US History Fort Burrows Slavery Divides the Nation – 1820 – 1861 16.1 – Slavery in the Territories READ pgs 458-462 “Figure out what you’ve got and make it work.” Warren Merrell, 2004, Cowboy and Owner of Merrell Food Store, Quitaque, TX Pronounced Kitty Quay - Comanche for ‘End of the Trail’ A small town in the Panhandle East of I-27 on Hwy 86 between Amarillo and Lubbock

Presidents: 1st 1789 – 1797 2 terms George Washington – 57 2nd 1797 – 1801 1 term John Adams – 61 3rd 1801 – 1809 2 terms Thomas Jefferson – 57 4th 1809 – 1817 2 terms James Madison – 57 5th 1817 – 1825 2 terms James Monroe – 58 6th 1825 – 1829 1 term John Quincy Adams – 57 7th 1829 – 1837 2 terms Andrew Jackson – 61 8th 1837 – 1841 1 term Martin Van Buren – 54 9th 1841 – 1841 Died William Henry Harrison – 68 10th 1841 – 1845 1 term John Tyler –51 11th 1845 – 1849 1 term James K Polk – 49 12th 1849 – 1850 Died Zachary Taylor – 64 13th 1850 – 1853 1 term Millard Fillmore – 50 14th 1853 – 1857 1 term Franklin Pierce – 48 15th 1857 – 1861 1 term James Buchanan –65 16th 1861 – 1865 2 terms Abraham Lincoln –52, assassinated in office 17th 1865 – 1869 1 term Andrew Johnson – 50, replaced Lincoln 18th 1869 – 1877 2 terms Ulysses Simpson US Grant - 47 BE READY !!!!

Why this matters to B&B Ranch 8th grade students… Other than Burrows likes to hear himself talk. The United States is still torn over the issue of racial equality. Slavery may be a thing of the past, but its legacy of poverty, inequality, and ignorance still troubles society. For example, at the beginning of the 2000s, about 23 percent of African American families lived below the poverty level compared to 8 percent of white families. About 26 percent, 1 out of 4, of white Americans had completed 4 or more years of college education, while about 17 percent of African Americans had done so. But an even more telling fact is that the average annual earnings of white college graduates were almost $10,000 higher than those of African American college graduates. To study the origins of the Civil War will help our students understand the problems of today and how they came about. We hope to teach you, so that history will not repeat itself in your lifetime and to prepare each of you to face your future as AMERICAN CITIZENS. 1 of 16.1 Printer Copy US History Fort Burrows Time Line: 1820 – the Missouri Compromise maintains the balance of free and slave states in the Union 1833 – slavery is abolished in the British Empire 1848 – the Free-Soil party is formed to oppose the extension of slavery in the West 1850 – Congress passes the Compromise of 1850; new law that required all Americans to help recapture fugitive slaves fugitive – one who tries to ‘illegally’ escape 1854 – Senator Stephen Douglas proposes the Kansas–Nebraska Act, allowing new territories to decide whether or not to permit slavery 1854 – slavery is abolished in Venezuela 1857 – Supreme Court rules in Dred Scott v. Sandford case that Congress cannot ban slavery in any territory 1861 – The Confederate States of America is formed Confederate troops fire on Fort Sumter, South Carolina; this bombardment marks the beginning of the Civil War

Main Idea: The Missouri Compromise attempted to settle the issue of whether slavery should be allowed in the western territories.

Vocabulary: Missouri Compromise – agreement proposed in 1819 by Henry Clay, to keep the number of slave and free states equal Wilmot Proviso – law passed in 1846 that banned slavery in any territories won by the US from Mexico

popular sovereignty – a term referring to the idea that each territory could decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery Free-Soil Party – bipartisan, antislavery party founded in the US in 1848 to keep slavery out of the western territories Setting the Scene:

When he reached his seventies, Thomas Jefferson vowed, ‘never to write, talk, or even think about politics.’ Still, in 1820 at the age of 77, he broke this vow. Jefferson voiced alarm at the fierce debate going on in Congress: “This momentous question, like a fire bell in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the funeral bells of the Union… We have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go.” 2 of 16.1 Printer Copy US History Fort Burrows Thomas Jefferson, Letter to John Holmes, April 22, 1820 Jefferson knew the ‘wolf’, or the issue of slavery, could tear the North and South apart. As settlers moved West, Congress faced an agonizing decision. Should it ban slavery in the territories and later admit them to the Union as free states? Or should it permit slavery in the territories and later admit them as slave states? This was the critical question that filled Jefferson with terror in the night.

The Missouri Compromise

 In 1819, 11 free states and 11 slave states  Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state; this would give slave states a majority in the Senate  Northern free states opposed Missouri entering as a slave state  During the lengthy congressional debate, Maine applied for statehood as a free state so Henry Clay made a proposal; The Missouri Compromise  Clay’s plan called to allow both to join the Union; this would maintain balance, 12 free and 12 slave states  Congress split the Louisiana Purchase; South of latitude 36◦ 30’ Latitude N could be slave states and North of the line would be only free states  Missouri would be the ONLY exception 3 of 16.1 Printer Copy US History Fort Burrows

¿¿ What issues did the Missouri Compromise address ? ______. Slavery in the West  Missouri Compromise only applied to the Louisiana Purchase lands  After the Mexican War, Mexican Cession, vast amounts of Western lands became United States Territory  New questions and debates began again over the question of slavery Wilmot Proviso  Northern states feared slavery would extend into the ‘new’ West  Congressman David Wilmot, called for a law to ban slavery in any Western Territory won from Mexico  Naturally, Southern leaders opposed the law  The House passed the law; the Senate defeated the law  Slavery argument continued even while the US was fighting with Mexico

Opposing Views  Abolitionists wanted total ban on slavery in all new territories  Southerns wanted slavery allowed everywhere  Also, most ALL Southerners, slave holders or not, agreed that runaway slaves should be returned and NOT allowed to seek freedom in the North  Moderates looked for compromise; simply extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean – all land North must be free states, all land South could possibly be slave state  Popular Sovereignty is born; under this idea, the people that lived in the territory/state would vote and decide the issue for ‘their own’ state *** popular means the majority of population as in people

¿¿ How did the slavery debate affect the West ? Northerns wanted______. Southerns wanted______. Forced______.

4 of 16.1 Printer Copy US History Fort Burrows The Free-Soil Party  By 1848, Northern Democrats and Whigs opposed slavery but would not take a stand in fear of losing Southern support  Some began to fear the slave issue may split the nation  Antislavery members from BOTH parties founded the Free-Soil Party  Intentions to keep slavery out of the Western territories *** MC Pro Wrestling Voice GET LOUD Aaaand now… your 1848 Presidential candidates… On the ballot we have  Free-Soiler and former President ( give it up for the past prez ) Martin Van Buren  Democratic unknown from the great state of Michigan…Lewwwwis Casssssss *** Jb & Rb clap European style, sort of mockingly  The TOP Whig among all whigs, our very own Mexican killin’ hero, from the Rio Grande Valley and the Mexican / American War, General Zachary Taylor  Slavery is finally an important NATIONAL issue  Van Buren called for a slavery ban in the Mexican Cession  Cass supported popular sovereignty  And Zach Taylor does not speak (publicly) on the issue – since he is from Louisiana – it was assumed he was pro-slavery  And the presidential winner is … Zachary Taylor, Big Whig among Whigs  Although, 13 Congressional seats did go to Free-Soiler’s; slavery was now indeed a national issue

1. What was the purpose of the Missouri Compromise ? ______.

2. Why did conflict arise over the issue of slavery in the in the Western territories ?

______.

3. Why was the Free-Soil party found ? ______.

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