AP Picture Notes Middle East Since 1945 Name ______

AP Picture Notes Middle East since 1945 name ______

Ottoman Empire1914: just before WWI. Which city is labeled wrong? The Ottoman Empire ceased to exist in the 1920s. Which alliance was the Ottoman Empire part of during WWI?

Which country replaced it?

Who was the first leader of Turkey? What type of government did he establish?

Geography note: Turkey is on the Anatolian peninsula. It is also called Asia Minor.

The Suez Canal connects which two seas? When was the Suez Canal completed? By whom? What happened to the naval trade route between Great Britain and India? Who defeated the French and took over the canal?

1875: Britain buys 40% of the shares in the canal from Egypt’s leadercontrol of Suez Canal

In 1882 Britain asserts control of Egypt. In 1914, Egypt becomes a British Protectorate; in 1922 (after WWI), it establishes independence.

In the 1950s, Nasser (Egypt’s leader) nationalizes the Suez Canal. (He put it back under Egyptian control.200 Study the chapter 29 HW this week. (p.726) This almost started a war).

Mandates after WWI What were mandates? Independence dates (JILSI countries): > Jordan: 1946 Where did Britain have mandates? > Israel: 1948 > Lebanon: 1944 > Syria 1944 Where did France have mandates? > Iraq: 1932

The people of Egypt and the JILSI countries (my term) fought with the British in WWI. How do you think they felt when they were NOT granted independence after WWI? Which attitude did this spark?

What was Zionism? When did it start? Who led this movement?

Demographic note: By 1915 during WWI, over 80,000 Jewish people lived in Palestine. Which British declaration issued during WWI called for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine? Conflicts in the Middle East 1) Arab & Israeli Conflicts: Give the dates of the four wars fought between Israel and its Arab neighbors. ______, ______, ______, ______

The Six Day War 1967 In 1967, Egypt, Jordan, and Syria had Camp David Peace Accords: mobilized troops along their borders with 1979 Israel. So Israel attacked each country and defeated them ALL in six days by air, land, and sea.

Which three territories did Israel gain?

In 1979, which peace accords were held?

Carter negotiated this agreement. He was As a result, Egypt regained the the U.S. president. Sinai Peninsula, but Sadat Where was Begin from? was assassinated by his own Where was Sadat from? What eventually troops in 1981. happened to Sadat?

2) Iran-Iraq War (refer to the chapter 34 Middle East questions sheet). Note: This war was fought from 1980-1988. Discussion questions: Why did Saddam Hussein attack Iran? (What did he fear?) How many died?

3) Persian Gulf War (August, 1990—February, 1991). Saddam Hussein had invaded and taken over Kuwait. Although the U.S. said our main purpose was to liberate Kuwait, what was our real purpose?

Iraq War (2003—present). Why did the U.S. attack Iraq in 2003? (What did we fear?)

Results: Saddam Hussein removed from power and executed; socioeconomic and political instability despite heroic efforts of U.S. troops. Over 4000 U.S. troops killed; between 100,000 and 650,000 Iraqis killed. (Many have relocated—estimates vary greatly). ------4) Iranian Hostage Crisis. (refer to the chapter 34 Middle East questions sheet). Dates: November, 1979—January, 1981 Discussion questions: Who was the pro-American Iranian that fled his country? Who was the Islamic fundamentalist leader that took over? Who was taken hostage? Why?

Closure: (My historical interpretation) Arab Nationalism emerged after WWI due to the establishment of the Mandate system. It intensified when Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal in 1955. However, Arab Nationalism was severely weakened after the Six Day War when Israel defeated Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. After the Iranian Hostage Crisis, terrorism emerged as a new quasi-nationalistic force which transcends national borders. It’s not going away any time soon. In 2011, a revolutionary uprising occurred in Tunisia and spread to Egypt, Libya, Syria, Bahrain, and Iran (to some extent).

5) September 11, 2001: The 9/11 attacks. (see separate pictures) Who attacked the U.S.? Why? Approximately how many Americans died? The 9/11 Attacks