E Mind Set Project

E_ MINDSET PROJECT

REPORT ON THE WORKSHOP ON ENERGY, WATER AND SANITATION

Prepared by:

CT MZEZEWA

12 January 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 2

2.0 WORKSHOP PROGRAM...... 2

3.0 PARTICIPANTS:...... 2

4.0 WORKSHOP OBJECTIVES AND DELIVERABLES...... 2

5.0 PROCEEDINGS...... 2

5.1 Opening Remarks...... 2

5.2 Development...... 2

5.3 Energy Situation...... 2

5.4 Ecological Sanitation Toilet Pilot Project...... 2

5.5 Energy and the MDGs...... 2

6.0 KEY ISSUES IN ENERGY, WATER AND SANITATION...... 2

7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS ON POLICY DIRECTION...... 2

8.0 CONCLUSION AND FOLLOW-UP...... 2

ANNEXES...... 2

Annex 1 Workshop Program...... 2

Annex 2 PARTICIPANTS LIST...... 2

ANNEX 3 ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM ZOPP CARDS...... 2

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge with thanks the assistance given by the Executive Director of the Institute of Water and Sanitation Development, Mrs Noma Neseni for generously agreeing to host the Workshop at the Institute, her Deputy Dr L Nyagwambo and staff, particularly Mrs Henrieta Zharare and Mrs Takaendesa for all the organization and logistical arrangements for the Workshop. Their committed contribution made the Workshop the success that it was.

I also wish to thank the Workshop participants for their lively contribution to the discussions, their suggestions and recommendations.

E_ MindSet Project

Report on the Workshop on Energy, Water and Sanitation

Date: 12th December 2008 Venue: Institute of Water and Sanitation Development, Harare Theme: Energy, Water and Sanitation: Meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for Zimbabwe

1.0 Introduction The Workshop was organised as part of the E-Mindset Project. One of the main objectives of the E-Mindset project is to raise awareness on the role of energy in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and to give the necessary skills for development planners to explicitly include energy in their development plans.

The E-Mindset project is organized in Work Packages with each Work Package delivering specific outputs that together form the project outputs. In addition to capacity building, the Work Packages also deliver thematic and policy research into the various aspects of energy and development.

One of these workshops was on Energy and Water and Sanitation. The workshop brought together technical experts, practitioners and policy makers from various government and non-governmental organizations in a workshop to discuss both technical and policy issues relating to energy and water and sanitation in Zimbabwe. The workshop was held in collaboration with the Institute of Water and Sanitation Development who were the workshop hosts.

2.0 Workshop Program The workshop took place over one morning starting at 9:00 am and ending at 1:00 pm. The Program for the Workshop is in Annex 1.

3.0 Participants: The Workshop was attended by 27 participants of diverse backgrounds and specialty. Some participants embraced more than one area of specialization. There were policy makers, researchers, technocrats and hands –on practitioners. The broad areas and the number of participants per area were as follows:  Energy and Environment 12  Water and sanitation 12  Rural development 2  Physical /town planning 2 Other areas of specialisation include gender, integrated water resources management and public health. The majority of the participants came from energy and environment; and water and sanitation. As explained earlier the numbers do not tally as some participants cover more than one discipline. As far as gender representation

4 is concerned, the majority of the participants were men with only six women participating. This low representation of women is an area of concern as the views from the workshop are likely to be biased in favour of the interests of men.

Institutionally, representation was as follows:  Government Departments 9  Technical (research, tertiary institutions) and NGOs 16  Others (Finance and administration) 2

Government funded tertiary and research institutions (SIRDC, UZ, Chinhoyi University) were included among technical institutions as their work involves more technical aspects than policy. Representation was biased in favour of technical interests. Among financing organisations was included the World Bank.

The full list of participants is in Annex 2.

4.0 Workshop Objectives and Deliverables The objectives of the Workshop were to: a) Raise awareness in development planners, practitioners, researchers and policy makers on the role of energy in development, as well as for water and sanitation and in meeting all the millennium development goals (MDGs). b) Identify key issues in energy, water and sanitation c) Formulate recommendations to address the issues identifieds above d) Facilitate the establishment of networks among development praticitoners across sectors and disciplines.

The deliverables of the Workshop were:  Presentations highlighting the current situation and relationships in energy, water and sanitation.  A report with the issues and recommendations for sustainable access to energy, water and sanitation.

5.0 Proceedings 5.1 Opening Remarks The Workshop was opened by Mrs Noma Neseni, Executive Director of the Institute of Water and Sanitation Development (IWSD), who were also the hosts. In her opening remarks, Mrs Neseni bemoaned the current unsatisfactory situation in water and sanitation, characterised by poor access to sanitation for people in developing countries as well as Zimbabwe. She highlighted the need to be sensitive to cultural and gender issues in selecting projects and technologies for sanitation.

Mr. Nziramasanga gave a brief background and the objectives of the E-Mindset project, especially the need to raise awareness on the indispensable role of energy in all development activities and in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The project is meant to empower communities to enable them to manage their use of resources. The communities should increase their awareness on modern energy planning

5 methods and the role of energy in development programs; and thus improve their appreciation of the mainstream economy. Once the communities are empowered they can improve their linkages with the development agencies and contribute meaningfully to the development process ad programs that affect them. In relation to waste and sanitation, he pointed out that in the development process, waste was only waste until society found a use for it or until a suitable technology for its exploitation is developed. For instance, in many developed countries, waste from domestic and municipal waste was being used to generate energy.

5.2 Development In the presentation on development Mr Nziramasanga gave the main objective of development as the improvement of human security which is obtained through the assured availability of water, food and health services, among others.

WHAT IS DEVELOPMENTE W RESOURCES W W E E TRADE W TRANSFORMATION E E W SERVICES COMMODITIES W E

HUMAN SECURITY

E = Energy W = Waste or Pollution N. NZIRAMASANGA

The cost of development to socciety include waste and deterioration of the environment. This cost can be minimised by intelligent policies, cleaner technology choices, awareness amongst communities and regulated consumption. The diagram above summarises the ideas discussed.

5.3 Energy Situation The presentation on the energy situation in the country highlighted the current critical shortage and unreliable supply of energy, characterised by frequent power cuts, fuel stock-outs and the environmental degradation from unsustainable and indiscriminate harvesting of firewood exacerbated by the shortage of commercial energy (electricity and paraffin) for domestic use. The presentation also demonstrated the role of energy in meeting the millennium development goals (MDGs).

6 In addition, the presentation also showed the cyclic inter-relationship between energy, water and sanitation:  Energy is required for supply and treatment (purification) of water for human (domestic), agricultural and indutrial activities.  Human activities generate wastes (solids or liquids) which can also be used to generate energy, which can be used to supply and treat water, completing the cycle. This is illustrated schematically below:

Energy Human Activity

5.4 Ecological Sanitation Toilet Pilot Project Mr Nyamutamba of Practical Action gave a presentation on a pilot project on an ecological sanitation (ecosan) toilet which his organusation is impelementing in Epworth, a low income, informal settlement on the outskirts of Harare, with no running water. Ecological sanitation, also known as ecosan or eco-san, is a new paradigm in sanitation that recognises human excreta and household wastewater not as waste but as resources that can and are recovered, treated (where necessary), and reused. Unlike most conventional sanitation methods, ecological sanitation processes human waste (as well as sometimes animal waste, and organic kitchen waste) to recover nutrients (usually for the purpose of growing crops) that would otherwise be discarded. In the ecosan toilet (or composting toilet) nutrients from human faeces and urine are recovered, recycled and reused for the benefit of agriculture. An estimated 85% of Zimbabweans living in peri-urban urban settlements lack access to essential services such as safe water and sanitation facilities. This situation often puts the residents at risk of contracting sanitation related diseases such as cholera, diarrhea dysentery.

7 The project, formulated to benefit an informal settlement that had mushroomed in Epworth as a rsult of ‘Operatioin Murambatsvina,’ will benefit initially about 800 families. In the absence of a sewer system, most families have been practicing open defecation or using grass pit latrines, which they had built themselves. As a result there had been severe and intermittent outbreaks of water and sanitation related diseases between 2006 and 2008. The Ecological Sanitation Toilet is a temporary movable structure consisting of a one metre deep brick lined pit, movable concrete slab and a temporary superstructure which in this particular case made up of concrete panels and posts. Excreta is not only collected, but also (pre-) treated by filling the original pit with soil and leaving it to compost for at least twelve months. After composting, the contents of the first pit can be used as fertiliser.

The project involves assisting the families with materials for contruction of the toilets. There is a very strong education and training component on the correct method to site, construct and use the ecosan toilet, since incorrect siting, construction and use of the ecosan toilets can have serious health / disease implications. The ecosan toilet is not suitable for areas with high water table as the conversion of excreta into manure will not take place if the pit is flooded with water.

In the discussion that followed, the following comments were made by the workshop participants and the project implementers urged to incorporate them:

There is need to take into consideration  cultural concerns with respect to handling of human waste and re-use of the waste for agricultural purposes (in this case as fertilizer for vegetables)  Gender aspects of the project especially relating to handling of sanitary pads which should not be disposed of in the ecosan toilets  The needs of the disabled as the toilet doors were too small for wheelchairs  The danger of spreading disease such as cholera and dysentery from improper siting, construction and use of the toilets.  Lessons to be learnt from related experiences and the current debate in Zimbawe and elsewhere surrounding ecosan toilets.

5.5 Energy and the MDGs The presentation from Mr T. Hove reiterated the relationship between energy, water and sanitation and the MDGs. He highlighted the role that energy plays in each of the MDGs.

6.0 Key Issues in Energy, Water and Sanitation Though a participatory approach, the participants identified key issues that militate against sustainable access to energy, water and sanitation, and made recommendations that address the issues identified. The key issues were: a. Fragmented approach to development programs by all key stakeholders The participants noted that there was lack of integration of the development plans and programs. The various players on the ground were not aware of related activities by

8 other agencies and they lacked knowledge of cross cutting issues. This state of affairs led to duplication of efforts and limited success of programs. b. There is no approved policy or strategy to guide development There is currently no approved energy policy or strategy to guide development programs in the sector. This lack of functional policy is an obstacle to development, especially to guide the participation of private sector in energy provision. c. Inadequate investment by the private sector There was poor mobilisation of relevant players, particularly the private sector that has led to inadequate investment in energy. In spite of the limited resources at its disposal, Government had not put in place measures and incentives to encourage and promote private-public partnerships that could increase access to private sector resources for development. d. Weak implementation of policy and programs Although in some cases Government had policies and plans, policy and practice were not always coordinated. Most plans remained unimplemented partly because of lack of empowerment on development agencies. e. Inadequate participation /involvement of grass roots communities There was lack of community based planning. Project implementers lacked awareness on or ignored the needs of communities and in some cases the communities themselves were not aware of programs that were meant to benefit them because of ineffective information dissemination (advocacy). Grass roots communities were not consulted and were thus not meaningfully involved in relevant development programs. f. Unsuitable technologies There was often no suitable, socially acceptable, appropriate or sustainable and affordable technology for small-scale users for energy, water and sanitation. One cause for this situation was the top-down approach to development generally adopted by Government and other development groups that tended to push technology without adequate consultations with the intended beneficiaries. g. Underexploitation of renewable energy Despite the abundance of solar energy in particular and renewable energy in general that can be used for supplying and purifying water for improved sanitation in rural areas, very little utilization of renewable energy to meet the energy needs of the rural communities was taking place, partly because of lack of awareness of the benefits of renewable energy by rural development planners or unaffordable upfront costs of the relevant devices required to exploit the technologies. Renewable energy such as solar and wind energy can play a significant role in water supply (e.g. wind or solar powered water pumps) and water purification (e.g. solar desalination). Biogas generated from animal and human waste can also provide a sustainable source of energy for cooking and lighting in rural areas.

9 h. Inadequate information on resources and technologies There is no comprehensive data base on energy resources or other aspects of energy development in the country, which is a hindrance to adequate policy formulation and planning. Similarly, the social aspects of water and sanitation technologies were not well understood or were not appreciated as examplified by the disregard for gender and socio-economic issues in development planning.

i. Inadequate human resource base Because of the current brain drain and the type of training given to our professionals, there was inadequate human resource base to implement various development programs, people that can think ‘outside the box’ and bring about the necessary innovative thinking to address the problems the country was facing. Most of the people involved in development programs tended to be restricted by sectoral barriers and personalisation of beneficial knowledge, which would militate against sharing of ideas and information.

j. Lack of innovation Technological choices in sanitation and wastewater treatment have tended to be bogged in policies and ‘well tested’ engineering practice without thinking ‘outside the box’ and looking for new bold solutions to problems. The training given to our engineers tended to emphasize the traditional approach and the engineers carried this attitude through their professional career.

k. Gender, Socio-economic Status It was noted that policies and programs in energy, water and sanitation were formulated without adequate gender, socio-economical and physical ability consideration. Women, children, and the disabled have different needs which must be taken into consideration when formulating and implementing programs. The meeting had had very extensive discussions on the ‘ecosan’ toilet pilot project by Practical Action where it was pointed out that some of the needs of the disabled (toilet door not big enough for a wheelchair) and those of women (how to dispose of sanitary pads) had not been adequately taken into consideration in formulating and implementing the project. Because of this shortcoming, programs had limited success.

l. Poor maintenance of infrastructure Because of either lack of expertise arising from brain drain or lack of financial resources (especially foreign currency shortages), there was inability by parastatals to maintain infrastructure, resulting in poor service delivery and unreliable energy supplies. Of particular concern is the unreliable electricity and water supplies and poor road networks caused by poorly maintained infrastructure.

m. Ineffective research and development Resources to conduct resesarch were limited and there was inadequate funding and no prioritization of research and development at national level. The applied research base was ineffective, as research was also not feeding into policy and development due to

10 weak research-policy linkages. Researchers and policy makers would each go about their programs without reference to the ether as should be the case. Often, research results were not given adequate publicity and thus did not reach the right people. As a reesult policy makers were not used to making use of evidence based decisions, relying more on political expediency.

7.0 Recommendations on Policy direction To address the issues raised above the meeting came up with recommendations given below. The recommendations cannot be matched on a one-on-one basis with the issues as one recommendation could address more than one issues and vice versa. The recommendations are given below:

a) Introduce integrated development planning To achieve this, there was need to:  Promote multisectoral participation in policy formulation  Introduce and enforce monitoring and evaluation for policy formulation and implementation  Adopt a more consultative, bottom-up and cross-sectoral planning process. Integrated development planning can result in more efficient resource utilization at national level as it would prevent the duplication of effort by the various development agencies in any given area and the gaps that sometimes arise when development programs are not well coordinated. Integrated development planning requires very strong coordination which is only possible when there is adequate flow of information between affected parties. Its success depends on the varuious agencies accepting the mutual benefits of cooperation and are not overly concerned with ‘turf’. There is also a need for a strong, well informed coordinating agent, which could be the District Development Committee at the local level. At Central Government level, planning should be consultative across sectors (Ministries). There is also need for extensive consultations with and among the agencies as well as with the local communities. The implementation of programs must be monitored to make sure that the original plans are being followed or that any changes to the plans are agreed with all cocncerned.

b) Empower local communities by training them in development planning and management for effective participation in development programs.

Training and capacity building should be carried out to develop a critical mass of locally trained manpower with requisite skills in a broad range of disciplines: technical, economic, development and socio-cultural. The training and capacity building should be targeted at SMEs, and personnel from developmental agencies working at grass roots level. This empowers the local communities to participate and contribute more meaningfully in development programs within their areas.

11 c) Adopt and/or adapt local technologies and integrate them into development projects. There is need to adapt technologies developed elsewhere to make them not only affordable but also acceptable and to suit the local cultures. For this to be possible there is need for strong community participation and involvement. Development planners must make an effort to study, understand and appreciate the culture and traditions of the community in which they work.

d) Promote access to information through information communication technologies (e.g. online national energy database). Consolidated and up-to-date national energy, water and sanitation databases, supported by necessary legislation should be developed through a consultative process. Capacity for data collection and database development and management within key stakeholders should be developed. Information on energy, water and sanitation and learning from experiences, advocacy and awareness raising should be promoted through appropriate communication channels such as radio, internet and print media

e) Mainstream gender in policy, planning and practice. To achieve this, efforts should be made to accelerate the representation of women at all levels and in all spheres of energy, water and sanitation development and management activities. Suitable training programs for development planners in gender and other socio-economic aspects of development should be formulated and implemented. (It is interesting to note that at this workshop the representation of women was only about a quarter of the total participants).

f) Encourage private sector participation Private sector participation can be promoted through private-public partnerships (PPP) by allowing cost reflective pricing of products and services and other incentives (e.g. corporate tax holidays). Generally, the presence of an impartial and independent regulator gives more confidence to private sector participants to take part in PPPs than when Government is both the regulatory body and the policy maker.

g) Promote awareness and advocacy Awareness for sustainable energy, water and sanitation as well as renewable energy technologies and other new technologies can be achieved through appropriate communication materials, tools and methods to enable development planners and communnities choose programs to suit their needs.

h) Promote applied interdisciplinary research and networking Research is required to solve current problems and genetrate new knowledge. To be useful, research findings and recommendations must be communicated to policy makers and other relevant authorities who must also create a conducive and enabling environment for utilization of the research results.

12 There is also need to promote research into social aspects of development such as gender, traditions, age and socio-economic status that can limit the adoption of new ideas and new technologies. Research co-operation between public and private researchers should be improved as a way of optimising resource use. The researcher-policy maker linkages must also improve to encourage two-way communication and appreciation one of the other.

8.0 Conclusion and Follow-Up The workshop identified fragmented efforts by the various dvelopment agencies as one of the weakest points in our dvelopment programs and recommended integrated development planning and active participation of grassroots communities for sustainable access to energy, water and sanitation development. There is therefore need for a radical change in the approach to development.

To be able to play a meaningful role in and contributing to determining their fate, communities must bre empowered through apppropriate training and capacity building programs. As a complementary exercise, there is also need to train development planners and agencies to have the necessary skills in and to have the right attitude to appreciate integrated cross-sectoral development planning and participatory bottom-up aopproach to development.

Possible follow-up programs could include: a) Capacity building for grassroots communities to be able to participate meaningfully in programs that affect them. Communities need trained manpower with requisite skills in a broad range of disciplines: technical, economic, development and socio-cultural. They need to be able to articulate their requirements and should have basic appreciation of the role of energy in all their development plans. b) Training of development planners in integrated development planning and integrated program implementation. They also need to have skills in participatory bottom-up approach to development planning, social; aspects of development such as gender, disability, age and socio-economic status. c) Research into appropriate socially acceptable technologies for water, energy and sanitation that take into consideration the social aspects of development such as gender, culture and traditions. d) Information and awareness for suitable technologies and practices for sustainable access to energy, water and sanitation development. e) Programs and incentives for more effective private sector participation and investment in energy, water and sanitation.

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13 ANNEXES

Annex 1 Workshop Program

Time Activity Responsible 8:30 Arrival and Registration IWSD /SCEE 9:00 Welcome, Opening remarks and Introductions IWSD /SCEE 9:05 Workshop Background and Objectives IWSD / SCEE 9:10 Current Energy Situation Mzezewa 9:30 Current Water Situation Mr. Makoni 9:50 Current Sanitation Situation Mr Nyamutamba, PA 10:10 TEA /COFFEE BREAK 10:40 Improving access to energy, water and sanitation _ - Plenary Identification of key Issues 11:40 Recommendations on Policy Direction for sustainable access Plenary to energy, water and sanitation 12:20 Recommendations on Research and Follow up Plenary /IWSD 13:00 Closing Remarks and Way Forward IWSD /SCEE

Annex 2 PARTICIPANTS LIST

ENERGY, WATER AND SANITATION WORKSHOP:

Name Organisation and Contact Details Area of Address Specialization 1 Gwate, Ulibile Lutheran [email protected] Rural Development Tel 04 301066 Development Services, 1054 Sam Nujoma, Mt pleasant 2 Zeyi, Benson Energy Technology [email protected] Renewable Institute, SIRDC, Tel 04 860320 - 9 energy 1574 Alpes Rd, management, Hatcliffe energy efficiency 3 Nyamakura, Min. Mines and Finance and Rockford, L Mining Development Administration 4 Chidawanyika, World Bank, 88 wchidawanyika@worldban Agriculture Caesar Nelson Mandela k.org and rural Ave, Harare development 5 Munezvenyu, Environmental [email protected] Environmental Tapiwa Management Agency Tel 04 792772/3 science in Mobile: 0912934417 water quality management

14 6 Sibanda G. Research Council Of [email protected] Renewable Zimbabwe energy and energy economics 7 Nesvinga, B Dept of Physical [email protected] Town planning Planning 8 Jaravaza, M MTLC, 14 Natal Rd, [email protected] Water and Belgravia sanitation 9 Magwaza, T Goromonzi Rural [email protected]. Water and District Council uk sanitation 10 Kandiero, R Dept of Physical Kandiero5a2yahoo.co.uk Town Planning Tel 04 707066 Planning 11 Nyamutamba, Practical Action, 4 [email protected] Water and B. C. Ludlow Rd, .zw sanitation Newlands, Hre 0912 979451 12 Mapfumo, Practical Action, reginaldm@practicalaction Energy and Reginald, TM .org.zw gender 13 Mungofa Chinhoyi University [email protected] Renewable Emmanuel (Student) m energy 0912 456003 0913 047118 14 Mashingaidze, Coord. Unit, hrmashingaidze@ncurural Water and HR RWSSP, Mukwati water.co.zw sanitation Bldg 0912426578 011865226

15 Gubba A Min. Energy & [email protected] energy Power development, PBag 7758, Causeway 16 Mangwende B Min. Energy & [email protected] energy Power development 17 Nziramasanga, SCEE, [email protected] Energy and N environment 18 Muputisi, F ZERO [email protected] Renewable energy 19 Madzingamiri, IWSD [email protected] D 20 Midzi, 15 Canterbury Rd, [email protected] energy Emmanuel Kensington Hre 011804253 0912276168 21 Mudege, 39 Glencairn Dr, [email protected]. Water, Ngoni Sunridge, Harare uk sanitation, [email protected] institutional capacity building

15 22 Hove, Renewable Energy [email protected] Renewable Tawanda Prog, UZ energy, water eng 23 Gumbo, Waternet, Box Mp [email protected] Water and Themba 600 Mt Pleasant rg waste eng 24 Maposa, IWSD [email protected] Public Health Sibonginkosi 25 Neseni Noma IWSD [email protected] IWRM, gender 26 Ofesi, Nathan Mazoe Rural District [email protected] Water supply Council eng 27 Mzezewa C. [email protected] energy T.

Annex 3 Issues and Recommendations from ‘ZOPP’ Cards

Key Issues Recommendations Lack of integration Need for integration of related - Lack of knowledge of cross cutting organisations issues -Streamlining ideas, forum, research into - Lack of integrated planning approach action (able) points - Uncoordinated planning - Planning should be consultative - No mechanism for integrated across sectors planning - Integration of issues and ideas and - Working in a box: lacking integration policy development - Haphazard development plans - Multisectoral participation in policy formulation

Poor implementation of policy - Implement Monitoring and Policy and practice not in sync Evaluation for policy - Poor mobilisation of relevant players - Lack of empowerment on development agency - Adherence to set policies or old standards - Haphazard development plans Lack of community based planning - Train communities on community - Lack of community awareness based planning - Negligence of (local) knowledge - Promote the use of sustainable water - Ineffective information dissemination and resources through awareness (advocacy) campaigns

16 - - Promote participatory approach - - Planning should be consultative across sectors - Bottom-up policy development processes

Lack of appropriate technology - Adopt local technology and integrate - No technology for small scale users them into development - Socially acceptable technology - Sustainable and affordable technologies - Promote the use of sustainable water and resources through awareness campaigns

Under exploitation of renewable - Relevant policy for an enabling energy environment and utilisation of - Knowledge and information research results management - Promotion of access to information through ITC (advocacy) e.g. Publication online national database

Inadequate human resource base that - thinks outside the box - Sectoral barriers - Applied research base - Personalisation of beneficial knowledge Lack of gender consideration - Mainstreaming gender in policy and practice

- Inability of maintenance of - infrastructure

Inadequate Research and Development - (Encourage) Evidence based practice Lack of priorities in R & D - Need for research and - Absence of functional policies recommendations to relevant - Lack of database authorities - Lack of energy policy, gender & - Private, public partnership energy and climate change - Networking platforms - Research not feeding into - Promote applied inter-disciplinary development (practice) research - Technological choices in sanitation and waste water treatment bogged in policies and engineering - Resource limited to conduct research

17 in government ministries - Inadequate funding - Poor resource base - Financial constraints - Inadequate information - Promote learning from experiences through briefing notes - Appropriate communication - Advocacy and awareness raising

Lack of investment by private sector - Advocacy and awareness raising - Limited investment motivation - Incentives and corporation tax holidays. - Private, public partnership - Privatisation – long term cost based pricing