Mix and Flow of Matter

Mix and Flow of Matter 1.0 – Fluids are used in technological devices and everyday materials. 1.1 – WHMIS Symbols and Safety Procedures WHMIS stands for “Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System”. WHMIS is one system that indicates what danger a substance may pose to those who use it.

13 There is another set of International Safety Symbols that are very commonly found on household products.

Poisonous Explosive

Corrosive Flammable

14 1.2 – The Many Uses of Fluids

A fluid is anything that has no fixed shape and can flow. It is typically a liquid or a gas. From the picture below identify examples of fluids being use and how they are being used.

Liquid Gas ______

15 Uses of Fluids

Slurries A slurry is a mixture of water with solid material. Mixing them together makes it easier to move the material. An example of a slurry is washing mud off your driveway with a water hose. More technical application of a slurry is moving oil from oil sands to the processing plant. Because the oil and other materials are mixed with water it becomes easier to move. It is able to be pumped through a pipeline to its destination.

Fluids Becoming Solids Many of the solids that we use start out as liquids: glass, metal, plastic. Because liquids take the shape of their containers we are able to shape them into whatever we would like and then allow them to solidify. Some examples include: windows, bottles, metal beams for construction.

Reducing Friction Petroleum products like oil and grease are applied to surfaces that are in contact to reduce the amount of friction, which in turn makes movement easier and more smooth as well as reduce the amount of heat produced.

Hydraulic Systems Applying pressure to a contained liquid can produce a mechanical advantage that allows us to move very large loads with reduced effort.

Pneumatic Systems Pneumatic systems are similar to hydraulics except it is a contained gas that pressure is applied to. This allows us to move objects in an efficient way.

16 Check and Reflect – Section 1 #1

1. Identify each symbol.

2. What does WHMIS stand for? ______3. Draw the following International Safety Symbols: a) Danger Flammable b) Caution Corrosive c) Warning Explosive

4. What is a Fluid? ______5. List 6 different uses of fluids (3 gases and 3 liquid) that we or any other organism benefit from. ______

17 2.0 – The properties of mixtures and fluids can be explained by the particle model of matter. 2.1 – Pure Substances and Mixtures

Matter is anything that has a mass and takes up space.

Pure Substances are materials that cannot be separated into different substances. Examples include elements like gold, oxygen, carbon and compounds like distilled water or baking soda.

When two or more materials are combined they are called mixtures. If you can see the different parts of the mixture it is called a mechanical mixture or a heterogeneous mixture. Some examples include a bowl of cereal, or a salad.

When a mixture appears to be only one substance it is called a solution or a homogeneous mixture. Some examples include vinegar or vanilla ice cream.

18 Some other heterogeneous mixtures are called suspensions and colloids. A suspension is a cloudy mixture where one substance is held within another substance. When they are left undisturbed the parts eventually separate. It would need to be shaken again to mix them. Some examples include tomato juice, a milkshake, muddy water. A colloid is also a cloudy mixture where one substance is held within another substance. Over time these parts tend to stay in place and do not separate. Some examples of a colloid are milk and yogurt.

To test a liquid substance to find out whether it is a pure substance or a solution you can use the Paper Chromatography Test. A piece of filter paper is dipped into the material. If the liquid is a pure substance it will move up to one level. If it is a solution the different materials will move up the paper and stop at different levels.

The example below shows that an ink spot is indeed a mixture. As the water / alcohol is absorbed and moves up the chromatography paper it carries the different materials that make up the ink to different levels.

19 Check and Reflect Section 2 #1

1. What is the difference between a mixture and a pure substance? ______

2. List three examples of each of the following: heterogeneous mixture, homogeneous mixture and a pure substance. ______

3. What is the difference between a suspension and a colloid? ______

4. Give an example of a suspension.______Give an example of a colloid. ______

5. Describe how using the chromatography test can help determine whether a material is a pure substance or a solution. ______

6. What is matter? ______

20 2.2 – Concentration and Solubility

What does it mean when something dissolves? ______

When you dissolve one substance into another one it makes a solution. The material that is being dissolved is called the solute. The material that is doing the dissolving is called the solvent. Water is the solvent in most mixtures.

Will all solutes dissolve in any solvent? ______

Problem Will juice crystals, salt, Vaseline, and sugar dissolve in water and vegetable oil?

Observations

Juice Crystal Vaseline Sugar Salt Water Veg. Oil

21 The concentration of a solution tells you how much solute is dissolved in a certain amount of solvent. Any solution can be labelled as concentrated or dilute. These are not exact measures only comparisons.

How do you increase the concentration of a solution? ______

How do you decrease the concentration of a solution? ______

Measuring Concentration A solution with 50 g of solute dissolved in 100 mL of solvent has a concentration of 50 g/100 mL. So a solution that is 40 g of salt per 100 mL of water is 40 g/100 mL.

Comparing concentrations is the same as comparing fractions or ratios. The denominator must be the same in order to tell which one is greatest or least. So when comparing 10 g of salt in 50 mL of water with 25 g of salt in 100 mL of water it looks like this:

10/50 x 2 = 20/100 25/100 = 25/100 * This one is more concentrated.

Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions You can make a solution more concentrated by adding more solute. As long as the solute you are adding continues to dissolve your solution is considered unsaturated. As soon as the solution stops dissolving solute it is considered saturated. That means that no more solute will dissolve at that temperature and that volume of solvent. All solutions have a saturation point. That is the point at which no more solute will dissolve in that solvent at a certain temperature and volume of solvent.

22 Check and Reflect – Section 2 #2

1. What is the definition of solvent and solute? ______

2. What can you do to decrease the concentration of a solution? ______3. Why will sugar dissolve in water? ______

4. One solution has 30 g of sugar in 100 mL of water. Another solution has 40 g of sugar in 100 mL of water. Which one is more concentrated? ______How do you know?

5. One solution has 8 g of salt in 150 mL of water. Another solution has 3 g of salt in 50 mL of water. Which one is more concentrated? ______Show how you would figure this out.

6. If you have stirred in a lot of sugar into your kool-aid and no more is dissolving what can you say about your mixture? ______7. From the following table, which compound has the second greatest solubility? ______

Solubility in g / 100mL of Water at 0˚C Compound Solubility (g) Salt 35.7 Baking Soda 6.9 Carbon dioxide 0.35 Sugar 180

23 2.3 – Factors Affecting Solubility

What is solubility? Solubility is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a certain volume of solvent at a specific temperature.

Temperature’s Effect on Solubility (rough copy)

Problem

How will temperature affect the solubility of sugar in water?

Hypothesis ______

Variables

Manipulated ______

Responding ______

Controlled ______

24 Observations Table One – Temperatures Effect on the Solubility of Sugar in Water

Discussion

1. How did sugar dissolve in the warm and cold water? ______2. What do you think three factors are that affect solubility? (one should be very easy)  ______ ______ ______

Conclusion

a) ______

b) ______

c) ______

25 2.4– The Particle Model of Matter and the Behaviour of Mixtures

26 27 1. All matter is made up of extremely tiny particles. 2. The tiny particles of matter are always moving. 3. The particles have space between them. 4. There are attractive forces between the particles.

As the particles gain heat energy they begin to move around faster. The spaces between the particles get larger. The attractive forces between the particles become weaker.

In the following table I would like you to describe how the particles are reacting to each other and to their surroundings.

28 How fast are the How much How strong are particles space is there the attractive moving? between the forces between particles? the particles?

Liquid

What are some factors that will affect the rate of dissolving (how fast something will dissolve)? 1.______2.______3.______4. ______

Check and Reflect – Section 2 #3

29 1. Draw pictures of the particles in a solid, liquid and a gas. Be sure to show all four points of the particle model of matter in each picture.

2. In what state of matter will the particles have the strongest attractive forces? ______

3. In what state of matter will the particles have the most space between them? ______

4. Use the particle model of matter to explain why running a metal jar lid under warm water makes it easier to undo. You should mention 3 things specifically. ______

5. What are three things that will speed up the rate of dissolving? ______

Mix and Flow of Matter - Section 2 – Assignment Earn 12 marks from the following questions. Complete this assignment in your bound booklets. 30 For full marks you must use complete sentences. If you need help with complete sentences I will sit with you and help you write them.

1. What is the difference between a mixture and a pure substance? /1

2. What is the difference between a homogeneous mixture and a heterogeneous mixture? /1

3. What is the difference between a suspension and a colloid? /1

4. Why is paper chromatography used? /1

5. Why will the solute sugar dissolve in the solvent water? /2

6. Solution A has 8 g of salt dissolved in 40 mL of water. Solution B has 17 g of salt dissolved in 80 mL of water. Which one is more concentrated? Show how you figured it out. /2

7. Explain how you would know if a solution of kool-aid is saturated or not. /1

8. What are three things that may change the solubility of a substance? /3

9. Use the particle model of matter to explain why metal power lines will get shorter in the winter and longer in the summer. Use the three main points of the particle model of matter. /4

3.0 – The properties of gases and liquids can be explained by the particle model of matter.

31 3.1 – Viscosity and the Effects of Temperature

How quickly fluids flow is a property called viscosity. The quicker a material flows the lower the viscosity. Some examples of materials with high viscosity include: molasses, shampoo and toothpaste. Some examples of materials with low viscosity include: water, juice and rubbing alcohol.

The Effect of Temperature on the Viscosity of Different Liquids

Problem – How will changing the temperature of a material affect its viscosity? Hypothesis - ______

Variables Manipulated ______

Responding ______

Controlled ______

Materials - ______

32 Observations – Table

Discussion 1. What happens to the viscosity of a material when the temperature increases? ______

2. Use the particle model of matter to explain what is happening to the particles of a substance when the viscosity increases. You should mention three things. ______

Conclusion a) ______

b) ______

c) ______

3.2 – Density

Density is the amount of matter (particles) in a given volume (space).

33 Density is calculated by dividing the mass of the material by its volume. Density (d) = Mass (m) Volume (V) Calculating the Density of Different Liquids Procedure ______Density of Different Liquids Liquid Volume (mL) Mass (g) Density Density (g/mL) (g/1mL)

Density of Different Solids Solid Volume (mL) Mass (g) Density Density (g/mL) (g/1mL)

How ‘dense’ are you? hahahahahahaha – get it? Dense? It’s a joke  Student Volume (mL) Mass (g) Density Density (g/mL) (g/1mL)

How will different solids act when placed in a liquid (water)? Less dense than water.

Same density as water. 34 More dense than water.

Much more dense than water.

Liquids in a Liquid When you combine liquids, how do you know which one has a greater density than the other one? Think about an oil spill in the ocean. ______

Gases in Gases Gases will act the same as liquids when comparing their densities. Think about how a hot air balloon works. How does the balloon go higher? ______

Density changes as temperature changes. As a material gains heat its density goes down. What is happening to the particles? 1. ______2. ______3. ______As a material loses heat its density goes up.

Check and Reflect - Section 3 #1

1. What is viscosity? ______

35 2. What is density? ______

3. As you add heat to a material what happens to the viscosity? ______

4. What are three things that are happening to the particles of a material when you decrease the viscosity? ______

5. How do you calculate density? ______

6. When comparing materials how do you know which one has the highest density in a solid? ______liquid? ______gas? ______

7. When you increase the temperature of a material what happens to its: mass? ______volume? ______density? ______

3.3 – Density, Temperature, and Buoyancy

Changing Density by Changing Concentration

36 Remember that the density of a material is how much matter there is in a certain volume. If we add more matter then the density can increase. More matter in the same volume equals a greater density. Consider a swimming pool compared to the Dead Sea.

The particles of a swimming pool compared to the Dead Sea. Swimming Pool Dead Sea

Temperature and Density

What happens to the particles of a material as its density increases? ______

What happens to the particles of a material as its density decreases? ______

Buoyancy

In liquids there is a force called buoyancy that is always pushing up. What will a tree branch do when it falls into water? ______Why? ______

37 ______What will happen to a scuba diver when they get into the water? ______Why? ______

Plimsoll Line

Large ships travel through many different types and temperatures of water. They have a plimsoll line painted on the side of the ship to indicate what type of water they are in. What does TF and WNA stand for? ______

3.4 – Compression of Fluids

Fluids are compressible. This means that when a force is applied to an object the object will be compressed. When an object is under compression it may be deformed. 38 Liquids In order to try and compress a liquid the liquid needs to be in a sealed container. Liquids are said to be incompressible (cannot be compressed). Why are liquids incompressible? ______

Gases Gases are very compressible. Why are gases compressible but liquids are not? ______

1. Using the word density, explain why you can float in the Dead Sea really well but not in a swimming pool. ______

39 2. What happens to the particles of a material as its density decreases? ______

3. How does the density of a material determine whether or not it will sink or float? ______

4. What is a plimsoll line? ______

5. Why does a ship float higher in winter north Atlantic waters but lower in tropical fresh water? ______

6. Why can you compress a gas but not a liquid? ______

3.5 – Pressure in Fluids – Pascal’s Law

A hydraulic system uses liquids under pressure to move very heavy loads. Pressure is a measure of the amount of force applied to a given area. Pressure can be calculated by the following formula:

40 p = F / A

 p is the pressure. The units used to measure pressure is the pascal (Pa) named after the scientist Blaise Pascal. It can also be measured in Newtons per square centimetre (N/cm2) or Newtons per square metre (N/m2).  F is the force being applied. It is measured in Newtons.  A is the area the fluid is occupying. It is measured in square centimetres (cm2).

So in a situation where a 20 N force is applied on a 4 cm2 area this is how you would calculate how much pressure there is:

p = F A = 20 N 4cm2 = 5 N/cm2

Pressure in Depth In a container of water we can measure the amount of pressure that is pushing on the walls of the container. If you punch two tiny holes in the can at different levels for the water to leak out, which hole will the water come out of faster? ______Why? ______

41 ______

Pascal’s Law In Pascal’s research he discovered that pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid. This effect is known as Pascal’s Law. That is why these systems have such

42 large mechanical advantages, which means they can lift enormous loads.

Hydraulics

A hydraulic system uses liquids under pressure to move very heavy loads. Some examples include a car jack, dump truck, back hoe.

43 Pneumatics

Pneumatics use air under pressure to complete a task. Jack hammers, paint sprayers and a dentist’s drill are examples of devices that use compressed air to move something.

1. What are the units used to measure pressure? ______

44 2. If you were to apply a force of 30 N on an area of 6 cm2 what would the pressure be?

3. What happens to the amount of pressure as you travel deeper in the water? ______

4. What is Pascal’s Law? ______

5. What is the difference between a hydraulic system and a pneumatic system? ______

6. Which system do you think has more ‘push power’, hydraulics or pneumatics? ______Why do you think that? ______

Mix and Flow of Matter - Section 3 Assignment Earn 12 marks from the following questions. Complete this assignment in your bound booklets.

45 For full marks you must use complete sentences. If you need help with complete sentences I will sit with you and help you write them.

1. How does increasing the temperature affect viscosity? density? /2

2. What happens to the particles of a material as its viscosity decreases? /3

3. Use the words space and matter to describe what density is. /1

4. When you mix two liquids how do you know which material has the greatest density? /1

5. How do you calculate density? /1

6. Using the words density and concentration, why are you more able to float in the Dead Sea than you are in a swimming pool? /2

7. What happens to the particles of a material when density lowers? /3

8. Why will a ship float higher in winter salt water than it will in tropical fresh water? /2

9. Using Pascal’s Law, explain why you can lift so much weight with a hydraulic system. /1

10. What is the difference between hydraulic and pneumatic systems. /1

4.0 – Many technologies are based on the properties of fluids.

4.1 – Technologies Based on Solubility

46 Diving and Decompression How does a person get “the bends”? ______

What is “the bends”? ______

How is a person cured of “the bends”? ______

What does “the bends” have to do with solubility? ______

4.2 – Technologies Based on Flow Rates and Moving Fluids

47 A pump is a mechanism that creates a pressure difference. Because of this difference the material (air, water, oil) will move from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure.

What are some examples of pumps? ______

A valve is a mechanism that controls the rate at which a material moves from one area to another.

What are some examples of a valve? ______48 ______