Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Crossing

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, BMIT. Page 1 Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Crossing

1. Introduction of Project: The basic requirement of a railway engine or bogie for its locomotion is the continuity of the railway track which in this form and railway track network which spreads across the country, and in doing so it intersects various cities and towns and thereby also intersects all the roads coming across the railway track. In this project we are concerned with providing an automatic railway gate control at unmanned level crossings replacing the gates operated by gate keepers and also the semi-automatically operated gates. It deals with two things. Firstly, it deals with the reduction of time for which the gate is being kept closed. And secondly, to provide safety to the road users by reducing the accidents that usually occur due to carelessness of road users and at times errors made by the gangman. By employing the automatic railway gate control at the level crossing the arrival of train is detected by the sensor placed 7km before railway gate crossing. Once the arrival is sensed, the sensed signal is sent to the microcontroller and it sends the signal after 2.5 second to motor buzzer indication and light signals on both sides of railway gate crossing provided to the road users indicating the closure of gates. The departure of the train is detected by sensors placed at about 30m after the gate crossing. The signal about the departure of the train is sent to the microcontroller after 1.5 second, which in turn operates the motor and opens the gate. Thus, the time for which the gate is closed is less compared to the manually operated gates since the gate is closed depending upon the telephone call from the previous station. Also reliability is high as it is not subjected to manual errors. As it is to be understood by everyone that the railway being mass transport has to be given priority as compare to personal or road transport which is comparatively smaller one and has to be allowed to be pass first as compare to personal or road transport. Not having a thorough understanding of the above concept and miscalculating often the speed of the train it is that there is collision between the train and men operated means. As regards to animals stringing on the track this project has a limitation.

The project contains following assumptions:

2. Assumptions:

1. It is a single track route. 2. If it is double track and if train approach on it simultaneously from both the sides then it would require interlocking facility of the signal for the microcontroller to operate the boom which is more complexes in nature hence we have formed this prototype model, assuming it as a single track. 3. The sensors are assumed to be put at a height which coincides with just below the top of the railway boggie. 4. For the sensor not to mal function in terms of picking up astray incident of a bird coming in between its path to encounter this delay time of 2-3 seconds has been purposely kept for the sensor to operate on continuously sensing. 5. Boom of railway gate crossing works when train moves from both the direction. 6. Our project is based on the assumption that the road passengers plying across the road are well aware about traffic rules as well as are also aware about their lives safety norms.

3. List of Component :

1. AVR iBoard

2. Tsop Sensor

3. Bump Sensor

4. Motors

5. Relay Circuit

6. Power Supply

7. Train Kit

8. Plywood

9. Tool Kit

4.1 Introduction to Indian Railway: It all began one fine summer day on 16 April 1853.It was single stretch of 34 kilometer from “Boree Bunder (now become CST) to Tannah (now become Thane) G.I.P Railway’s First train ever to run on the Indian soil rolled throughout the changed the history of India, forever. It also marked the dawn of Railway Age in Asia- the world’s largest continent.

Introduced as early as 1853, Indian Railways has grown into one of the largest Railway network in the world. The network spread and expanded rapidly and has become the principal mode of transport in our country. The Railways have also been modernized in terms of technology, ticketing, computerization and overall management. This effort has been in tune with the requirement of moving large volumes of passengers and freight traffic. Indian Railway network is spread over 81,511 Km covering 6,896 stations. Operating on three gauges - broad gauge (1676 mm) meter gauge (1000 mm) and narrow gauge (762 and 610 mm), trains in India carry more than 12 million passengers and more than a million tons of freight every day during the year 1998-99. Broad gauge although forming 64.5 per cent of the route, generated 96 per cent of freight output and 89.6 per cent of the passenger output during 1998-99. Almost all the double/multiple track sections and electrified routes lie on broad gauge. 14,579 route kms constituting over 19.5 per cent of the total network and 30 per cent of broad gauge network on Indian Railway is electrified. This carries approx. 41 per cent of the passenger traffic and 52 per cent of the freight traffic on Indian Railways. Indian Railways has nearly 1, 21,699 bridges of which 10799 are major bridges. In 1998-99, 384 bridges were rebuilt or rehabilitated and 270 strengthened or re-girdered. The transport effort is sustained through the use of 7429 locomotives, 2, 53,186 wagons and 40,775 coaching vehicles. 1,56,846 telephone exchange lines, 18,445 long haul MT Kms., 1,730 optical fiber communication route Kms and over 8,54,613 trunk tele channels Kms distinguishes Indian Railway telecom network. Indian Railway system has developed a capacity to carry 441.58 million tons of originating revenue earning traffic which in terms of transport output is 284.27 billion NTKms (net tone kilometers). During 1998-99 the revenue earning freight traffic moved by Railways was 420.9 million tons growing at the rate of 7%. The total passenger traffic in the year 1998-99 was 4411 million tons.

Fig1.1: Indian railway Indian Railways is divided into 16 zones: Northern Railway (NR) Central Railway (CR) Noth Eastern Railway (NER) South Western Railway (SWR) Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) North Western Railway (NWR) Western Railway (WR) West Central Railway (WCR) Southern Railway (SR) North Central Railway (NCR) South Central Railway (SCR) South East Central Railway (SECR) South Eastern Railway (SER) East Coast Railway (ECoR) Eastern Railway (ER) East Central Railway (ECR)

4.2 ACCIDENT CASES AT MANNED RAILWAY GATE CROSSING: 1. Coupled light engines dashed with auto rickshaw at gate no 78 at km 14/2-3 of Hyderabad division of south central railway on 10-01-03 (killed 9, injured2) 2. 5027 up dashed with tractor on gate at km 429/10-11 between Bhatpara rani and bhatni station of bsb division of ne.rly on 30-03-03 (killed 11, injured-8) 3.5RN passenger train dashed with one tractor trolley on unmanned level crossing at km 1115/3-4. The tractor trolley was carrying a marriage party

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, BMIT. Page 7 Automation of Boom at Railway Gate Crossing with music on. The tractor trolley continued to cross the track at high speed. 58 people killed, 14 injured. 4. 321 up (Tata - Nagpur passenger) dashed with dumper at unmanned level crossing gate no. 452 between durg and murlipur station on 28-08-01. The train driver lost his life and the asstt. Driver got trapped in the train engine. 5.on 30.05.06 kapilvastu express (gonda - Gorakhpur) dashed with a tractor trailor at unmanned level crossing near kuian village of balrampur district (up), where 3 people died one person seriously injured.

4.3 Introduction of Sensor : A sensor is a device that produces a measurable response to a change in a physical condition, such as temperature or thermal conductivity, or to a change in chemical concentration. Sensors are particularly useful for making in-situ measurements such as in industrial process control. Sensors are electrical or mechanical components that are used to measure a property or behavior of an object or system. Some sensors measure properties directly, other sensors measure properties indirectly, using conversions or calculations to determine results. Sensors are used by scientists and engineers during research and testing activities, but they can also be found in many household objects, such as temperature sensors in an oven to accelerometers in an automobile airbag system. Sensors are generally categorized by the type of phenomenon that they measure, rather than the functionality of the sensor itself. Electrical and mechanical sensors are widely used to characterize the performance and properties of components and systems, but are also found in household objects.

Factors to consider while choosing a sensor.

. Accuracy - The statistical variance about the exact reading. . Calibration - Required for most measuring systems since their readings will drift over time.

. Cost . Environmental - Sensors typically have temperature and/or humidity limits. . Range - Limits of measurement or the sensor. . Repeatability - The variance in a sensor's reading when a single condition is repeatedly measured. . Resolution - The smallest increment the sensor can detect.

Application: The sensor is responsible for converting some type of physical Phenomenon into a quantity measurable by a data acquisition (DAQ) system

4.4 USES OF SENSORS:

Sensors are used to measure basic physical phenomena including:

1. Acceleration - Shock & Vibration.

2. Angular / Linear Position

3. Chemical/Gas Concentration

4. Humidity

5. Flow Rate

6. Force

7. Magnetic Fields

8. Pressure

9. Proximity - Spatial Presence

10. Sound

11. Temperature

12. Velocity

4.5 General Description of Tsop sensor

Fig1.2: Tsop Sensor The TSOP-OBSD–Single is a general purpose proximity sensor. Here we use it for collision detection. The module consists of an IR emitter and TSOP receiver pair. The high precision TSO receiver always detects a signal of fixed frequency. Due to this, errors due to false detection of ambient light are significantly reduced. The module consists of 555 IC, working in astable multivibrator configuration. The output of TSOP is high whenever it receives a fixed frequency and low otherwise. The on-board LED indicator helps user to check status of the sensor without using any additional hardware. The power consumption of this module is low. It gives a digital output and false detection due ambient light is low.

Application Ideas • Obstacle detection • Shaft encoder

• Fixed frequency detection

Pin No. Connection Description 1 Output Digital Output (High or Low) 2 VCC Connected to circuit supply 3 Ground Connected to circuit ground

4.6 Bump Sensor :

A bump sensor is probably one of the easiest ways of letting gate Boom know it's collided with something. The simplest way to do this is to fix a micro switch to the pillar of gate in a way so that when it collides the switch will get pushed in, making an electrical connection. Normally the switch will be held open by an internal spring.

Fig1.3: Bump Sensor

Tactile Bump Sensors are great for collision detection, but the circuit itself also works fine for user buttons and switches as well. There are many designs possible for bump switches, often depending on the design and goals of the robot itself. But the circuit remains the same. They usually implement a mechanical button to short the circuit, pulling the signal line high or low. An example is the micro switch with a lever attached to increase its range, as shown above. Tactile switches only work if you’re motor can stop instantaneously (like when moving slowly).

There are several versions below, depending on how you plan to use the circuit and your available switches. For the resistor use a very high value, such as 40kohms.

Bump Sensor Circuits:

Voltage Voltage goes low goes high with contact with contact

More efficient switch for 3 lead switches (use for micro switches)

The following diagram shows a typical circuit for a micro switch bump sensor. The resistor is important because it holds the signal line at ground while the switch is off. Without it the signal line is effectively 'floating' because there is nothing connected to it, and may cause unreliable readings as the processor tries to decide if the line is on or off.

Fig1.4: Bump Sensor

Department Of Mechanical Engineering, BMIT. Page 12 4.7 The AVR iBoard :  Includes ATMEL ATMega 16 (Also supports ATMega32) Microcontroller with 16kB flash memory working at 16 Mips  In system programmable  On board programmer  On board regulated power supply  On board motor drivers with current capacity of up to 600mA per channel  Power indicator LED  2 on board Dual full H bridge motor driver for 2 stepper or 4 Dc motors  Separate ON/OFF switch for power & motor drives  3 LEDs for external inputs/interrupts On board LCD connector (multipurpose port, which can be used for other applications also) Fig1.5: AVR iBoard Maximum Input voltage = 16V Minimum Input voltage = 7V Parts identification:  Power on switch: It’s a basic push to on –push to off type switch.  IC 7805: It’s a three terminal linear 5 volt regulator used to supply the microcontroller & other peripherals.  Motor Enable switch: This switch is used to enable/disable the motor driver chips hence in turn enabling/disabling the motors.  Reset Switch: This switch is used to reset the microcontroller.  MAX232: This chip takes care of the voltage conversions needed to communicate with the PC’S RS232 (serial/ COM) port.  L293D: It is a 4 channel motor driver with 600mA of current per channel & has inbuilt clamp diodes. The board contains two such chips.  Potentiometer (pot): The potentiometer is used to vary the contrast of the LCD.  Sensor port: At a time, 8 individual sensor modules can be connected to this port. The port provides 5V supply needed driver sensors.  DB 9 connector: This is a 9 pin connector used to the PC’S COM port during programming or for general UART communications.  Switch array: four general purpose switches are connected in the active-low configuration.  Crystal: A crystal sets the microcontroller’s clock frequency to 11.0592MHz.  Beeper: Connected in the active low mode, the beeper can easily be used to get audible feedback from the controller.  ADC Test: Short the two pins of the jumper next to the potentiometer & the potentiometer gets connected to the port A 7.

Board connection Details: Port A 0…..7 sensor connector Port B 0….3 Motor Drivers 4 Switch 1 (Active low) 5, 7 programmer 6 LED D2 (Active High) Port C O LCD Control pin 1 LED D1 (Active high) 2 LCD Control pin 3 Buzzer (Active high) 4…7 LCD Data pins Port D 0 USART RXD 1 USART TXD + LED D3 2, 3 Switch 2, 3 4….7 Motor drivers A

4.8 Introduction to at mega 16 Microcontroller : Features: • Advanced RISC Architecture • Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz • 16K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash • 512 Bytes EEPROM • 1K Byte Internal SRAM • 32 Programmable I/O Lines • In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program • 8-channel, 10-bit ADC • Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes • One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescalers, Compare Mode, and Capture • Four PWM Channels • Programmable Serial USART • Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface • Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface • Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator • External and Internal Interrupt Sources

PIN CONFIGURATION: Fig1.6: pin Diagram of At Mega system Micro-controller

Detail Pin Descriptions VCC: Digital supply voltage. (+5V) GND: Ground. (0 V) Note there are 2 ground Pins. Port A (PA7 - PA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

Port B (PB7 - PB0) Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). Port B also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16 as listed on page 58 of datasheet.

Port C (PC7 - PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). Port C also serves the functions of the JTAG interface and other special features of the ATmega16 as listed on page 61 of datasheet. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5 (TDI), PC3 (TMS) and PC2 (TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs.

Port D (PD7 - PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16 as listed on page 63 of datasheet.

RESET: Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running.

XTAL1: External oscillator pin 1

XTAL2: External oscillator pin 2

AVCC: AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.

AREF: AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

4.9.1 The MAX232 & MAX232A: Figure 1.7 MAX232 Integrated Circuit

A MAX232 integrated circuit The MAX232 from Maxim was the first IC which in one package contains the necessary drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally. This greatly simplified the design of circuitry. Circuitry designers no longer need to design and build a power supply with three voltages (e.g. -12V, +5V, and +12V), but could just provide one +5V power supply, e.g. with the help of a simple 78x05 voltage converter. The MAX232 has a successor, the MAX232A. The ICs are almost identical, however, the MAX232A is much more often used (and easier to get) than the original MAX232, and the MAX232A only needs external capacitors 1/10th the capacity of what the original MAX232 needs. It should be noted that the MAX232 (A) is just a driver/receiver. It does not generate the necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces with the right timing, it does not decode the RS-232 signal, and it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. All it does is to convert signal voltage levels. Generating serial data with the right timing and decoding serial data has to be done by additional circuitry, e.g. by a 16550 UART or one of these small micro controllers (e.g. Atmel AVR, Microchip PIC) getting more and more popular. The MAX232 and MAX232A were once rather expensive ICs, but today they are cheap. It has also helped that many companies now produce clones (i.e. Sipex). These clones sometimes need different external circuitry, e.g. the capacities of the external capacitors vary. It is recommended to check the data sheet of the particular manufacturer of an IC instead of relying on Maxim's original data sheet. The original manufacturer (and now some clone manufacturers, too) offers a large series of similar ICs, with different numbers of receivers and drivers, voltages, built- in or external capacitors, etc. E.g. The MAX232 and MAX232A need external capacitors for the internal voltage pump, while the MAX233 has these capacitors built-in. The MAX233 is also between three and ten times more expensive in electronic shops than the MAX232A because of its internal capacitors. It is also more difficult to get the MAX233 than the garden variety MAX232A. MAX232 (A) DIP Package +---v---+ C1+ -|1 16|-Vcc V+ -|2 15|- GND C1- -|3 14|-T1out C2+ -|4 13|- R1in C2- -|5 12|-R1out V- -|6 11|-T1in T2out -|7 10|-T2in R2in -|8 9|- R2out +------

4.9.2 PUSH-PULL FOUR CHANNEL DRIVER WITH DIODES: Figure1.8 L239D Circuit

 600mA OUTPUT CURRENT CAPABILITY PER CHANNEL

 1.2A PEAK OUTPUT CURRENT (non repetitive) PER CHANNEL ENABLE FACILITY  OVERTEMPERATURE PROTECTION LOGICAL "0" INPUT VOLTAGE UP TO 1.5 V (HIGH NOISE IMMUNITY)  INTERNAL CLAMP DIODES

DESCRIPTION The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver designed to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as relays solenoids, DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors. To simplify use as two bridges each pair of channels is equipped with an enable input. A separate supply input is provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage and internal clamp diodes are included. This device is suitable for use in switching applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz. The L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic package which has 4 center pins connected together and used for heat sinking. The L293DD is assembled in a 20 lead surface mount which has 8 center pins connected together and used for heatsinking. 4.9.3 RELAY: A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism, but other operating principles are also used. Relays find applications where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal, or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

Fig1.9 Simple electromechanical relay

Types of Relay o Latching relay o Reed relay o Mercury-wetted relay o Polarized relay o Machine tool relay o Contactor relay o Solid-state relay o Solid state contactor relay o Buchholz relay o Forced-guided contacts relay

Applications Relays are used to and for:  Control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems or audio amplifiers,  Control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an automobile,  Detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and closing circuit breakers (protection relays) 4.9.4 Electric Motor:

Figure2.0 Types of Motors

An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, very typically through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors. The reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo. Traction motors used on vehicles often perform both tasks. Many types of electric motors can be run as generators, and vice versa. Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives. They may be powered by direct current (for example a battery powered portable device or motor vehicle), or by alternating current from a central electrical distribution grid. The smallest motors may be found in electric wristwatches. Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. The very largest electric motors are used for propulsion of large ships, and for such purposes as pipeline compressors, with ratings in the millions of watts. Electric motors may be classified by the source of electric power, by their internal construction, by their application, or by the type of motion they give. The physical principle of production of mechanical force by the interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field was known as early as 1821. Electric motors of increasing efficiency were constructed throughout the 19th century, but commercial exploitation of electric motors on a large scale required efficient electrical generators and electrical distribution networks.

Types of Motors

Industrial motors come in a variety of basic types. These variations are suitable for many different applications. Naturally, some types of motors are more suited for certain applications than other motor types are. This document will hopefully give some guidance in selecting these motors

 AC Motors  DC Motors  Brushless DC Motors  Servo Motors  Brushed DC Servo Motors  Brushless AC Servo Motors  Stepper Motors  Linear Motors

DC Motor A series-wound motor is referred to as a universal motor when it has been designed to operate on either AC or DC power. The ability to operate on AC is because the current in both the field and the armature (and hence the resultant magnetic fields) will alternate (reverse polarity) in synchronism, and hence the resulting mechanical force will occur in a constant direction. The DC motor is one of the earliest motor designs. Today, it is the motor of choice in the majority of variable speed and torque control applications. Why to use DC motor  Easy to understand design  Easy to control speed  Easy to control torque  Simple, cheap drive design Specification of Motor:  DC Motor  10 RPM  1.5-12 Volt Supply Required

5. Detail Working of Project: The first Tsop Sensor is placed before 7 km from the railway gate crossing to detect the train arrival and another Tsop Sensor is placed at about 30m after the railway gate crossing to detect the train departure. Two Bump Sensors placed at Pillar of boom Mechanism to Stop the Motor action. LEDs are placed on the pillar, which in turns placed on both sides of railway track, whose glowing indicates that the train approaching on the railway gate and giving priority everyone has to keep away from the track and help it pass first. The boom does not operate from top to horizontal position at one action but it descends very slowly. Playing a sound buzzer housed at the control room just adjacent to the railway gate and sound of buzzer will help the road users who is in between the two boom to take motion of the boom down process which has been automated and to quickly there by move outside the range of the two booms. The buzzer also in turn alerts the other road users not to enter in to the area between the two booms on either side. As long as if there is no LED and the buzzer the road users are free to use the railway gate crossing.

The detailed description of the working of the above model can be explained under various heads.

1) Initial Signal Display: Let R1=first Tsop Sensor R2= second tsop sensor

The road user signals can freely move through the gate as buzzer is made ‘OFF’ since there is no approach of train and road users need not be warned. Detection of a train approaching the gate can be sensed by means of tsop sensors placed on 7km before the railway gate crossing. Departure of train detected by sensor place 30 meter after the gate.

2) Train Arrival Detection: When train arrival is detected by R1 it does not send the signal to microcontroller unless it checks for 2.5 sec because of any misuse.After 2.5 sec it sends the signal to Microcontroller, and microcontroller closes the boom as soon as the boom press the bump sensor the motor action is off.

3) Warning for Road Users: At the moment the train arrival is sensed at railway gate crossing, road users are warned about the train approach by RED signals placed to caution the road users passing through the gate. RED signal appears for the road user once the train cuts the tsop sensor placed 7Km before the gate. A buzzer is made ON as a precautionary measure for the road user and that nobody should enter the gate at that moment.

4) Train Departure Detection: When train departure is detected by R2 ,it does not send the signal to microcontroller unless it checks for continuous detection of train. After train passes the sensor wait for 1.5 sec because of any misuse, after 1.5 sec it sends the signal to microcontroller to open the boom

5) Gate Opening: When the train departure is sensed by the sensors, after 1.5 second signal is given to the Microcontroller which operates the motor action in reverse direction and the gates are opened. 5.1 ALGORITHM: STEP 1: Start. STEP 2: Set the variables. STEP 3: Make initial settings of the signals for the train and road users. STEP 4: Check for the arrival of the train in either direction by the sensors. If the train is sensed go to step 5 otherwise go to step 4. STEP 5: Make the warning signal for the road users. STEP 6: Close the gate and stop the buzzer warning. STEP 7: Check for the train departure by the sensors. STEP8: Open the gate. STEP 11: Go to STEP 3. STEP 12: Stop.

6. Diagram:

7.1 Advantages: 1. Reliability of boom operation on account automation is high as its manually operation is eliminated 2. Improvement in safety of road passengers who use railway gate crossing. 3. Reduces the waiting time of road passengers.

7.2 Limitations: 1. It requires sensor to be kept at larger distance away from gate crossing and proper wiring has to be provided to reach the signal till the railway, which will cost more. 2. Maintenance probably may be high. 3. The project provides encountered safety of animal who accidently stray across the railway gate crossing.

8. Conclusion:

It is recommended that such a type of automatic functioning of the boom at the railway gate crossing be implemented at each and every railway gate which will definitely improves the road passenger’s safety system against railway accident. Current manual operation for the boom close-open system may be subjected to manual errors on part of the gangman whose effects may be disastrous and also has the possibilities of gangman letharginess in manually operating the boom with optimum efficiency which directly has an effect on the road passenger’s unnessesarily waiting time on either side of the railway gate. By the atomization of the boom it can be operated with optimum efficiency in terms of open and closure thereby cutting down on the passengers waiting time and thus contributing towards the nation’s human resource hours every time the boom is in action. This project is not completely applicable to current Indian railway system as of now, hence certain conditions are assumed as specified earlier, on which basis this project will work. This project is more useful at un-manned railway crossing where the road passengers are left to their soul judgment to guard for their safety against railway accidents. The automatic operation of the boom at such places contributes in leaps and bounds to road passenger’s safety system.

9. References:

1. A complete reference of at mega 16 Micro Controllers, by CD of technosolution Pvt Ltd Mumbai

2. http://robosoftsystems.co.in/roboshop/index.php/sensors/sensor- modules/single-tsop-sensor-module.html 3. http://robotiks4u.blogspot.com/2008/06/bump-sensor.html

4. http://www.societyofrobots.com/sensors_tactbumpswitch.shtml

5. http://www.atmel.com/dyn/resources/prod_documents/doc2466.pdf

9.1 Bibliography

2. Railways overview- Book of Central Railway

Appendix: A:

10.1 Projectile :

Name Email Id 1. Mulla Umer Q [email protected] 2. Mundkar Satish [email protected] 3. Munnoli Mahesh [email protected] 4. Bochare Ramdas [email protected] 5. Akkalkote Rameshwar [email protected]

Guide:

Prof S.B.Mishra [email protected] Co-Guide

Prof A.R.Jinde [email protected]

10.2 Program code:

#include #include

#define CHECKBIT(x, b)x&(1<

while(1) { if (!(CHECKBIT(PINA,4))) { do { _delay_ms(150); }while(!(CHECKBIT(PINA,4)));

_delay_ms(2500); if ((CHECKBIT(PINA,4))) { do { open(); }while(!(CHECKBIT(PINA,6))); stop(); return(0); } }

void two(void) {

do { close(); }while(!(CHECKBIT(PINA,2))); stop();

while(1) { if (!(CHECKBIT(PINA,1))) {

do { _delay_ms(150); }while(!(CHECKBIT(PINA,1))); _delay_ms(2500); if ((CHECKBIT(PINA,1))) { do { open(); }while(!(CHECKBIT(PINA,6))); stop(); return(0); } }

} } int main(void) { int j=0;

SETBIT(DDRD,4); SETBIT(DDRD,5); SETBIT(DDRD,6); SETBIT(DDRD,7);

CLEARBIT(PORTD,4); CLEARBIT(PORTD,5); CLEARBIT(PORTD,6); CLEARBIT(PORTC,7);

CLEARBIT(DDRA,1); CLEARBIT(DDRA,2); CLEARBIT(DDRA,3); CLEARBIT(DDRA,4); CLEARBIT(DDRA,5); CLEARBIT(DDRA,6);

SETBIT(PORTA,1); SETBIT(PORTA,2); SETBIT(PORTA,3); SETBIT(PORTA,4); SETBIT(PORTA,5); SETBIT(PORTA,6); while(1) { if (!(CHECKBIT(PINA,1))) _delay_ms(2500); if (!(CHECKBIT(PINA,1))) { one(); } if (!(CHECKBIT(PINA,4))) _delay_ms(2500); if (!(CHECKBIT(PINA,4))) { two(); }

} return(0);

10.3 Expenditure:

Sr. Item Cost (Rupees) No

1 AVR iBoard 1600/-

2 Tsop Sensor 300/- 3 Bump Sensor 250/-

4 Power Supply 275/-

5 Tool Kit 300/-

6 Other 2000/-

TOTAL 4725/-

10.4 PHOTOS:

10.4.1: Amdar Praniti Sushilkumar Shinde and our College Secretary Mane Madam 10.4.2 Our HOD Prof Chipade Sir and Our Group