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A5 Western Transport Corridor Volume 1 - Environmental Statement 12 GEOLOGY AND SOILS 12.1 Executive summary 12.1.1 The assessment has investigated the impacts of the Proposed Scheme on statutory and non-statutory geological sites, evaluated the risks associated with existing areas of contamination and assessed existing ground conditions to determine the suitability of soils to be re-used within the works. 12.1.2 The assessment has concluded that the Proposed Scheme would not impact on any areas designated for the protection of geological interest. Several sites have been identified where the ground is known to be contaminated, mostly in brownfield areas around Strabane. Background testing has identified areas of elevated levels of contaminates where soils cannot be incorporated into the works. Additionally, the contractors would undertake sampling and testing of soils in these areas and prepare detailed plans for avoiding handling, removal and disposal to ensure that site staff and the public would not be exposed to any potential hazard. Where soils have been found to be acceptable, it would be reused in the works. 12.2 Scope of the assessments 12.2.1 The assessments and studies relating to geology and soils have been focused on: consideration of potential impacts specific to statutory and non-statutory sites designated for their geological value; a review of geological, geotechnical and soils information prepared by the geotechnical and contaminated land team to identify potential impacts on geological resources; evaluation of contaminated areas and sites relative to potential impacts / risks on environmental receptors in the vicinity of the Proposed Scheme; and an assessment of the background greenfield conditions to determine whether or not soils would be suitable for re-use within the works. 12.2.2 Statutory designated sites which have been considered include Areas of Special Scientific Interest (ASSIs) where geological value is integral to the designation. Non- statutorily designated sites include Earth Science Conservation Review Sites (ESCRS). These are sites identified as having national or international importance for earth science conservation by virtue of their geology, palaeontology, mineralogy or geomorphology. 12.2.3 In relation to contaminated sites, the assessment identified sites where construction is likely to involve disturbance which could result in the release of contaminants into the environment and could result in impacts on sensitive environmental receptors including people, nature conservation resources and aquatic resources. Potential impacts related to human health are described in this chapter. Impacts on the aquatic environment and © Mouchel 2016 12-1 A5 Western Transport Corridor Volume 1 - Environmental Statement nature conservation resources, are described in Chapter 11 (Ecology and Nature Conservation) and Chapter 16 (Road Drainage and the Water Environment). 12.2.4 Contaminated sites include brownfield sites which are defined as previously developed sites with a range of former industrial uses which have been or are associated with industrial or other potentially contaminative activities. Former and active landfills have also been considered. 12.2.5 The study area for the assessment includes designated and contaminated sites either under or directly adjacent to the Proposed Scheme and new or modified side roads. 12.2.6 More distant sites which may also be impacted by the road construction, such as large landfills, have also been considered. 12.3 Statutory and planning context 12.3.1 Reference has been made to the following statutes, policies and plans. The Nature Conservation and Amenity Lands (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 (as amended) 12.3.2 The main provisions include powers for the Department of the Environment Northern Ireland (DOE) to designate National Parks, and to declare statutory Nature Reserves or Marine Nature Reserves. The Environment (Northern Ireland) Order 2002 12.3.3 This legislation requires Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA) to identify and designate ASSIs. ASSIs are nationally important sites which are designated for their important flora, fauna or geological features. Planning Policy Statement 2 (PPS 2) Planning and Nature Conservation 12.3.4 PPS 2 details DOE policies relative to nature conservation as part of the Department’s responsibility for securing orderly, consistent and sustainable development. Geological features and landforms are included as important components which form the focus of the conservation policies within the document. The Waste and Contaminated Land (Amendment) Act (Northern Ireland) 2011 12.3.5 The Waste and Contaminated Land Order was made in November 1997. It came into operation in March 1998 (with amendments to Part 2 & Part 3 of the order completed in 2011) and implements the European Commission (EC) Framework on Waste in Northern Ireland. The Order makes a number of provisions such as: transfer of responsibility for waste regulation from the district councils to the Department of Environment (DOE), focused within the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA); introduction of measures designed to increase control over the processing and handling of waste including Waste Management Licensing, Controlled Waste and © Mouchel 2016 12-2 A5 Western Transport Corridor Volume 1 - Environmental Statement Duty of Care, Registration of Carriers, Special Waste and Producer Responsibility; and introduction of measures relating to the identification of contaminated land, designation of special sites, duties of enforcing authorities to require remediation, determination of appropriate persons to bear responsibility for remediation, liability of contaminating substances which escape to other land and contaminated land registers. 12.3.6 Some parts of the order with respect to waste management have yet to be implemented, for example, waste licensing is operating under the provisions of the Pollution Control and Local Government (Northern Ireland) Order 1978 until regulations for the transfer of responsibility to the DOE can be introduced. 12.4 Methods of assessment 12.4.1 The assessments have been informed by the guidance detailed in the DMRB, Volume 11, Section 3, Part 11 – Geology and Soils. 12.4.2 They have involved the following tasks: establishment of the baseline environment relative to the location, form and status of designated sites and contaminated sites and the key geological characteristics associated with the Proposed Scheme corridor and its wider setting; evaluation of the form and magnitude of impacts on designated sites and the potential for impacts associated with contaminated sites which would be, or are, likely to be disturbed during construction of the Proposed Scheme; identification of appropriate mitigation where impacts on designated or other important geological features or contaminated sites have been identified; and description of the predicted residual impacts and their effects. Establishment of baseline environment 12.4.3 Identification of areas designated for their geological value, contaminated sites and the geological characteristics of the Proposed Scheme corridor has involved reference to the following documents and data sources (see Appendix 12A for further detail): current and historical, geological and hydrogeological mapping; walkover surveys; aerial photography; datasets held by the Geological Survey of Northern Ireland and the Geological Survey of Ireland; datasets held by the Northern Ireland Environment Agency (NIEA); datasets held by the Northern Ireland Executive and Local Authorities; © Mouchel 2016 12-3 A5 Western Transport Corridor Volume 1 - Environmental Statement datasets held by the Public Records Office; A5 Western Transport Corridor, Environmental Statement, Mouchel, November 2010; A5 Western Transport Corridor Section 1 Preliminary Sources Study, Mouchel, June 2009; A5 Western Transport Corridor Section 2 Preliminary Sources Study, Mouchel, June 2009; A5 Western Transport Corridor Section 3 Preliminary Sources Study, Mouchel, June 2009; A5 Western Transport Corridor Section 1 Factual report on Ground Investigation, Phases 1-4, Glover Site Investigation Ltd, 2010; A5 Western Transport Corridor Section 2 Factual report on Ground Investigation, Phases 1-4, Soil Mechanics Ltd, 2010; A5 Western Transport Corridor Section 3 Factual report on Ground Investigation, Phases 1-4, Soil Mechanics Ltd, 2010; A5 Western Transport Corridor Section 1 Ground Investigation Report, Phases 1- 4, Volumes 1-13, Mouchel, June 2012; A5 Western Transport Corridor Section 2 Ground Investigation Report, Phases 1- 4, Volumes 1-10, Mouchel, June 2012; A5 Western Transport Corridor Section 3 Ground Investigation Report, Phases 1- 4, Volumes 1-11, Mouchel, June 2012; A5 Western Transport Corridor Section 1 Ground Investigation Report Supplement, Phase 5, Arup Atkins, November 2013; and A5 Western Transport Corridor Section 3 Ground Investigation Report Supplement, Phase 5, Volumes 1-13, URS Halcrow, January 2014. 12.4.4 The principal sources of information specific to geological characteristics, contaminated sites and contaminated land have been the Geotechnical Preliminary Sources Study Reports prepared by Mouchel in 2009 and Ground Investigation Reports prepared by Glovers Site Investigation Limited and Soil Mechanics in 2010. A review of ground based information and chemical data prepared by Arup Atkins in 2013 and URS Halcrow in 2014 has also been undertaken, the assessment of which is presented