Comparation of Different Quantitative X-Ray Fluorescence Methods Using Reference Standard

        TERRORISM Vol. 4, No. 1 (2005) 3–7

Civil–Military Cooperation in combatting international terrorism

SÁNDOR KOLOSSA

Miklós Zrínyi National Defence University, Budapest, Hungary

The fight against international terrorism is an overarching tasks for the whole of the society but, other than this, it sets speacial tasks for the national armed forces and for NATO as an Alliance. A relatively new capability of the armed forces is CIMIC, or Civil–Military Cooperation. It is a natural need that CIMIC as a special capability opening up unique fields, must participate in combatting international terrorism, too. This article is most probably the first one in Hungary which tries to summarize CIMIC’s special capabilities, possibilities and tasks and which draws some new conclusions about all these in the context of the international war on terrorism.

Introduction

The terrorist attacks against New York and Washington on September 11, 2001 forced the leaders of the United States of America to realise that not even the biggest military superpower of the world is untouchable. Although there had been terrorist attacks committed against American soldiers, technical facilities and installations abroad, moreover, against the World Trade Center with a car-bomb, the large number of casualties (over 3,000) the novelty of techniques and means and also the efficiency of terrorist attacks, the appearance of Islamic terrorism, which had committed several terrorist acts against the United States of America, in the two American cities of great importance, the type of targets (WTC, Pentagon, and perhaps the White House and Congress), the military potential seeking for its position in the new world order, and the “hard-line decisiveness” of the Bush administration combined resulted in stating that

international terrorism became the biggest security challenge of the 3 rd millennium presenting a threat to the world’s stability. The rapid counterstrike against Afghanistan, accused of supporting terrorists made the United States of America aware of the fact that the military alliance under its leadership, the decision-making and military mechanisms of NATO and its military potential are obsolete. NATO quasi criticized itself and at the November 2002 Prague summit meeting committed itself for creating a military might adequate to the new challenges. Received: December 3, 2004 Address for correspondence: SÁNDOR KOLOSSA Miklós Zrínyi National Defence University H–1581 Budapest, P.O. Box 15, Hungary E-mail: [email protected] S. KOLOSSA: Civil–Military Cooperation

The military potential of a country or a military alliance consists of a lot of components from the training level of individual soldiers to the resoluteness of the policy guiding them. A relatively new element of military potential is CIMIC (Civil– Military Cooperation).

Civil–Military Cooperation

CIMIC is only a relatively new element because as a concrete designation, organization, and method, it was introduced in IFOR/SFOR missions concluding the Yugoslav civil war, however, this element has always been an important part of warfare since the beginning of the history of wars. Although its name was different in different times – or had no name at all – CIMIC had often played strategically important roles. Its role and position can also be identified in combating international terrorism, the new military and security challenge of the new millennium. CIMIC was revitalized as a support for IFOR/SFOR peacekeeping operation enforcing the statements of Dayton peace agreement and stabilizing the newly established situation. The commander of IFOR contingent Admiral Leighton Smith characterized the CIMIC situation in Sarajevo in April 1996: “In November we didn’t hear anything about the structure of CIMIC and had no idea about its role. Now we are unable to work without it.”1 The effective and successful operation of CIMIC system, established after the model of the CA (Civil Affairs) in the American army allowed the acceptance of the peace treaty by the warring nations in Bosnia. The main efforts of CIMIC activities focused from the very beginning on the use of special military resources (health care, transportation, engineering support, mine clearing, road- and bridge-building, building and reconstructing houses and community buildings, supply and training) in order to contribute to the re-establishment of normal living standards of civil population that suffered very much regardless of their ethnic origins. CIMIC efforts were made to “restart peace-time life”, create sustainable communities, villages, regions, to repatriate refugees, displaced persons, to improve social conditions (health care, education, housing, etc.) For soldiers prepared and equipped to wage wars these tasks are unusual and difficult. For achieving the objectives of peace keeping operations CIMIC systems had to be established whose single goal is to plan, organize, coordinate, and conduct the use of military resources for civil purposes. CIMIC systems constantly improve by themselves. By now military leaders have also realized the necessity of CIMIC during peacekeeping operations. What will be CIMIC’s role and position in a new type of war, in combating terrorism? What makes the question especially significant is that besides the armed forces a number of civil agencies are also involved

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in anti-terrorist activities with much bigger responsibilities and higher intensity than in traditional wars. On the other side of the front line the enemy has not only regular army corps and divisions but also well-trained and -prepared civilians incorporated into paramilitary organizations. They can seem peaceful or rioting civilians who can turn into armed terrorists in any moment. The involvement of armed forces into anti- terrorism operations consists of both inland operations (within a country) and expeditionary ones (usually beyond the borders of NATO member states – see Afghanistan and Iraq). At the Prague NATO Summit a resolution was made and approved to create a 20+1 thousand-strong rapid reaction contingent with special preparation and equipped with the most modern weapons and material that can be deployed in any part of the world (within or outside NATO territories) at short notice (5–30 days) upon UN mandate against countries posing a threat of the use of terrorist means and weapons of mass destruction. The EuroCorps which is in planning phase is not designated for participating in preventive or counterstrikes but will take part in peace keeping operations after strikes. Current NATO doctrines and manuals2–4 clearly outline the military aspects of anti- terrorist activities but naturally, cannot incorporate resolutions of the Prague Summit. Although it was stated at the meeting that the basic doctrine and Charter of the Alliance would not change new doctrines and manuals are to be worked out to meet new challenges. Current doctrines outline the use of armed forces in Article 5 missions and execution of CIMIC tasks only within the borders of the allied countries. The new principles of deployment mean a new environment for the armed forces with a great influence on the execution of tasks. In war time the main goal of CIMIC is to allocate civil resources for the armed forces in order to allow them to achieve designated military objectives. The war time CIMIC system was established basically for a European theater, primarily the territories of allied states, where CIMIC concentrates civil resources. A change of the theatre affects most significantly the CIMIC system because the resources in the new theatre will be dramatically different from the European one. The biggest difference will be in relation to Afghanistan, Iraq, or a tropical theatre or to one consisting of a large number of islands. The allocation of civil resources in a completely different theatre can prove extremely complex for the CIMIC system and one possible resolution can be the preparation of the armed forces for a full- scale self-sustainability while the other may involve a significant increase of CIMIC capabilities. A development in both fields seems the most reasonable solution. On the one hand the self-sustaining capacity of the expeditionary army should be increased to an optimum level parallel with a significant development of the CIMIC system’s

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capacities and components. The development of the two fields should be executed simultaneously, parallel, and in some places with redundancies at an optimum level.

Factors influencing a successful execution of CIMIC capabilities and tasks 1. Within the borders increased use of both the modern and special capacities of armed forces in close cooperation with other agencies in order to prevent terrorist acts and reduce their consequences; 2. Terrorist attacks will be launched from civil sphere; 3. Conditions and preparedness of theatre in the target country; 4. The economic development level of the target country, its neighbourhood, and region; 5. Separatist movements in the target country and their significance; 6. Diplomatic relations between neighbouring countries and region and the strike coalition; 7. Access to NATO resources during military operations; 8. Host nation support; 9. The military operations in the focus of international media; 10. Large number of refugees and the consequences; 11. At the beginning of and during the military operations little humanitarian assistance can be expected from international aid organizations to the suffering; 12. Self-sustaining expeditionary forces; 13. Military targets will be embedded in civil environment; 14. Large number of non-military organisations will participate in the various phases of operations on the offensive side; 15. The end of military activities and the transition to peace keeping will be a very difficult, liquid, and critical period from CIMIC aspects too.

Conclusions drawn on factors and circumstances influencing the basic functions and their feasibility of CIMIC system 1. The “incorporation” of cooperation capacities, special military capacities among armed forces and other organizations should be increased for a more efficient execution of domestic tasks; 2. The capacities and preparedness of CIMIC system should be enlarged; 3. The participation of CIMIC system in increasing the security of the armed forces should be increased; 4. The expeditionary forces should have a significant and independent CIMIC system; 5. Peace-time theatre reconnaissance should include CIMIC aspects too;

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6. CIMIC system should be prepared according to the results of theatre reconnaissance; 7. CIMIC system should be prepared for the participation of a large number of non- military organisations; 8. Due to the civil environment strikes must be of pinpoint accuracy; 9. CIMIC system expertise should have increased influence on target selection during military operations; 10. High-level media presence should be taken into account at each phase of the military operations; 11. The post-military operations peace keeping operations will be very much different from the previous ones. In conclusion it can be supposed that neither NATO nor the armed forces of the United States of America are prepared in CIMIC relation for combating international terrorism. What complicates the drawing final conclusions is the inadequate amount of information on CIMIC operations in the Afghanistan operations or in connection with preparations for the war in Iraq. This can have various causes: exaggerated secrecy, inadequate analysis because of the current ness of the operations, or low efficiency of CIMIC system. However, one cause – that is CIMIC in Central Asia differs a great deal from that in Western Europe – can certainly be excluded. Current CIMIC system is prepared for providing support to traditional military and peace keeping operations. Due to the large number of novelties of CIMIC cooperation in combating international terrorism abroad or inland, in peace time or war time, in peace keeping operations the tasks require increased attention, research, and development.

References

1. J. PADÁNYI: Civil–Military Cooperation in Peacekeeping Operations, MZNDU, 2001. 2. AJP – 01 (B) Allied Joint Operations Doctrine, Chapter 20 “Civil–Military Cooperation” 3. AJP – 9 NATO Civil–Military Cooperation (CIMIC) Doctrine 4. MC 411 NATO Principles of Civil–Military Cooperation

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