8Th GRADE US HISTORY Words Given to Me by Students 2003-2008

US History Fort Burrows 8th GRADE US HISTORY Words given to me by Students 2003-2008 TAKS VOCABULARY Albany Plan of Union – Benjamin Franklin; colonies had to fight together to win war against France Industrial Revolution – machine vs. hand produced goods; interchangeable parts; technological breakthroughs; population shift from rural farms to urban cities; factory mills hired young women Cotton Kingdom – slave labor Abraham Lincoln – promoted democracy; gov’t of the people, by the people and for the people Boston Massacre – British soldiers killed 5 unarmed colonists Steamboats – efficient river transportation ‘Taxation without Representation’ – Ex: Britain’s Sugar Act and Stamp Act Railroads – important transportation to link expanding country from 1830-60 Manifest Destiny – US had right and duty to expand from Atlantic to Pacific Ocean; obtained by Louisiana Purchase, Mexican Cession, Gadsden Purchase, Louis & Clark expedition Mayflower Compact – 1620; set-up governing Plymouth by majority rule for good of colony; social contract for self-government Proclamation Line of 1763 – imaginary line; settlers could not move west of Appalachian Mountains Thomas Paine – wrote Common Sense; urged people to get independence from Britain Republicanism/Republican System – people elect representatives who carry out their will; make laws on behalf of the people who elect them Monroe Doctrine – no European colonies in Western Hemisphere allowed by US Checks and Balances – each branch limits the power of the other 2 branches; Ex: President Vetoes bills from Congress Louisiana Purchase – 1803; President Jefferson purchased from France; US doubled its size; New Orleans port was key to trade First Amendment – Freedom of: 1. Religion 2. Speech: Ex – protesting a government policy 3. Press: Ex – newspapers spread information to unify colonies 4. Peaceful assembly 5. Petition US Constitution – 1787; document created due to weaknesses of Articles of Confederation and Shay’s Rebellion; desire for strong government; many wanted a bill of rights to protect freedoms before ratifying/approving New England Colonies – shipbuilding/sawmills/fishing and whaling economy Sierra Nevada Mountains – natural barrier to reach California Civil War – 1861-1865; North vs. South; South had small army, fewer railroads and no industries; Union General Ulysses S. Grant accepted the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Court House Alexander Hamilton – free enterprise economic system for US Primary Sources – speech, journal, diary, autobiography US Presidents – order: Washington (1st), Jefferson (3rd), Monroe (5th) and Jackson (7th) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) – slavery in territories issue; Dred Scott sued for freedom and lost; caused tension between slave and free states Reform Movements – Temperance – end alcohol abuse – leads to crime, poverty and family break-up Women’s suffrage – rights for property, voting, education Abolition – abolish slavery 1 US History Fort Burrows Popular Sovereignty – people create, alter and abolish gov’t; people have final authority Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – system to create states from western territories; apply for statehood at 60,000 free settlers; new states are EQUAL to the original 13 states American Revolution – 1775-1781; US vs. Britain; ‘shot heard around world’ Battle of Saratoga – turning point; France became ally Bill of Rights – 1st ten amendments to Constitution; trial by jury borrowed from Magna Carta House of Burgesses (HOB) – 1619; first representative government Elizabeth Cady Stanton – sought equal rights for women Fugitive Slave Act – North citizens had to return captured slaves to South; slaves fled to Canada Marbury vs. Madison – John Marshall; established principle of judicial review; Supreme Court interprets/upholds Constitution Native Americans – many conflicts; extensive loss of land to white settlers; forced to live on reservations Patrick Henry – Give me liberty, or give me death; freedom is worth dying for Declaration of Independence – 1776; US declares its independence from Britain; written by Thomas Jefferson Mexican War – US gained California and New Mexico in Mexican Cession Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin book about slavery Worcester v. Georgia – Supreme Court ruled in favor of Cherokees over Georgia’s law; Jackson overrode ruling which led to Trail of Tears California – forty-niners; gold rush Jefferson Davis – President of the Confederates States of America Ulysses S. Grant – General of Union Army Robert E. Lee – General of Confederate Army Abraham Lincoln – President of the US Eli Whitney – cotton gin New England Colonies – cold climate, poor soil, relied on trade Benjamin Franklin – convinced France to become US ally in American Revolution Sojourner Truth – fought for women’s rights and equality Bill of Rights – 1st ten amendments in US Constitution; protects individual liberties Mexican War – prompted by annexation of Texas to US Indian Removal Act – Jackson; removed/relocated Indians to open up land for white settlement Tariff of Abominations – 1828; increased price of imports; protected northern factories from foreign competition; hurt southern farmers Women’s suffrage – movement to promote rights and equality for women Steamboat – efficient transportation of goods Election of 1848 – western states favored Democrats Industrial Revolution – moved from cottage industry (by hand) to factory production (by machines) to increase efficiency Manifest Destiny – Ex: farmer wanting to obtain new land Articles of Confederation – weaknesses included NO executive branch, courts, taxing, and regulation of trade Great Compromise – big states vs. little states issue regarding representation in Congress Mexican Cession – 1848; US acquired land from Mexico including California, Nevada and Utah Mayflower Compact – 1620; self-government based on rule of people; a civil body politic New Orleans – important trade center port by Mississippi River; important to Ohio Valley Monroe Doctrine – no European colonies in Western Hemisphere allowed by US Jackson/Lincoln – Both US Presidents; both upheld power of federal government South – slavery; agricultural economy; lack of factories 14th Amendment – 1868; citizenship to African Americans

2 US History Fort Burrows Constitutional Amendment Process – Proposed by 2/3 vote of Congress; ratified/approved by 3/4 of state legislatures Dred Scott v. Sandford – northern angered because decision could extend slavery into territories Jamestown Virginia – 1607; fertile land, plentiful game, abundant timber Hamilton – favored strong federal government and National Bank of US Era of Good Feelings – nationalism and patriotism in US after War of 1812 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 – new states EQUAL to existing 13 states Fugitive Slave Act – 1850; north captured runaway slaves from south Marbury v. Madison – 1803; principle of judicial review Missions – 1700’; California; cultural influence of Spanish James Madison – Federalist; ‘Father of Constitution’; called for stronger national government Westward Trails – Mormons (UT); Santa Fe (NM); Oregon (OR) Patriot – supported American independence from Britain Stamp Act – 1765; tax on legal documents, newspapers, playing cards, dice Boston Massacre – 1770; 5 citizens killed Abolitionist – against slavery Horace Mann – public education provides equal opportunities for all Interchangeable Parts – ‘saves time and money’; faster and cheaper Patrick Henry – Give me liberty, or give me death; freedom is worth dying for Republicans – Jefferson; strict interpretation of Constitution; agricultural economy; weak central government Federalists – Hamilton; loose interpretation of Constitution; industrial economy; strong central government Unalienable (natural) Right – right cannot be taken away without legal justice Magna Carta – 1215; guaranteed basic rights; monarchs have to obey laws Declaration of Independence – 1776; people possess natural rights; government gets power from the people Elizabeth Cady Stanton – led women’s suffrage movement Anti-Slavery – Harriet Beecher Stowe/Uncle Tom’s Cabin; Harriet Tubman/Underground Railroad; John Brown/Harpers Ferry arsenal; William Lloyd Garrison/Abolitionist Newspaper First Amendment – freedom of religion Sojourner Truth – equal rights for women Growth of US – Louisiana Purchase, Pike’s expedition to Rockies, Santa Fe Trail, Mexican War, Oregon Trail, US annexes Texas, California Gold Rush Atlantic Ocean – location of 13 original colonies US Immigration – Germany, Britain and Ireland (famine) Louisiana Purchase – doubled size of US and gave US the Port of New Orleans Civil War – more Union soldiers died of disease vs. wounds Declaration of Independence – grievance against King George about no judicial powers led to Supreme Court being included in Constitution Manifest Destiny – belief led to Mexican War; achieved by Louisiana Purchase, population growth in West, improved transportation and nationalism Agriculture – increased production due to steel plow, McCormick reaper, railroads, roads/canals; southern climate allowed for planters to raise profitable cash crops Nullification Crisis – South Carolina angry about tariffs Industrial Revolution – machine production, large factories, many workers Jamestown Virginia – 1607; swampy location caused diseases to spread and death Northwest Ordinance – 1787; apply for statehood at 60,000 free population Mayflower Compact – 1620; government for the new Plymouth colony Dred Scott v. Sandford – African Americans not included as citizens in Constitution

3 US History Fort Burrows Battle of Yorktown – 1781; British surrender to US Elizabeth Cady Stanton – sought women’s rights; 15th Amendment didn’t include women voters Benjamin Franklin – freedom of thought/speech; citizens need to discuss ideas with each other Representative Government – people elect officeholders who make laws on behalf of people Samuel Morse – invented telegraph; improved communication methods Three-Fifths Compromise – slaves count 3/5ths when determining states’ share of population and taxes Indian Removal Act - Jackson; removed and relocated Native Americans Battle of Vicksburg – gave Union control of Mississippi River in Civil War Great Compromise – provided a plan for representation of both large and small states; 2 Senators from each state; HOR based on state’s population Patrick Henry – Anti-Federalist; wanted Bill of Rights in Constitution Constitutional Amendment Process – Proposed by 2/3 vote of Congress; ratified/approved by 3/4 of state legislatures Battle of Saratoga – France became ally Robert E. Lee – West Point graduate; fought in Mexican War; General of Confederate troops; surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House George Washington’s Farewell Address – avoid permanent alliances with foreign nations Tariff of 1832 – tax hurt southern planters but helped northern factories First Amendment – freedom of peaceful assembly; people can peacefully protest actions of the government Spanish Exploration – Spain sent more expeditions than England to America Alexander Hamilton – some national debt will strengthen the US 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments – granted civil rights to African Americans Plantation System – created by labor shortage; slave labor, cotton gin, more production Abraham Lincoln’s Inaugural Address – believed South should receive fair treatment after Civil War; promoted peace Southern Colonies – indigo crop Quakers – contributed to reform movements including religious tolerance, abolitionism, temperance and women’s rights Thomas Paine – wrote “Common Sense” Horace Mann – public education provides equal opportunities for all Primary Source – account by mill worker at Lowell Mills Economic Development – events like Land Act; Second Bank of US; Panic of 1819; American System; Tariff of Abominations “Free” Badge” – worn by former slaves in the South Fugitive Slave Act – 1850; authorized North to arrest escaped slaves from South Plymouth Colony – established to practice religion freely Monroe Doctrine - US would not interfere in Europe conflicts; no European colonies in Western Hemisphere allowed by US Mexican War – 1848; US defeated Mexico; received California in Mexican Cession Louisiana Purchase – 1803; purchased territory from France; US doubled its size 13 Colonies – settled by rivers for transportation resources Industrial Revolution – jobs shifted from farming to manufacturing between 1820-60 New Orleans – mouth of Mississippi River; last battle in War of 1812; largest port for exports; captured by Union army during Civil War US Immigration – Chinese built railroads in West Sojourner Truth – contributed to women’s rights movement Elizabeth Cady Stanton – contributed to women’s rights movement 4 US History Fort Burrows Civil War – significant contributions made by African Americans in Union army Transportation – roads/canals allowed western settlers to get product to market Separation of Powers – principle in Constitution that gives authority to 3 separate branches of government – Executive, Legislative, Judicial branches Dred Scott v. Sandford - Dred Scott sued for freedom and lost US Constitution – who had final authority to interpret the Constitution – national government or the states; issue led to Civil War Mayflower Compact – 1620; self-rule in colony Artifacts – used to understand how a group lived in the past Henry Clay – committed to unity; no sectionalism; Compromise of 1850 Election of 1860 – electoral votes divided along sectional lines Pre-American Revolution – colonists express anger over Britain’s economic controls in newspapers English Bill of Rights - 1689; guaranteed rights of English citizens; gave right to trial by jury; ruler could not raise taxes or an army without consent of parliament