FIRST QUARTER: Colonization Era- 1607-1754 Dates 1492 – Columbus “discovers” America *1607 - Jamestown, VA.: First permanent; economically successful English settlement *1620 - Pilgrims at Plymouth, MA: Separatist group seeking religious freedom 13 Colonial Regions *1620 - Mayflower Compact; Established ideas of self-government and majority rule Reasons for Settlement/Exploration: (3G’s) Political reasons: Expansion of Empire (GLORY) Economic reasons: profit for empire, i.e. mercantilism (GOLD) Religious reasons: freedom of worship; escape religious persecution (GOD) Social reasons: better life Regions New England- subsistence farming, timber and ship building, fishing and whaling, manufacturing Rocky soil Middle- farmed wheat, oat, barley and rye, called the “Bread-Basket Colonies”, some trade Southern- farmed tobacco, rice, indigo, and cotton, grew “cash crops” on plantations (slavery) Documents Magna Carta – 1215 - Limited the power of the king (share power with Parliament) English Bill of Rights – 1689 – protected individual rights Mayflower Compact: self-government; majority rule, “Civil body politic” Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: first written constitution in the colonies Virginia House of Burgesses: 1st representative assembly

Movements Transatlantic slave trade-millions of Africans were captured, shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, and sold First Great Awakening: religious revivals - encouraged ideas of equality, the right to challenge authority Led to Enlightenment – reason (thinking) should be a guide for society independence TEAM ROSTER Pilgrim- Wanted to separate the Church of England (Plymouth, Mass.) Puritans- Wanted to reform (purify) the Church of England William Penn- Quaker who founded Pennsylvania, self gov’t John Winthrop – “we should be like a city upon a hill” (Boston, Mass) – an example for others to look up to John Locke- Enlightenment philosopher who wrote about natural rights Anne Hutchison-Religious dissenter who fled to Rhode Island John Smith- takes over Jamestown; “he that shall not work, shall not eat” Lord Baltimore- founded Maryland for religious freedom for Catholics John Peter Zenger- this trial established freedom of the press Quakers- religious group that believed in a simple lifestyle and equality for all; lived in Pennsylvania John Rolfe- arrives with tobacco that will make Jamestown rich James Oglethorpe- founded Georgia for debtors and prisoners Roger Williams- founded Rhode Island for religious freedom Separation of Church and State Thomas Hooker-founder of Connecticut; wrote Fundamental Orders of Connecticut George Whitefield- famous preacher during Great Awakening Eliza Pinckney- created improved strains of the indigo plant from which a blue dye can be obtained and brought them to the colonies SECOND QUARTER: Revolutionary Era- 1754- 1783 Dates * 1776 - Declaration of Independence: adopted July 4 1783– Treaty of Paris; Independence recognized; our new Western border = Mississippi river Causes French and Indian War – British raised taxes on colonists to pay for the expensive war. Proclamation of 1763– King George said colonies can’t settle west of the Appalachian Mountains = ANGERED colonists Mercantilism – economic policy; colonist exist (send raw materials) to benefit the mother country Taxation with Representation! – lack of colonial representation in Parliament 1765 Stamp Act-tax/economic burden . . . led to colonial boycott of British goods 1765 Quartering Act – invasion of privacy/economic burden 1770 Boston Massacre- 1st civilians killed by British soldiers. Paul Revere created an engraving of it = used as propaganda 1773 Tea Act – tax on tea. Colonists (Sons of Liberty/Sam Adams) responded with . . . Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party- (example of Civil Disobedience) citizens (Sons of Liberty) unhappy with Tea Act. Resulted in British passage of the Intolerable Acts, thereby, limiting the rights of citizens of Boston 1774 Intolerable Acts – punishment for the Boston Tea Party. Closed the Boston Harbor; angered colonists! 1774 First Continental Congress-voted to ban all trade with Great Britain until Intolerable Acts repealed/delegates determined to uphold colonial rights Sons of Liberty-Colonial protest group led by Samuel Adams Battles Lexington and Concord “Shot Heard Around the World” – Start of the American Revolution – first shots fired Battle of Saratoga – TURNING POINT OF REVOLUTION (victory encourages France (ships & $) and Spain to help us Winter at Valley Forge – winter camp where Washington, LaFayette (and Barron von Steuben) trained the troops. Washington read The American Crisis to the troops to lift their spirits Battle of Yorktown – last battle of the Revolution (1781) Cornwallis defeated by Americans on land, and French by sea Effects/Documents Common Sense - by Thomas Paine – convince Americans to break away from Britain; “Tis time to part” The American Crisis – by Thomas Paine – written to encourage support for troops and encourage troops to keep fighting (read at Valley Forge); “These are the times that try men’s souls . . . the summer soldier and the sunshine patriot” Declaration of Independence-unalienable rights (life, liberty and pursuit of happiness), grievances against the British Articles of Confederation-First official government of the new nation-Created by the Continental Congress in Philadelphia (had many weaknesses – see next page) Treaty of Paris 1783- ended the war; set new boundaries: Mississippi River to the west, Canada to the north, and Spanish Florida to the south TEAM ROSTER Abigail Adams -“Remember the Ladies”-wife of John Adams/early advocate for women’s rights in America John Adams-vocal member of First Continental Congress/convinced that only outright resistance would gain liberty for America Wentworth Cheswell- African American “Paul Revere” member of the Committee of Safety Samuel Adams-Leader of the Sons of Liberty-urged colonists to resist British controls Mercy Otis Warren-American woman who wrote about the Revolution using prose, plays, and poetry James Armistead- slave who served General Lafayette as an American spy. After the war, Lafayette helped Armistead obtain his freedom, and in return Armistead added the name “Lafayette” to his own Benjamin Franklin-signer of the Declaration of Independence, the Treaty of Paris 1783, and later the U.S. Constitution-long time American leader-spent the Revolution in France and helped convince them to come to American aid. Great inventor. Bernardo de Galvez-Spanish governor of Louisiana-captured Natchez, Baton Rouge, and Mobile/prevented British from attacking the U.S. from the southwest Crispus Attucks-sailor of American Indian and African American ancestry, 1st to die at Boston Massacre King George III-King of Great Britain during the American Revolution Haym Solomon-Polish native-Jewish Revolutionary hero; prime financier ($$) of the Americans during the Revolution Patrick Henry-Vocal Virginian who urged the Americans to resist British tyranny-Famously said “…as for me, give me liberty or give me death” Thomas Jefferson-writer of the Declaration of Independence Marquis de Lafayette- 19 yr. old French nobleman who volunteered to serve in Washington’s army. Led his own division. Thomas Paine –Writer of Common Sense (written to convince Americans to break with Britain) and The American Crisis (written to encourage Americans to keep fighting) George Washington-commander of the Revolutionary Army HALF-TIME: Confederation, Convention, and Constitution- 1783- 1787 Dates *1787: Constitutional Convention: debate and writing of the U.S. Constitution (Philadelphia) 1791: Bill of Rights is added to the Constitution Territories 13 Original States Northwest Territory Compromises REPRESENTATION? How will states be represented in Congress?  Virginia Plan =Population, favored by big states;

 New Jersey Plan= based on quality, favored by small states

o Great Compromise = 2 house Congress, House of Reps (population), Senate(equality) = same Congress we have today!

SLAVES?- North didn’t want slaves to count for population, South wanted all slaves to count

o 3/5 th Compromise = for every 5 slaves 3 count in terms of population and taxes

Political Parties Federalists- led by Hamilton, Jay, Madison; federal gov’t has more power, pro-manufacturing, wealthy/elite should rule Anti-Federalists- led by Jefferson and Mason; states have more power, pro-agriculture, average citizens should rule;  demanded a Bill of Rights be added before ratifying Constitution

Documents Articles of Confederation: our 1st National Constitution  Strengths: Governed nation through the Revolutionary War; Negotiated Treaty of Paris; Passed the Land Ordinance of 1785; Passed the Northwest Ordinance 1787  Weaknesses: Lacked power to enforce laws (no President) ; lacked power to levy taxes; Lacked power to negotiate trade among the states; Required all 13 states to approve changes in the Articles; no judicial branch o Shay’s Rebellion = showed us the Articles was too weak (no way to put down a rebellion) = led to Constitutional Convention Land Ordinance of 1785: asked surveyors to measure out townships in Northwest Territory; lot 16 = education Northwest Ordinance: Law that set up govt. for Northwest Territory; provided method for new states to be admitted; provided for the orderly expansion of the US Magna Carta1215: No man is above the law; importance of individual rights; limited the power of the king English Bill of Rights: Provided for rights of the individuals; provided right to trial by jury Constitution (1787): the supreme law of the United States of America. The first three Articles of the Constitution establish the rules and separate powers of the three branches of the federal government: legislative (makes the laws), executive (president = carries out the laws) judicial (court system: interprets the laws) the last four Articles frame the principle of federalism Bill of Rights: 1st 10 Amendments to the Constitution (demanded by anti- federalists)  addresses colonial grievances such as lack of individual rights, the right to bear arms, quartering of soldiers, due process of law, rights of accused, how a trial is conduced, limits on punishments, rights of the people and powers of states and people Principles Popular Sovereignty- Ultimate power and final authority is held by the citizens – “People Power” = “We the People” “Consent of the Governed” Republicanism- People EXERCISE their power by voting for their political representatives “ Limited Government- Government’s power is limited by the Constitution; everyone obeys the law se par ate” Federalism- Power is divided (or shared) between the national and state governments Separation of Powers- Power is divided between 3 branches 3 branch es Checks and Balances- Each branch has certain controls (checks) over the other 2 (so that one branch doesn’t become too powerful) Mon tes quieu Individual Rights- Personal liberties or privileges guaranteed to the citizens TEAM ROSTER George Washington- President of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia Review your Bill James Madison- Federalist who supported a strong executive; “Father of the Constitution” of Rights hand Patrick Henry- Anti-Federalist who insisted on a Bill of Rights Thomas Jefferson- leader of the Anti-Federalist party signals! Alexander Hamilton- Federalist leader who supported a strong executive George Mason- Anti-Federalist who insisted on a Bill of Rights John Locke – (natural rights = unalienable rights) Montesquieu - separate powers into 3 branches

THIRD QUARTER: Early Republic and Industrialization- 1789- 1825 Washington Federal Judiciary Act of 1789- 6 member court; Created lower federal courts Precedents set - sets the standards that other presidents will follow. Ex: neutrality, cabinet system, 2 terms Hamilton’s Financial Plan- protective tariffs to pay back the war debt; national bank; government would pay state AND national debt (Free Enterprise system based on competition ex: donut shops, nail shops etc) Whiskey Rebellion: Washington used his power as commander –in-chief (send in troops) to enforce the tax on whiskey Jay’s Treaty- Britain agreed to leave the Ohio Valley and pay us back for our stolen ships; this helped reduce awkward tension between the U.S. and Britain Pinckney’s Treaty- U.S. got the freedom to travel on the Mississippi and store goods at New Orleans (from Spain) Washington’s Farewell Address: his advise and warnings for future: said stay away from “permanent alliances” (foreign alliances) and beware of the “spirit of party” (political parties) Adams XYZ Affair: French agents (known as X, Y, and Z) demand a $10 million loan and a bribe before they will discuss a treaty; U.S. refused to give a cent “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!” Alien & Sedition Acts: Increased time for immigrants to become citizens from 5 to 14; Made saying or printing “false or hateful” writing about the gov’t illegal (unconstitutional – 1st amendment) Made Adams unpopular Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions: In response to the Alien and Sedition Acts; Jefferson and Madison drafted a set of statements declaring that states can nullify a federal law if the state believes it to be unconstitutional Jefferson 1803 Louisiana Purchase- U.S. purchases Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million; doubled our size 1803 Marbury v. Madison - The Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to declare laws unconstitutional (JUDICIAL REVIEW!) Lewis and Clark Expedition – explored Louisiana Territory; helped by Sacagawea Embargo Act of 1807- Forbid American ships to sail into foreign ports and closed U.S. ports to British ships; hurt the economies of each region; leads to War of 1812 and American needing to make its own goods (factories develop in North) Madison War of 1812 - Causes: Great Britain was taking U.S. ships (impressments) and interfering with U.S. trade, British arming American Indians to attack settlers Results: Increased American Patriotism, Weakened American Indian resistance; U.S. manufacturing grew Monroe Era of Good Feelings- Period characterized by Nationalism (pride in nation) Clay’s American System- Wanted the U.S. to be economically self-sufficient Missouri Compromise 1820- by Henry Clay:  debate over admission as slave or free state would upset the “balance of power” between slave and free states in Congress  Kept the balance of power by admitting Maine as free and Missouri as slave and banning slavery north of the parallel 36°30’  Sectionalism developed as a result of the slavery issue McCulloch v. Maryland- Could not tax federal government (hint: M & M’s = taxes) Gibbons v. Ogden- Federal Government will regulate interstate commerce Promoted economic growth (Gibbon’s = Monkey – Gibbon’s are traded across states lines by zoo’s) Factory System- brought together workers and tools under one roof, increasing urbanization and changing the way of life. Factories developed on fast moving rivers in the NE, People went work in the factories (Lowell Girls) – led to industrialization.

INVENTIONS Cotton Gin (led to spread of slavery) = Eli Whitney Water powered textile mill (led to factory system and Lowell Girls) by Samuel Slater Interchangeable Parts (led to faster/cheaper production) by Eli Whitney Telegraph and Morse Code (communication) by Samuel Morse Mechanical Reaper (farming improvement) by Cyrus McCormick Steam Engine (Steamboat - could travel against the current) by Robert Fulton (Clermont) Steel Plow (farming improvement) by John Deere

FOURTH QUARTER: Age of Jackson, Westward Expansion, Reform- 1825-1861 Age of Jackson Tariff of Abomination-1828 law that raised the tariffs on raw materials and manufactured goods; it upset Southerners who felt that the North was being favored. North supported tariffs and generally opposed the spread of slavery. South opposed tariff and supported the use of slaves and the growth of slavery into Western Territories (King Cotton) Bank War- Jackson vetoed the renewal of the 2nd Bank of the U.S. because he felt the bank had too much power/influence over Congress/public policy. The bank leadership fought back, creating economic troubles and forcing people to take sides. Sectionalism- Jackson supported strong central government, Southern states wanted State’s Rights; differences in economics systems, support for tariffs and slavery Nullification Crisis- South Carolina threatened to secede over tariff issue, Jackson at odds with Calhoun States’ Rights- theory that said that states could nullify a federal law Jacksonian Democracy- idea of spreading political power to all the people, thereby ensuring majority rule Era of the Common Man White man’s suffrage – spread during the Age of Jackson = more white men could vote Spoils System- practice of winning candidates giving government jobs to political backers or supporters Indian Removal Act – moved Indians WEST of the Mississippi River to Indian Territory in OK. Worcester v. Georgia - Supreme Court upheld Cherokee land rights/Jackson ignored court’s decision

Westward Expansion Manifest Destiny- The belief that America should spread from coast to coast U.S. Mexican War- Causes: Border dispute over the Rio Grande, Manifest Destiny, Annexation of Texas Effects: Texas recognized as part of U.S., Mexican Cession, From sea to shining sea A- Original 13 Colonies, 1776 F B- Western Lands, 1783 (Treaty of Paris) A C- Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (from France) C D- Florida Cession, 1819 (Adams-Onis Treaty) G B E- Texas Annexation, 1845 F- Oregon Territory, 1846 – From Britain H G- Mexican Cession, 1848-Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo E D H- Gadsden Purchase, 1853 (flat lands – railroads)

REFORM MOVEMENTS AND REFORMERS

Movement Time Period Accomplishment James K. Polk = “Mr. Manifest Destiny” “Mexico has invaded our territory and ABOLITION 1830s-1840s Anti-slavery Wm Lloyd Garrison 1831 Anti-slavery newspaper publisher ; The Liberator shed American Blood on American Soil.” Frederick Douglass 1845 Abolitionist, black orator, The North Star Sojourner Truth 1843 Abolitionist, black orator; “Ain’t I am woman?” US-Mexican War began when troops fired in the “disputed territory” EDUCATION 1830s Widely available education Horace Mann 1837 Head of first state board of education in U.S. between the Nueces R and Rio Grande Called education “the great equalizer” in Texas. TEMPERANCE 1800s Anti-alcohol Result of the US Mexican War? PRISON REFORM 1840-1860 Improvements prisoner care Dorothea Dix Care of prisoners, mentally ill US got the lands known as the Mexican

SUFFRAGE mid 1800’s-1920Women’s right to vote Cession. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, 1848 Organizer- Women’s Rights Susan B. Anthony & “Declaration of Sentiments” Lucretia Mott Seneca Falls Convention SUPER BOWL! = Civil War (1861-65) and Reconstruction (1865 – 1877)

Causes of the Civil War Reconstruction Acts and Amendments Sectionalism- North vs. South; economic differences led to loyalties and divisions on the issue of slavery Lincoln’s 10% Plan- When 10% of the voting population in States’ Rights- differences in opinion on who holds more the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized as a power (states vs. federal government); 10th amendment state Wilmot Proviso- suggestion that slavery be outlawed in Presidential Reconstruction (Johnson - HUG)- kept Mexican Cession; splits Congress Lincoln’s ideas; added that they must ratify the 13th Compromise of 1850- Radical Republicans/Reconstruction Act of 1867- (slug) 1. California becomes a state declared martial law; divided South into 5 military districts with a Union general as acting governor; 2. stronger Fugitive Slave Act Required 13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments be ratified 3. Mexican Cession open to popular sovereignty Freedmen’s Bureau- created to distribute food and 4. slave trade banned in Washington D.C. supplies, establish schools, and redistribute additional Fugitive Slave Act- allowed Southerners to recover escaped confiscated land to former slaves; “40 acres and a mule” Black Codes- laws to restrict opportunities for free blacks slaves; angered the North Ku Klux Klan- white “terrorist” group Uncle Tom’s Cabin- by Harriet Beecher Stowe; told the Sharecropping- enabled southern blacks to rent their horrors of slavery; increased abolitionist feelings in the North own plots of land, farm them, and provide for their Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)- repealed Missouri families; led to DEBT Compromise; opened territories of Kansas and Nebraska to th 13 Amendment– abolished slavery; FREED popular sovereignty; Bleeding Kansas 14th Amendment – citizenship to former slaves; CITIZENS Dred Scott vs. Sanford- Supreme Court case: slaves were 15th Amendment – gave former male slaves the right to property; denied citizenship for slaves vote; VOTE John Brown’s Raid- abolitionist raid on Harper’s Ferry; Homestead Act (1862)- to encourage economic growth caused John Brown to become a hero and Southerners to fear and expansion west; 160 acres if settler built home and abolitionists grew crops; 5 yrs later they owned it Election 1860- Lincoln elected as president; south secedes Morrill Act (1862)- each state gets 30,000 acres times the # of its Congressional members; money from land sales used to start agricultural & mechanical arts universities

Civil War Battles and events 1861- 1865 Dawes Act (1887)- broke up American Indian tribes by Ft. Sumter- first shots of the Civil War Antietam- deadliest single day of war selling surplus tribal lands to whites Emancipation Proclamation – freed the slaves in the rebelling states Gettysburg- 3 day battle; TURNING POINT of the war Election of 1876- Tilden vs. Hayes; Hayes elected as Gettysburg Address – Lincoln made this speech at the cemetery dedication. president; ended Reconstruction; military left the South “Four score and seven years ago . . .” “these dead shall not have died in vain” “Gov’t of the people, by the people and for the people shall not perish from the earth” Vicksburg- Union gains control of Mississippi; splits the South Important speeches Appomattox Court House- war is over; Grant and Lee meet to discuss st surrender Lincoln’s 1 Inaugural Address: “We are not enemies, but friends” Team Roster Abraham Lincoln = President of the United States (Union = North) Jefferson Davis Inaugural Address: “as a Jefferson Davis = President of the CONFEDERACY (South) necessity, not a choice, we have resorted to General Ulysses S. Grant = Union general = winner (later President) separation.” Robert E. Lee = Confederate General

Stonewall Jackson = Confederate General, highly skilled, respected nd st Abraham Lincoln’s 2 Inaugural Address: Hiram Rhodes Revels – 1 African American to serve in Congress William Carney = 1st African American Metal of Honor winner (flag) With malice toward none, charity toward Philip Bazaar – 1st Hispanic Metal of Honor winner (sailor) all . . . let us strive together to bind up the Clara Barton – nurse (Angel of the battlefield) – American Red Cross nation’s wounds” Julia Ward Howe – wrote the Battle Hymn of the Republic – Union song