Supplementary material

Plant and Soil

The roles of climate and soil nutrients in shaping the life histories of grasses native to the Cape Floristic Region

G. Anthony Verboom1, Timothy E. Moore1, Vera Hoffmann1 and Michael D. Cramer1,2

1 Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, 7700 Rondebosch, South Africa

2 School of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009,

Australia

Author for correspondence:

G. Anthony Verboom, Department of Botany, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, 7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. Email: [email protected]. Tel +27 21 6503398. Fax +27 21 650 4041. Appendix 1 Niche characterizations of Cape Ehrharta and Pentameris species. Moisture growing season duration (MGSD) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) ranges for each species are summarized using the mean and 0.1 (0.1 q) and 0.9 quantile values (0.9 q) associated with specimen collection localities (number of specimens, n, indicated). Substrate preference (0 = predominantly associated with quartzitic, Cape supergroup sands; 1 = predominantly associated with other substrates) and life history (0 = perennial; 1 = annual) are scored on the basis of field observations and published reports (see text)

Species n Life MGSD MGSD MGSD MAP MAP MAP Substrate history (mean) (0.1 q) (0.9 q) (mean) (0.1 q) (0.9 q) Ehrharta brevifolia 30 1 70.6 0 143.1 301.3 154.7 514.2 1 E. bulbosa 21 0 205.3 139 263 924.4 414 1417 1 E. calycina 32 0 133.1 0 223.9 503.4 222.2 905.9 1 2 E. capensis 99 0 165.3 113.6 224.2 591.4 325.8 946.6 1 E. delicatula 28 1 101.8 0 174 408.8 152.1 733.9 1 E. dura 23 0 258.1 153.2 338 686.8 392.6 899 0 E. eburnea 3 0 38.3 3 83 236.7 185.4 303 1 E. erecta 92 0 190.2 34.5 356.8 749.2 348.5 1154.2 1 E. longiflora 59 1 129.4 0 188.4 492.7 217 806 1 E. longifolia 27 0 199.8 134.4 303.2 865 444.2 1587.2 0 E. melicoides 21 0 133.5 52 187 481.4 284 712 1 E. microlaena 7 0 198.6 148.8 241.4 697.9 358.4 960.6 0 E. ottonis 67 0 217.1 169.4 275.2 927.8 461.8 1481.4 0 E. ramosa 96 0 221.8 129 363.5 856.7 351.5 1558 0 E. rehmannii 66 0 244.9 183 363.5 929.8 568.5 1272.5 0 E. rupestris 57 0 263.8 212.2 344.6 798.2 349.4 1202 0 E. setacea 53 0 270.7 192.8 365 1102.3 575.8 2069 0 E. thunbergii 63 0 125.2 83.4 167.2 405.3 228.4 568.8 0 E. triandra 8 1 96 53.2 127.3 311.1 203.5 425 1 E. villosa 52 0 157 110.3 213.5 515.3 292.5 865 1 Pentameris acinosa 22 0 292.5 207.1 365 973.1 431.9 2064.8 0 P. airoides 42 1 119.8 0 199.8 433.2 223.8 690.3 1 P. alticola 19 0 214.1 172 257.6 440.2 255.4 730.4 0 P. ampla 45 0 226.3 141.2 362 872.9 485.4 1446.8 0 P. argentea 31 0 258.1 180 365 912.8 519 1548 0 P. aristidoides 46 0 189.5 140 230.5 791.5 398 1151.5 0 P. aristifolia 6 1 80.2 57.5 99.5 257.3 223.5 314.5 1 P. aspera 15 0 231.3 189.6 294.8 1107.3 653.4 1495.6 0 P. aurea 17 0 272.2 177.6 365 955.9 418.8 1732.8 0 P. bachmannii 9 0 208.2 155.2 254.6 956.4 527.6 1224.6 1 P. barbata 32 0 160.8 123.2 215 619.2 298.3 1041.4 1 P. calcicola 15 0 127.1 75 174.6 417 344 526.4 1 P. capensis 22 0 274.8 215.2 365 1017 309 1802.4 0 P. capillaris 7 1 114.3 93.8 133 327.9 261.2 427.4 1 P. caulescens 1 0 188 188 188 894 894 894 1 P. cirrhulosa 12 0 109.3 0 187.9 442 292.8 622.9 0 P. clavata 2 0 146 144.4 147.6 476.5 467.3 485.7 0 P. colorata 71 0 220.6 154 362 829 420 1407 0 P. curvifolia 86 0 207.6 136.5 314.5 812.8 414.5 1309 0 P. densifolia 46 0 225.6 149 293.5 637.9 281.5 919 0 P. dentata 4 1 97 95 100.2 285.8 270.3 311.8 1 P. distichophylla 38 0 177.6 110.5 251.3 526.3 280.1 788.5 0 P. ecklonii 5 1 140.4 125 151 430.2 394 482.6 1 P. elegans 2 0 174 169.2 178.8 539 539 539 1 P. eriostoma 69 0 133.4 33.8 214.6 401.8 235.2 638.8 1 P. glandulosa 22 0 168.1 76.9 268.2 622.9 233.4 1352.8 1 P. hirtiglumis 2 0 303 253.4 352.6 1483.5 1048.7 1918.3 0 P. holciformis 5 0 268.4 225.2 335 1260.4 696.2 2034.8 0 P. horrida 6 0 123.3 41.5 187 312.5 252 358.5 0 P. longiglumis 4 0 277 250.4 316 1231.8 1080.6 1447.5 0 P. longipes 1 0 205 205 205 757 757 757 1 P. macrocalycina 53 0 202.7 108.6 306.6 722.1 291.6 1512 0 P. malouinensis 69 0 244.9 149 365 905.7 388.2 1562 0 P. montana 5 0 185.4 93.8 263.2 319.4 242 364 0 P. oreophila 11 0 266 233 365 967.5 256 2092 0 P. pallescens 22 0 280.8 218.2 365 1183.1 625.1 1629.3 0 P. pallida 18 0 185.1 117.2 281.8 651.8 334.1 1077.9 1 2 P. papillosa 26 0 205.4 177 238 901 552.5 1291.5 0 P. patula 16 1 111.4 82.5 141.5 333.2 236.5 461.5 1 P. pholiuroides 7 1 145 138 160 473.7 441 525 1 P. 8 0 231.1 169.4 292.9 529.5 270.5 828.1 0 pseudopallescens P. pungens 16 0 145.4 124.5 174 508.9 422.5 626 0 P. pusilla 14 0 250.1 190.7 319.4 932.5 417.9 1501.5 0 P. pyrophila 20 0 187.1 132.6 262.4 503.5 273.5 822 0 P. reflexa 10 0 142.1 128.5 155.3 599.6 473.4 713 0 P. rigidissima 51 0 241.8 145 365 736.4 261 1821 0 P. rosea 30 0 207.3 144.5 268 525.1 251 774.4 0 P. rupestris 18 0 141.9 105.7 179.9 500.3 288.1 712.3 0 P. scandens 4 0 155.3 128.4 176.3 469.5 357.1 575.1 1 P. swartbergensis 2 0 168 156.8 179.2 248 237.6 258.4 0 P. thuarii 18 0 240.2 113.1 362.9 812.8 339 1690.8 0 P. tomentella 4 1 58 12.9 95.9 293.8 209 378.7 1 P. tortuosa 34 0 255.7 184.7 364.1 930.4 499.6 1507.3 0 P. trifida 1 0 163 163 163 362 362 362 0 P. triseta 17 1 130.4 93.4 156.8 412.4 299.4 503.6 0 P. uniflora 2 0 256 204 308 650 605.2 694.8 0 P. velutina 10 0 144.6 121.6 173.4 527.3 427.8 670.1 1 P. veneta 21 0 225.5 140 326 488.7 278 838 0 P. viscidula 3 0 266.7 257.2 278 563.7 275.8 939.8 0 Appendix 2 Phylogenetically independent annual-perennial comparisons of moisture growing season (MGSD; mean, 0.1 quantile and 0.9 quantile values), mean annual precipitation (MAP; mean, 0.1 quantile and 0.9 quantile values) and substrate preference (0 = predominantly associated with quartzitic, Cape supergroup sands; 1 = predominantly associated with other substrates) within Ehrharta and Pentameris. Each comparison (PIC) is shown as two lines containing the means for the perennial (life history = 0) and annual species (life history = 1) being compared. For substrate preference, which is scored categorically, the scores for all species included in the comparison are listed. The species included in each comparison are as follows: 1. E. calycina and E. brevifolia; 2. E. erecta, E. delicatula, E. longiflora and E. triandra; 3. P. airoides and P. montana; 4. P. capillaris, P. pseudopallescens and P. veneta; 5. P. aristidoides, P. dentata, P. ecklonii, P. horrida, P. pallescens, P. pallida, P. pholiuroides and P. rosea; 6. P. aristifolia, P. glandulosa and P. tomentella; 7. P. barbata, P. longipes and P. patula; 8. P. aspera, P. bachmannii, P. calcicola, P. cirrhulosa, P. densifolia, P. papillosa, P. reflexa, P. rupestris and P. triseta

PIC Life MGSD MGSD MGSD MAP MAP MAP Substrate history mean (0.1 q) (0.9 q) mean (0.1 q) (0.9 q) 1 0 133.1 0 223.9 503.4 222.2 905.9 1 1 70.6 0 143.1 301.3 154.7 514.2 1 2 0 190.2 34.5 356.8 749.2 348.5 1154.2 1 1 109.1 17.7 163.2 404.2 190.9 655.0 1,1,1 3 0 185.4 93.8 263.2 319.4 242.0 364.0 0 1 119.8 0 199.8 433.2 223.8 690.3 1 4 0 228.3 154.7 309.5 509.1 274.3 833.1 0,0 1 114.3 93.8 133.0 327.9 261.2 427.4 1 5 0 197.2 132.3 266.5 692.8 372.0 998.3 0,0,0,0,1 1 127.5 119.3 137.1 396.6 368.4 439.8 1,1,1 6 0 168.1 76.9 268.2 622.9 233.4 1352.8 1 1 69.1 35.2 97.7 275.5 216.3 346.6 1,1 7 0 182.9 164.1 210.0 688.1 527.7 899.2 1,1 1 111.4 82.5 141.5 333.2 236.5 461.5 1 8 0 173.9 122.5 222.3 695.2 426.7 938.2 0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1 1 130.4 93.4 156.8 412.4 299.4 503.6 0