one variable to see how it affects a second 19 *** variable. The second variable, which is observed for any possible effects, is called the C, a ______variable. a. dependent c. independent b. control d. hypothetical

4 yr.: 70% r = .09; 2 yr.: 75% r = .42

146. The variable selected and manipulated systematically in an experiment is called the 19 *** ______variable. C, c a. dependent c. independent b. systematic d. control

4 yr.: 78% r = .27 4 yr.: 79% r = .39

147. Two groups of people are given different kinds of practice problems in logic. They are 19 *** then tested on a set of new problems to determine whether one kind of practice was A, d better than the other. The nature of the practice problems is the ______variable. a. observed c. dependent b. uncontrolled d. independent

4 yr.: 71% r = .23

148. In an experiment to test the effects of anxiety on performance, the dependent variable 19 *** is the ______. A, c a. amount of anxiety c. person’s performance b. age of the person d. cause of the anxiety

2 yr.: 47% r = .29

149. In an experiment to assess the effects of a new hay fever drug, two groups are used. 19 *** One group is given the drug while the second group is given a pill that contains no A, d medicine but looks and tastes exactly like the one containing the drug. The group receiving the nonmedicinal pill is called the ______group. a. independent c. dependent b. experimental d. control 16 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 4 yr.: 52% r = .18; 2 yr.: 70% r = .13

150. In an experiment to assess the effects of a new hay fever drug, two groups are used. 19 One group is given the drug while the second group is given a pill that contains no A, b medication but looks and tastes exactly like the one containing the drug. The group getting the pill that contains the hay fever drug is called the ______group. a. independent c. dependent b. experimental d. control

4 yr.: 51% r = .18; 2 yr.: 70% r = .13

151. In a controlled experiment, the group not subjected to a change in the independent 19 variable, and used for comparison with the group receiving the experimental C, d change, is the ______group. a. independent c. dependent b. experimental d. control

152. In a research study, a psychiatrist gives depressed patients a particular drug and 19 *** observes that their symptoms diminish. He concludes that the drug caused the reduction A, c in symptoms. This experiment is flawed because it lacks ______. a. an independent variable c. a control group b. a dependent variable d. an explanation for why the drug worked

4 yr.: 97% r = .33

153. In a controlled experiment, the group subjected to a change in the independent 19 variable is called the ______group. C, b a. independent c. dependent b. experimental d. control

154. A scientist, conducting a research study on sleep and learning, questions her own 19-20 objectivity and decides to let a third person, not associated with conducting the A, a experiment, score the tests. The scientist is probably trying to eliminate ______bias. a. experimenter c. control b. sample d. treatment

155. A group of students was asked to write an essay in support of the legalization of 19 *** marijuana. They were paid $.50 each. Another group of students received $2.00 each for A, b performing the same task. It was subsequently found that those students who received only $.50 each developed a more positive attitude toward the legalization of marijuana. The experimenter in this study was using the ______method of research. a. correlational c. naturalistic observation b. experimental d. survey

156. If a psychologist gave one group of rats extra handling and an enriched environment and 19 *** deprived a second group of rats, then measured how quickly each group learned a maze, A, b he or she would be engaged in ______. a. naturalistic observation c. correlational research b. a controlled experiment d. field research

4 yr.: 73% r = .21

157. Most psychologists use ______method(s) to study a single problem. 19 a. the experimental c. the correlational F, d 17 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. b. the survey d. several

158. In research, a large group of people whom you want to know about is called a ______. 21 a. control group c. population A, c b. treatment group d. sample

159. A subset of cases selected from a larger population is a ______. 21 a. control group c. treatment group C, d b. target group d. sample

160. A sample in which everyone in a population has an equal chance of being 21-22 *** selected to the sample is known as a ______sample. C, a a. random c. biased b. stratified d. representative

4 yr.: 90% r = .21

161. A psychologist, studying pilot trainees, picks a select group of trainees who are 21 hopefully representative of all other trainees. The group of trainees being studied by A, a this psychologist are collectively known to researchers as a ______. a. sample c. target group b. population d. control group

162. A psychologist, studying pilot trainees, picks the trainees who will be participating in her 21-22 study by selecting every third name appearing on the list of available trainees. She is A, a selecting a ______sample. a. random c. biased b. stratified d. representative

163. A sample carefully chosen so that the characteristics of the subjects correspond 22 closely to the characteristics of the general population is known as a ______sample. C, d a. random c. biased b. controlled d. representative

164. A researcher goes to great lengths to ensure that the proportion of males and females 22 in his study matches the proportion of males and females nationally. He is selecting a A, d ______sample. a. random c. biased b. controlled d. representative

1.7 Ethics and Psychology

165. Each of the following is a basic principle of the APA’s code of ethics EXCEPT ______. 22 *** a. participants must be informed of the nature of the research in clearly F, b understandable language b. participants cannot be deceived or have information concealed from them at any time during an experiment c. risks, possible adverse effects, and limitations on confidentiality must be spelled out in advance d. informed consent must be documented

166. Each of the following is a basic principle of the APA’s code of ethics EXCEPT ______. 22 a. if participation is a condition of course credit, equitable alternative activities must F, c be offered 18 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. b. participants cannot be deceived about aspects of the research that would affect their willingness to participate, such as risks of unpleasant emotional experiences c. participants cannot be subjected to any physically or emotionally painful stimuli d. deception about the goals of research can only be used when absolutely necessary to the integrity of the research

167. Each of the following is a current view discussed in your text in the controversy 23 regarding ethics in psychological research EXCEPT some people ______. F, d a. feel that experimental procedures should never be emotionally or physically distressing b. believe that ethical guidelines are too strict and can damage the scientific value of research c. feel that psychology should base its ethical guidelines on documented evidence about the effects of research procedures, not on conjecture about what is “probably” a good way to conduct research d. feel that the explanations necessary to foster informed consent undermine the credibility of psychology as a science and should be abolished

168. Each of the following is true of research with animals EXCEPT ______. 23 a. animals are no longer allowed to be used in research where it would be clearly F, a unethical to use humans b. scientists who oppose animal rights activists argue that the goals of scientific research justify some animal suffering, although they agree it should be minimized c. animal protectionists argue that it is unethical to use nonhuman animals in research since they cannot give their consent to serve as subjects d. scientists who oppose animal rights groups argue that procedures now in place already minimize animal suffering

169. Currently, in regards to research using animals, the APA ______. 23 a. has no ethical guidelines F, c b. only requires that animals may not be killed as a normal part of research c. requires that researchers must ensure appropriate consideration of animals’ comfort, health, and humane treatment d. forbids the use of animals except in research involving life-threatening disorders Essay Questions

170. Define psychology and explain the role played by the scientific method in 14 psychological inquiry. Discuss how psychologists use theories and hypotheses A in conducting research.

171. Describe the differences between the structuralist and functionalist schools 6-7 *** of psychology. Who were the main proponents of each school and what C were the major contributions of each school?

172. What is the “cognitive revolution?” How is cognitive psychology different from 9 *** behaviorism? What impact has cognitive psychology had on the field of modern C psychology?

173. Define naturalistic observation. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this 16 *** research technique? How is naturalistic observation useful to research scientists? C

174. Explain what case studies are and how they are useful to psychologists. 17 What are the major advantages and disadvantages of this type of research? C 19 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. 175. Define correlational research. How is correlational research useful to psychologists? 17-18 *** What are the advantages and disadvantages of this type of research? C

176. Describe the stipulations from APA’s ethical guidelines for researchers. What are 22 some current opinions among researchers and their critics in regards to these guidelines? C www.psychologythecore.com (ONLINE) Thinking Critically

Autonomy

177. ______-- the freedom to make one’s own decisions—is essential to motivation and personal growth. a. Autonomy c. Power F, a b. Psychology d. Dignity Psychology and Minority Students

178. Strickland concluded that members of minority groups are underrepresented among F, b psychology majors and in psychology postgraduate programs because ______.

a. most minority students do not desire an advanced degree b. a majority of psychology professors are white and many of the research studies they read about are based on white-only participants

c. minorities are not interested in psychology d. minorities are not admitted to universities in equal numbers

Milgram Study

179. Although the American Psychological Association had drawn up a code for ethical *** behavior in 1953, the issue of ethics was raised again in 1963 when ______. F, a a. Stanley Milgram’s obedience studies were published b. Sigmund Freud’s theories about childhood sexuality were published c. Bandura’s studies on television violence were published d. research indicated that between 3-5 percent of therapists engage in sexual activity with their clients during “therapy”

180. Subjects in Milgram’s studies were TOLD they were taking part in studies on ______. a. learning c. biofeedback F, a b. obedience d. pain thresholds

181. In Milgram’s studies, “learners” who made errors were punished with ______. a. emotional deprivation c. electric shocks F, c b. public humiliation d. verbal insults

2 yr.: 80% r = .49

182. Subjects in Milgram’s studies were REALLY being tested on ______. a. learning c. obedience F, c 20 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. b. biofeedback d. pain thresholds

4 yr.: 85% r = -.03; 2 yr.: 59% r = .52

183. ______is well-known for his studies on obedience. a. Zimbardo c. Asche F, b b. Milgram d. Seligman

184. In Milgram’s studies on obedience, how many subjects gave the maximum amount of shock to the learners? F, c a. 5 percent c. 65 percent b. 35 percent d. 95 percent

185. Milgram’s studies on obedience raised significant controversy regarding ______. *** a. the quality of laboratory equipment used in psychological research F, d b. laboratory research on human sexuality c. the use of placebo techniques to treat severe psychological disorders d. ethics and the use of deception in research

4 yr.: 95% r = .09; 2 yr.: 81% r = .45; 2 yr.: 90% r = .42 Applying Psychology Benefits of Studying Psychology

186. Each of the following is described by your text as a benefit of psychology EXCEPT ______. F, c a. self-understanding c. control skills b. critical thinking skills d. job skills

Internet Users

187. Which of the following is NOT true of the study of Internet users discussed in the text? a. The sample included only people from fewer than 100 families in Pittsburgh. F, b b. Only households with pre-existing Internet connections were included in the study. New users were excluded. c. Participants’ social involvement and psychological well-being were measured entirely by self-report measures. d. Changes in the behavior of the subjects were small.

188. The study of Internet users discussed in the text found that heavier users of the Internet showed ______aspects of social involvement. F, c a. no significant changes in any b. slight increases in some, but not all c. slight decreases in some, but not all d. large decreases in most

189. The study of Internet users discussed in the text found that heavier users of the Internet showed ______in self-reported feelings of loneliness and depression. F, b a. large increases c. slight decreases b. slight increases d. large decreases

190. The study of Internet users discussed in the text found that heavier users of the Internet 21 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. showed slight ______in some aspects of social involvement and slight ______in F, b self-reported feelings of loneliness and depression. a. decreases; decreases c. increases; decreases b. decreases; increases d. increases; increases APA Divisions

191. The American Psychological Association is made up of ______divisions. a. 13 c. 53 F, c b. 33 d. 73 Careers in Psychology

192. Those with an associate’s degree in psychology are qualified to do each of the following EXCEPT ______. F, d a. screen and evaluate new patients at mental health centers b. provide assistance in community consultation c. keep records of patient services and activities d. teach psychology at 2-year colleges

193. Those with a bachelor’s degree in psychology are qualified to do each of the following EXCEPT ______. F, a a. work as researchers, collecting and analyzing data at universities, in government, or for private organizations b. teach psychology in high school c. assist psychologists in mental health centers and correctional centers d. assist psychologists in vocational rehabilitation facilities

194. About ______of the people holding advanced degrees in psychology are clinicians who treat clients having emotional or mental difficulties. F, d a. one-fifth c. one-third b. one-fourth d. one-half

195. A ______is a medical doctor with four years of medical training and three years of residency training (spent mostly in supervised clinical practice). C, c a. psychologist c. psychiatrist b. psychoanalyst d. psychiatric social worker

196. A psychiatrist must have a ______degree. a. Ph.D. c. M.D. F, c b. Psy.D. d. M.A.

197. Which of the following mental health professionals is the only one who, in most states, can prescribe medicine? F, d a. a psychologist c. a counselor b. a social worker d. a psychiatrist

198. Psychiatrists differ from clinical psychologists in that ______. *** a. psychiatrists are more likely to be engaged in experimental research than clinical F, c psychologists b. psychiatrists tend to have more extensive training in research methods and psychological testing than clinical psychologists c. psychiatrists can prescribe medications while most clinical psychologists cannot d. clinical psychologists are more likely than psychiatrists to work in state mental 22 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. institutions

4 yr.: 67% r =.22 ; 4 yr.: 72% r = .13 ; 4 yr.: 71% r = .17

199. A psychoanalyst is someone who is a(n) ______. a. psychiatrist, but not a psychologist C, c b. psychologist, but not a psychiatrist c. psychiatrist or psychologist with additional training in psychoanalytic theory and practice d. M.S.W. with additional training in psychoanalytic theory and practice

200. A psychoanalyst ______. *** a. is a psychiatrist or psychologist who has received additional training in C, a psychoanalytic theory b. is a medical doctor who has completed three years of residency training in psychiatry c. specializes in job satisfaction and worker productivity in large corporations d. diagnoses and tests problems of adjustment

4 yr.: 71% r = .42; 2 yr.: 61% r = .38

201. Which of the following professionals is most likely to hold a Ph.D. degree in *** psychology? F, b a. a psychiatrist c. a psychoanalyst b. a clinical psychologist d. a psychiatric social worker

2 yr.: 38% r = .14

202. A ______must hold a Ph.D. or Psy.D. degree in psychology. *** a. psychiatrist c. psychoanalyst F, b b. psychologist d. psychiatric social worker

4 yr.: 52% r = .27; 4 yr.: 63% r = .24

203. A mental health professional who typically holds a Ph.D. or Psy.D. degree, has completed a one-year internship in psychological assessment and psychotherapy, has C, c had at least one more year of supervised practice, and assesses and treats emotional and behavioral disorders ranging from short-term crises to chronic disorders such as schizophrenia is a ______. a. psychiatrist c. clinical psychologist b. counseling psychologist d. psychometric psychologist

204. A mental health professional who typically holds a Ph.D. or Psy.D. degree, has completed a one-year internship in psychological assessment and psychotherapy, has C, b had at least one more year of supervised practice, and helps people cope with situational problems such as adjusting to college, vocational guidance, marital problems, or coping with the death of a loved one is a ______. a. psychiatrist c. clinical psychologist b. counseling psychologist d. psychometric psychologist

205. The mental health professional who is LEAST likely to hold a M.D., Ph.D. in psychology, or a Psy.D., is a ______. F, c a. psychiatrist c. social worker b. psychoanalyst d. counseling psychologist

206. Currently, ______states allow clinical psychologists to prescribe medications used to treat mental disorders. F, b a. no c. 22 b. 2 d. 42

207. Each of the following is true EXCEPT ______. a. in recent years prescription medications have become increasingly important in the F, d treatment of mental disorders b. prescription medications have been shown to be particularly effective when combined with traditional forms of psychotherapy c. quality care is more cost effective when medication and psychotherapy is provided by the same professional rather than split between two providers d. prescription medications are commonly used today to treat only a few severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia

208. To receive permission to prescribe medications, clinical psychologists must do each of the following EXCEPT ______. F, a a. complete a 4 year internship at a state psychiatric hospital b. complete 400 hours of coursework c. pass a national exam d. get approval from a medical supervisor and an oversight board, after completing a 2-year period of prescribing medicine while being supervised