The Renaissance and Reformation

Name______Date______Social Studies Teacher______

Review for the Final Important Terms Ancient Mesopotamia River Valley Civilization . A community that settles and relies heavily on a river for survival . Specialization allows for people to learn new ideas/skills-government, language, philosophy, writing, education, etc.

Irrigation . The watering of dry land by means of canals or pipes

Code of Law . A written set of laws that apply to everyone under a government

Hammurabi . King of Babylon . Created one of the world’s oldest codes of law

Ancient Egypt Pharaoh . The title used by the rulers of ancient Egypt . Means “Great Palace”

Pyramids . Huge stone structures built as tombs, or burial places for pharaohs

Polytheism . The belief in many gods/goddesses

Deities . Gods or goddesses

Delta . The flat, fan-shaped land made of silt deposited at the mouth of the river (fertile)

Tributary . A smaller river that flows into a larger river

Nile River . The world’s longest river

Hieroglyphics . The ancient Egyptian system of writing that used symbols to stand for objects, ideas, or sounds The Ancient Israelites Monotheism . The belief in one God

Ten Commandments . According to the Hebrew Bible, the laws God gave to Moses on Mount Sinai

Judaism . Faith of the ancient Israelites . First monotheistic religion

Torah . Tells the history of the Jews and laws they need to follow . Hebrew Bible/Old Testament

Abraham . Made a covenant with God for him and his ancestors to worship only one God

Moses . Led the Jews out of slavery in Egypt . Received the Ten Commandments from God on Mt. Sinai

Ancient India Subcontinent . A large landmass that is connected to the rest of a continent

Himalayas . The world’s highest mountain range . Separates India from the rest of Asia

Buddhism . Religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama who became known as the Buddha or “Enlightened One” . Teaches the most important thing in life is to reach peace by ending suffering

Eightfold Path . Steps needed to be followed to eliminate suffering . Basic rules of behavior

Siddhartha Gautama . Founded Buddhism . Buddha or “Enlightened One”

Hinduism . The religion of India that grew out of the beliefs of the ancient Aryan people . It stresses that one main force connects all of life Brahman . The universal spirit of which all deities are different parts

Reincarnation . People move in a constant cycle of life, death, and rebirth

Caste System . The social system in Hindu society in which a person’s place is determined by the rank of the family into which he or she is born

Karma . In Hinduism and Buddhism, the end result of all of a person’s good and bad acts, which determines his or her rebirth

Nirvana . In Buddhism, a state of wisdom and freedom from the cycle of rebirth

Ancient China Loess . A fine, yellow soil that is easily carried by wind and rain . Blessing because it is fertile . Curse because it clogs canal and is easily moved by wind

Silt . A mixture of tiny bits of soil and rock carried and deposited by the river

Steppes . A dry, grassy, treeless plain . China herded sheep and cattle on the northern steppes as their form of agriculture

Levees . A wall built along a river bank to prevent flooding

Oracle bones . In ancient China, a cattle or sheep bone used to predict the future

Dynasty . A line of rulers who belong to the same family

Mandate of Heaven . The belief that the Chinese emperor’s right to rule came from the gods

Province . A division of land within a province or country . Shihuangdi split the empire into 36 provinces

Seismograph . An invention designed in the Han dynasty . Used to detect earthquakes Anyang . The ancient Chinese capital of the Shang dynasty . China’s first capital

Han Gaozu/Liu Bang . A farmer turned general who overthrew the Qin dynasty and founded the Han dynasty . Declared himself Han Gaozu meaning “Exalted Emperor of Han” . Used censors (government officials who made sure officials did their jobs) and divided the empire into provinces and counties . Threw out the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty

Shihuangdi . First Grand Emperor of Qin dynasty . Used harsh methods to unify and defend China . Created a single system of writing and money . Collected taxes . Split empire into 36 provinces . Weakened power of nobles by taking away their weapons . Appointed government officials, called censors to make sure government officials did their jobs . Ordered the building of roads and a huge canal which was used to ship supplies to his troops in far off territories . Forced farmers to leave their fields and work on connecting and strengthening walls (later The Great Wall of China)

Confucius . Chinese philosopher whose ideas are known as Confucianism . During the Period of Warring States, violence was common. Many Chinese began looking for ways to restore order to society. One theory to create a peaceful society was called Confucianism. . His ideas were called Confucianism . Rulers should be fair and just . Wanted to bring tradition back to China . Respect within the family

Han Wudi . Means “Martial Emperor of the Han” . First strong emperor of Han dynasty . Wanted talented people to fill government posts . In time, his tests became known as civil service tests . Created the Grand School teaching law, history, and Confucianism etc.

Fu Hao . “Lady Hao” . King’s wife during the Shang dynasty . Led troops to war . Ruled her own town . Records about her life were found preserved in her tomb

Ancient Arabia Islam . The religion of Muslims based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammad . Monotheistic . Holy city is Mecca . Quran is holy book . Five Pillars

Five Pillars . The five basic duties of all Muslims 1. Belief in one God, Allah 2. Pray five times daily facing holy city of Mecca 3. Give to those in need, especially the poor 4. Fast during holy month of Ramadan 5. Visit Mecca at least once in your life, if you can afford it

Quran . Holy book of Islam

Mosques . A Muslim place of worship

Caliphs . A Muslim leader who had both political and religious authority

Mecca . Holy city for Muslims . Muslims pray five times a day facing Mecca . Muhammad’s birthplace

Kaaba A religious temple in Mecca that worshipped many gods and goddesses

Muhammad . Prophet of Allah . Hijra to Medina . Holy city is Mecca . Followers called Muslims

Avicenna/Ibn Sina . Created the first medical textbook in Arabia . Diseases can spread through air and water Ancient Greece Citizens . A person with certain rights and responsibilities in his or her country or community

City-state . A self-governing city, often with surrounding lands and villages

Polis . A city-state in ancient Greece

Acropolis . A large hill in ancient Greece where city residents sought shelter in times of war . Met to discuss community affairs . Acropolis in Athens was to honor goddess Athena

Agora . A central area in Greek cities used both as a market place and a meeting place

Democracy . A system of government in which citizens vote to make decisions . Athens developed first democracy

Monarchy . A government ruled by a king or queen

Oligarchy . A type of government in which a small group of citizens control decision-making

Parthenon . A temple to honor the goddess Athena built on the Acropolis in Athens

Athens . Capital of present-day Greece . City-state in ancient Greece located on Attica peninsula . Focused on education and government . Women who told to speak little and hear little . Boys farmed and worked with fathers and went to school . Athens formed first democracy . First government was monarchy, then oligarchy and finally a democracy . Males born in Greece were citizens . Golden Age/Age of Pericles . Had Olympic games to honor gods on Mt. Olympus

Sparta . Largest city-state in Greece located on Peloponnesus . Victorious over Athens in Peloponnesian War . Ended Athens’ Golden Age . Focused on military and strength . Slaves revolted so Sparta strengthened military . Women were raised as strong mothers . Had Olympic games to honor gods on Mt. Olympus

Macedonia . Ruled by Alexander the Great in Greece and conquered Persian Empire

Pericles . Greek Statesman . Made sure the poor as well as rich citizen could take part in government . People got salaries to sit on a jury

Socrates . Philosopher who searched for the right way to live . Questioned Athenian values . Put to death for “urging young people to revolt”

Plato . Student of Socrates who wrote down all of his teachings

Aristotle . Alexander the Great’s teacher who taught him to appreciate Greek culture

Alexander the Great . Became king of Macedonia at age twenty . Conquered most of the Persian empire . Spread Greek culture wherever he conquered

Homer . Greek writer and poet who wrote Iliad and Odyssey

Ancient Rome Alps . Europe’s highest mountains . Separates most of the Italian peninsula with the rest of Europe

Plebeians . Citizens in Rome (majority) . A common farmer, trader, or craft worker . Fought for more rights in government . Tribunes were elected to protect plebeian rights

Patricians . Citizens in Rome . Members of Rome’s noble families . Controlled power in the early Republic of Rome

Republic . A form of government in which citizens elect representatives to speak or act for them . First developed in ancient Rome Twelve Tables . The earliest written collection of Roman Law

Forum . A gravel clearing where the Twelve Tables were posted in ancient Rome

Punic Wars . Fought between Carthage and Rome . Rome defeated Carthage

Pax Romana . A period of peace for the Roman Empire that began with the rule of Augustus . Lasted 200 years . New roads, police and fire protection, census, single system of government and money

Gladiators . A Roman athlete, usually a slave, criminal, or prisoner of war . Fought to entertain the public in the Coliseum

Carthage . Fought with Rome in Punic Wars . Hannibal was leader and lost to Rome

Coliseum A large stadium in ancient Rome where athletic events took place

Aqueducts A high, arched structure built to carry water over long distances

Christianity . A religion based on the teachings of Jesus . Recorded in the New Testament . Originated in Rome . Monotheistic . Holy city is Jerusalem . Ten Commandments . Holy book is Bible

Bible . Holy book for Christians . Consists of both the Old and New testament

Rome . Capital city of Italy . Shaped like a boot . Peninsula north of the Mediterranean Sea . Legend of Romulus and Remus Julius Caesar . Patrician who declared himself dictator of Rome . Commander in the army . Governor of Gaul . Joined forces with Cleopatra for money to continue fighting . Killed by Senate members because he was “destroying Roman traditions” . Gave grain to soldiers . Gave citizenship to people not born in Rome . Changed the way we measure time-July named after him . Killed on Ides of March-44 B.C.

Augustus Caesar . “Honored One” . Octavian . His rule began Pax Romana . Created aqueducts, new roads, temples, stadiums, census . Created a system for police and fire safety . “Found Rome built of brick and left it in marble”

Constantine . Roman emperor who founded Constantinople as the new eastern capital of the Roman empire . Supporter of Christianity (helped spread) . Granted freedom to Christians, donated money to build Christian churches, appointed Christians to important government posts

Diocletian . Roman emperor who divided the empire into two and oversaw the eastern part

Jesus . Mary’s son who was thought to be Messiah . Told simple stories called parables . People who followed him were called Christians

Pope . Leader of the Roman Catholic Church

The Middle Ages The Middle Ages . After the fall of Rome came a period called the Middle Ages, or medieval times . It is a period that lies between ancient and modern times . Christianity became dominant, so that the Middle Ages is known as “The Age of Faith” Noble . A member of a ruling family or one of high rank Guilds . An organization of workers in a trade or craft that set standards and protected the interest of its members

Feudalism . Started in Europe around A.D. 800 . A system of organizing and governing society based on land and service

Manor . A large, self-sufficient estate granted to a lord and worked by the serfs

Serfs . A person who was bound to work in a noble’s manor

Lord . A noble who owned and controlled all activities on the manor

Vassal . A noble who was given a fief by his lord in exchange for loyalty

Knight . A vassal’s highest honor . Three stages: page, squire, knight

Crusade . Any journey or battle undertaken by European Christians to win control of the holy land from the Muslims

Cathedral . A large Christian church with stain glass windows

Magna Carta . A legal document written in 1215 . Limited the power of the king

Chivalry . Respect, or manners learned in the Middle Ages by a page

The Black Plague/Death . A terrible disease that spread quickly throughout Europe in1348 . Caused by bacteria spread by rats and fleas . Wiped out one third of the western Europe population (killing one out of three people)

Charlemagne . Charles the Great . Leader of the Franks . Biggest achievement was when Pope Leo II crowned him emperor . Loved learning, horseback riding and archery . Spread Christianity

King John I . Forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 . Magna Carta limited King’s power . Gave right to a fair trial

The Renaissance & Reformation Renaissance . A period of great cultural and artistic change that began in Florence, Italy . Rebirth

Humanism . An idea important to the Renaissance that focused on human values and what people can achieve in this world

Protestants . People who opposed many of the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500’s . Disagreed with indulgences

Reformation . A movement to bring reform to the Roman Catholic Church Lorenzo Medici . Family gained great wealth through banking and trading . Some considered Lorenzo a tyrant-unjust ruler . He was a patron, or supporter, of the arts . Lorenzo paid artist to work in Florence. As a result, Florence became a city of art and learning . He became known as “Lorenzo the Magnificent”

Petrarch . Italian humanist . Studied works from Greece, Rome, and Arabia . Poet who loved learning

Michelangelo . Renaissance artist who used many classical ideas such as balance and form . He was a painter, sculptor, and architect . Known for his statue of the David and painting the Sistine Chapel in Rome

Leonardo da Vinci . He was a scientist, engineer, musician and artist . Loved to watch people and birds . Painted Mona Lisa . Wrote down all of his ideas in a notebook backwards . Made sketches of inventions-flying machine

Nicolaus Copernicus . Studied books of Greek and Arab astronomy . Recorded positions of the stars . In 1514, he discovered that the Earth orbited the Sun Erasmus . Humanist who criticized Roman Church . Question policy concerning indulgences . Wanted to reform the Roman church

Martin Luther . German monk who also did not agree with indulgences . He felt that the money should not be spent on the building of St. Peter’s Cathedral . In 1517, Luther wrote 95 Theses, or statements of protests and put it on the Wittenberg Church door . His protest started a movement called The Reformation (change) . This protest also lead to another division of Christianity . Luther’s followers became known as Protestants . Thought convents and monasteries were unnecessary . Thought church decorations and services should be simpler

Johannes Gutenberg . In 1448 he built a printing press . The printing press made writing easier, cheaper, and faster . Printing press helped spread Luther’s criticism of Roman Church and a translation of the Bible

King Henry VIII . Brought religious change to England . Built a strong monarchy . At first supported Roman Church, but when the Pope did not grant him a divorce, he stopped supporting Roman Church and began supporting Protestant Church

Queen Elizabeth I . King Henry VIII’s daughter . One of the most popular monarchs in England . Renaissance arrived in England during her rule . Religious conflicts cooled . She enjoyed poetry and plays . Supported work of William Shakespeare-actor poet and playwright . During his rule, Spain wanted to gain control over Atlantic trade routes and wanted England to support Catholicism once again . Under King Phillip II, Spain gathered an armada of 130 warships to attack England . After 9 day, England defeated Spain with only 90 ships . As a result, England became one of the greatest naval powers in the world

Galileo . Italian astronomer, mathematician, and physicist . His telescopes proved that the sun is the center of the solar system