School of Law

IHL LW471 International Humanitarian Law LW 471 Course Outline 2017

LL.M. Programmes - Irish Centre for Human Rights

To provide students with an understanding of the different legal regimes of jus in bello and jus ad bellum. To provide students with an appreciation of the general principles and Objectives laws that comprise international humanitarian law and to assess how these rules developed over time. To evaluate the application of these rules to case studies and scenarios and to critically analyse how IHL is enforced. Name Office Ext E-mail Prof Ray Room 103 3081 [email protected] Lecturer Murphy ICHR Dr Anita Room 204 2097 anita.ferrara@ nuigalway.ie Ferrara ICHR Semester Venue Times Monday 10-1 Seminar Room, ICHR (February – March) Upon completion of this course students will be able to:

 Discuss and evaluate the role and nature of IHL,  Critically examine the historical background to the development of IHL,  Critically examine the provisions of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols,  Analyse and discuss the criteria for distinguishing between Learning categories of conflict, Outcomes  Critically examine the rules governing the treatment of combatants and prisoners of war,  Explain and apply the rules governing the conduct of hostilities.  Explain and evaluate the protection of civilians under IHL,  Discuss and evaluate the relevance of IHL to peace support operations,  Explain the distinction between international humanitarian law and international human rights law,  Discuss the implementation of IHL,  Apply the relevant principles of IHL to hypothetical scenarios. There will be one three-hour seminar per week during the semester. Students are required to read material in advance, and they are encouraged to engage in debate and discussion of the relevant topics. Format THERE WILL BE A FIELD TRIP TO RENMORE MILITARY BARRACKS SOMETIME DURING THE FIRST TERM – IT WILL BE A MANDATORY FULL DAY EVENT

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Programme(s) LL.M. programmes, full-time and part-time

Course Material See Blackboard at: http://blackboard.nuigalway.ie

 Chesterman, Civilians in War, Lynne Rienner (2001).  Clapham, The Geneva Conventions - A Commentary, Oxford Core Texts University Press (2014).  Crawford, The Treatment of Combatants and Insurgents under the Law of Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press (2010).  Dinstein, The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict, (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press (2010).  Dinstein, The Law of Belligerent Occupation, Cambridge University Press (2009).  Dörman, Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Cambridge University Press / ICRC (2002).  Fleck (ed.), Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflict (3rd Ed.) Oxford University Press (2013).  Green, The contemporary law of armed conflict (3rd ed.), Manchester University Press (2008).  JEAN-MARIE HENCKAERTS & LOUISE DOSWALD-BECK, CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW (3 vols. 2006) available at https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/publication/pcustom. htm.  ICRC, Commentary,The Geneva Conventions I, II. III, IV of 12 August 1949 and Commentary, Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Martinuus Nijhoff (1987), available online at: http://www.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/vwTreaties1949.xsp.  ICRC, Interpretive Guidance on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities under IHL, ICRC (2009), available online at: http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/article/review/review- 872-p991.htm.  Kalshoven and Zegveld, Constraints on the Waging of War – an Introduction to International Humanitarian Law (4th ed), Cambridge University Press (2011).  Kolb and Hyde. An Introduction to the International Law of Armed Conflicts, Hart Publishers (2008).  Kretzmer, The Occupation of Justice – The Supreme Court of Israel and the Occupied Territories, State University of New York Press (2002).  Lekha Sriram, Martin-Ortega and Herman, War, Conflict and Human Rights, Routledge (2010).  Lubell, Extraterritorial Use of Force Against Non-State Actors, Oxford University Press (2010).  Rogers, Law on the Battlefield, (2nd ed.), Manchester University Press (2004).  Sassòli and Bouvier, How Does Law Protect in War (Vols. 1, 2 and

2 IHL LW471 3) (3rd ed.), ICRC (2011) – available online at: http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/publication/p0739.ht m.  Solis, The Law of Armed Conflict, Cambridge University Press (2010).  Wolfrum (ed.), Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Oxford University Press (2012) available through the library. Supplementary Books: Texts  Austin and Bruch, The Environmental Consequences of War – Legal, Economic, and Scientific Perspectives, Cambridge University Press (2000).  Gutman, and Reif, (eds.), Crimes of War (2nd. Ed), Norton and Co. (2007).  Kelly, Restoring and Maintaining Order in Complex Peace Operations, Kluwer,(1999), Chpts. 6 and 7.  Lauterpacht, Oppenheim’s International Law Vol II – Disputes, War and Neutrality, Longmans (1955).  Murphy, UN Peacekeeping in Lebanon, Somalia and Kosovo: Legal and Operational Issues in Context, Cambridge University Press (2007).  UK Ministry of Defence,The Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict, Oxford University Press (2004).  Wills, Protecting Civilians – The Obligations of Peacekeepers, Oxford University Press (2009). Web sites:  www.icrc.org International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and www.icrc.org/eng/customary-law,  www.ihlresearch.org; and www.wihl.nl

US Document: Department of Defense, Law of War Manual, Office of General Counsel Dept of Defense (June 2015). Evaluation is undertaken through the submission of an essay which Assessment should demonstrate significant research, familiarity with the legal framework and literature, independent thought and critical analysis.

4 IHL LW471 Provisional Course Outline

Topic 1 - Introduction to IHL The concept and purpose of IHL; Basic concepts and nature of IHL and its relationship to Public International Law; Historical development and legal basis of IHL; Difference between jus ad bellum and jus in bello rules.

Required reading:  History of the ICRC, available at: http://www.icrc.org/eng/who-we-are/history/index.jsp  D. Palmieri, “An institution standing the test of time? A review of 150 years of the history of the International Committee of the Red Cross”, 94 (888) International Review of the Red Cross (2012) 1273, available at: http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/review/2013/irrc-888-palmieri.pdf  R. Kolb, “Origin of the twin terms jus ad bellum/jus in bello”, available at: http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jnuu.htm

Further reading  ICRC, International Humanitarian Law and the challenges of contemporary armed conflicts, 32nd International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, Geneva, 2015, available at: https://www.icrc.org/en/document/international-humanitarian-law- and-challenges-contemporary-armed-conflicts

Topic 2 - Recourse to force under international law Regulation of the use of force under public international law; ‘Just war’ concept and the responsibility to protect doctrine; Latest developments on the notion of the crime of aggression in international law.

Required reading:  UN Charter, Article 2, and Chapters VI, VII and VIII  International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), The Responsibility to Protect, Vols I and II, International Development Research Centre, 2001.  Any book on International Law and the relevant chapter(s) dealing with the use of force e.g. M. Shaw, International Law, (5th ed. CUP 2003), chapter 20 ‘International law and the use of force by states’.

Further reading:  M. Sassòli & A. Bouvier, How Does Law Protect in War, Geneva: ICRC (2011), Chapter 2.  C. Greenwood, “International Law and the Pre-emptive Use of Force: Afghanistan, Al- Qaida, and Iraq” 4 San Diego Int'l L.J. 7 (2003).  N. Lubell, Extraterritorial Use of Force Against Non-State Actors, Oxford (2010)

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Topic 3 - Scope and Applicability of IHL Legal regimes governing international and non –international armed conflicts; Criteria for the categorisation of conflicts; Legal and practical consequences in situations of armed conflict.

Required reading:  Sylvain Vité, ‘Typology of armed conflicts in international humanitarian law: legal concepts and actual situations’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 91 No. 873, March 2009, pp. 69-84. (available online www.icrc.org)  Dapo Akande, ‘Classification of Armed Conflicts: Relevant Legal Concepts’ (August 20, 2012), in E. Wilmshurst (ed), International Law and the Classification of Conflicts (OUP 2012) chapter 3; Oxford Legal Studies Research Paper No 50/2012. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2132573  Tadić Case, (Merits) ICTY, relevant parts of all 3 judgments, http://www.un.org/icty/ see the sections on classification of the conflict  La Tablada case, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report No. 55/97, Case No. 11.137: Argentina, OEA/ Ser/\L/V/II.98, Doc. 38, December 6 rev., 1997 available at https://www.cidh.oas.org/annualrep/97eng/Argentina11137.htm

Further reading:  Rule of Law in Armed Conflict Project ‘RULAC Project’ – http://www.geneva- academy.ch/RULAC/index.php  ‘How is the Term ‘Armed Conflict’ Defined in International Humanitarian Law?’, International Committee of the Red Cross Opinion Paper, March 2008, available online at: www.cicr.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/armed-conflict-article-170308? opendocument

Topic 4 - Combatants and Prisoners of War: Status and Treatment General criteria for determining combatant and POW status under IHL, and the regulations governing the treatment of POW’s.

Required reading:  Kenneth Watkin, Opportunity Lost: Organized Armed Groups and the ICRC “Direct Participation in Hostilities Interpretive Guidance, 42 N.Y.U.J. INT’L L. & POL. 641 (2010) available at http://nyujilp.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/42.3-Watkin.pdf.  K. Watkin, ‘Warriors without rights? Combatants, Unprivileged Belligerents and the Struggle over Legitimacy’, Occasional Paper Series, Program on Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, Harvard University (2005), available at: http://www.hpcrresearch.org/sites/default/files/publications/OccasionalPaper2.pdf  K. Dörmann , ‘The legal situation of "unlawful/unprivileged combatants", International Review of the Red Cross, No. 849, (2003), available at: http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/5lphbv.htm  Direct Participation in Hostilities, ICRC Geneva, (2009), available at: http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/publication/p0990.htm

Further reading:  Ray Murphy, ‘Prisoner of War Status and the Question if the Guantanamo Bay Detainees’, Human Rights Law Review, Vol. 3 (2004), pp. 257-278.

6 IHL LW471 Topic 5 - The Laws of Occupation Laws of occupation under IHL and to appreciate the rights and responsibilities of the Occupying Power.

Required reading:  Geneva Conventions I, II, IV (1949).  1907 Hague Convention IV: Regulations Art .42-56.  Shane Darcy and John Reynolds, ‘An Enduring Occupation: The Status of the Gaza Strip from the Perspective of International Humanitarian Law’, Journal of Conflict and Security Law Vol. 15 (2) (2010), pp. 211-43.  A. Roberts, ‘What is a military occupation?’, 55 British Yearbook of International Law (1984), pp. 249-305.  D. Scheffer, ‘Beyond Occupation Law’, 97 AJIL (2003), pp. 842-860.

Further reading:  A. Roberts ‘The End of Occupation in Iraq’ Available on http://www.ihlresearch.org/iraq/portalhome.php  D. Kretzmer, The Occupation of Justice – The Supreme Court of Israel and the Occupied Territories, State University of New York Press, 2002.  Y. Arai-Takahashi, The Law of Occupation, Martinus Nijhoff (2009).  Y. Dinstein, The Law of Belligerent Occupation, Cambridge University Press, (2009).  E. Benvenisti, ‘Water Conflicts During Occupation of Iraq, 97 AJIL (2003), 860-873.  S. Wills, Protecting Civilians – The Obligations of Peacekeepers, Oxford: OUP, (2009), Chapter 4, pp. 171-245  ‘IHL in Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territory’, www.ihlresearch.org/opt

Topic 6 - War Crimes: Implementation of IHL and the Mechanisms of Justice War crimes under IHL; Article 8 of the ICC Statute and the elements of the crimes; Implementing IHL and the role of the ICC and the ad hoc Criminal Tribunals

Required reading:  K. Dörman, Elements of War Crimes under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, Cambridge/ICRC (2002).  Human Rights Watch, Genocide, War Crimes, Crimes Against Humanity – A Topical Digest of Case Law of the ICTY, Human Rights Watch, New York, 2006.  Theodor Meron, Reflections on the Prosecution of War Crimes by International Tribunals, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 100, No. 3 (Jul., 2006), pp. 551-57

Further Reading:  Cassese, International Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. 15-63. Human Rights Watch, Genocide, War Crimes, Crimes Against Humanity – A Topical Digest of Case Law of the ICTY, Human Rights Watch, New York, 2006.

Topic 7- Conduct of Hostilities: Fundamental Principles of Conduct Distinction between the Law of The Hague and the Law of Geneva; Framework for the protection of the civilian population against the effects of hostilities; Concepts of prohibited attacks, civilian population, military objectives and targets and the principles of distinction and proportionality. 7 IHL LW471

Required reading:  J.-F. Quéguiner, ‘Precautions under the law governing the conduct of hostilities’, International Review of the Red Cross, Vol. 88, No. 864, (2006), pp. 793-821, available at http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/article/review/review-864-p793.htm.  Y. Dienstein, ‘Jus in bello issues arising in the hostilities in Iraq in 2003’, IYHR, Vol 34, 2004, pp. 1-14.  M. Sassòli and A. Bouvier, How Does Law Protect in War, Geneva: ICRC (2010), Chapter 9  Article 48 of Protocol I of 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 1948 + Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Dordercht: Martinuus Nijhoff (1987), available on the website of the ICRC, www.icrc.org

Further reading:  Y. Dinstein, The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict, Cambridge University Press, 2004.

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Topic 8 - International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law Fields of application of both regimes and the interplay between the different legal regimes.

Required reading:  Special edition of the IRRC 2014, Multinational Operations and the Law, International Review of the Red Cross (2014), Vol. 95, No.891/92, 2013.  F. Hampson & I. Salama, Working paper on the relationship between human rights law and international humanitarian law, Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/14, 21 June 2005, Part 2  N. Lubell, ‘Challenges in Applying Human Rights Law to Armed Conflict’, International Review of the Red Cross vol.860 (2005). Available at: http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/article/review/review-860-p737.htm  Human Rights Committee General Comment 29, States of Emergency and General Comment 31, Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant.  M. Sassòli, and L.M. Olson, ‘The legal relationship between international humanitarian law and human rights law where it matters: admissible killing and internment of fighters in non-international armed conflict’, 871 International Review of the Red Cross 90, 2008, pp. 599-627, available at http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/article/review/review-871-p599.htm  A. Clapham, ‘Human Rights Obligations of Non-State Actors in Conflict Situations’, International Review of the Red Cross Vol.88, No. 863 (2006). Available at: http://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/irrc_863_clapham.pdf

Further reading:  Las Palmeras Case, Judgment on Preliminary Objections of February 4, 2000, Inter- Am. Ct. H.R. (Ser. C) No. 67 (2000). http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/iachr/C/67- ing.html  http://www.geneva- academy.ch/RULAC/interaction_between_humanitarian_law_and_human_rights_in_ar med_conflicts.php  ICRC, THE USE OF FORCE IN ARMED CONFLICTS: INTERPLAY BETWEEN THE CONDUCT OF HOSTILITIES AND LAW ENFORCEMENT PARADIGMS (2013) available at https://shop.icrc.org/the-use-of-force-in-armed-conflicts- expertmeeting.html.