To the Sixth KISS Grammar Book

The Teachers’ Guide to The Sixth KISS Grammar Book

The study of grammar is a science. The teaching of grammar is an art. 2

Welcome...... 4 Unit 1 – Review...... 4 Ex. 10 - A Study of “To” from “Why the Sea Is Salt” (#1) [AK]...... 4 Unit 2 - Studies in Ellipsis...... 6 Unit 3 - More about Clauses...... 6 Main Clause or Subordinate? [Need IM]...... 6 Subordinate Clauses as Interjections [Need IM]...... 6 Tag Clauses - Interjections [Need IM]...... 6 Ex. 5 – Alternatives for “Said” —Tom Swifties (#5) JfF [AK]...... 6 Interjection? Or Direct Object? [Need IM]...... 8 Ex. 6 - From “Bluebeard” in My Book of Favorite Fairy Tales [AK]...... 8 Ex. 7 - Interjection? Or Direct Object? from My Book of Favorite Fairy Tales [AK]..9 Unit 4 - Appositives and Post-Positioned Adjectives...... 10 Unit 5 - Vocabulary (1)...... 10 Abstract and Concrete Words and Phrases...... 10 Ex. 1 – Abstract and Concrete Words...... 10 Synonyms and Antonyms...... 11 Ex. 2 - Synonyms from Voyages in English (#1) [AK]...... 11 Unit 6 - Statistical Stylistics (1)...... 12 Mid-Term Assessment Tests (In the AK book)...... 12 Unit 7 - Studies in Punctuation and Logic...... 12 Unit 8 - The Three Types of Verbals...... 12 Gerunds...... 12 Gerundives...... 12 Ex. 3 –...... 12 Ex. 4 - From “The White Cat” [AK]...... 12 Infinitives...... 14 Ex. 7 - Infinitives as Adjectives and Adverbs from My Book of Favorite Fairy Tales (#1) [AK]...... 14 Ex. 8 - Infinitives as Adjectives and Adverbs from My Book of Favorite Fairy Tales (#2) [AK]...... 14 Ex. 12 - Mixed Verbals from My Book of Favorite Fairy Tales [AK]...... 16 Unit 9 - Introduction to Delayed Subjects...... 17 Unit 10 - Sentence Combining and Style...... 17 Unit 11 -The Logic of Subordinate Clauses...... 17 Ex. 1 –...... 17 Ex. 2 –...... 17 Ex. 3 –...... 17 Ex. 4 -The Logic of Subordinate Clauses from My Book of Favorite Fairy Tales [AK] ...... 18 Ex. 5 -The Logic of Subordinate Clauses from My Book of Favorite Fairy Tales [AK] ...... 18 Unit 12 - Vocabulary (2)...... 19 Abstract and Concrete Words and Phrases...... 19 Ex. 1 – Abstract and Concrete Words...... 19 3

Synonyms and Antonyms...... 19 Ex. 2 - Synonyms from Voyages in English (#2) [NA]...... 19 Ex. 3 – Antonyms...... 19 Ex. 4 - Synonyms and Antonyms from Child-Story Readers (2) [NA]...... 19 Unit 13 - Passages for Analysis...... 20 Ex. 1 - From “The White Cat” [AK]...... 20 Ex. 2 –...... 20 Ex. 3 - From “Bluebeard” in My Book of Favorite Fairy Tales [AK]...... 20 Unit 14 - Statistical Stylistics (2)...... 23 Final Assessment Tests (In the AK book)...... 23 4

Welcome

Unit 1 – Review

Ex. 10 - A Study of “To” from “Why the Sea Is Salt” (#1) [AK] 1. Why did you come {to my gate} [Adv. to "Why" if you did not wish to grind

(DO) [#1] ]? |

2. [DO of "said" “*You* Grind more [#2],”] he said {to the women} (IO). |

3. [DO of "answered" “We have come to do something [#3] {for you} (IO),”]

answered the women. |

4. One day [NuA] King Frothi was told (P) [RDO [#4] that two strange women

were begging {at the gate} to see him [#5]]. |

5. The gold was so bright (PA) and yellow (PA) [Adv. (result) to "so" that King

Frothi could not bear to let it go [#6] {out of his sight}]. |

6. [DO “He is a wicked king (PN),”] said the women. | “We will grind {for

him} (IO) no more. | Mill [DirA], *you* grind out hundreds (DO) and

hundreds (DO) {of strong warriors} to fight Frothi [#7] and punish him [#7] {for

his cruel words}.” |

Notes 1. The verbal (infinitive) “to grind” functions as the direct object of “did wish.” 2. Although most people will probably explain “more” as a pronoun that functions as the direct object of “grind,” it can alternatively be explained as an adverb to “grind.” 3. “Something” is the direct object of the infinitive “to do.” The infinitive phrase functions as an adverb (of purpose) to “have come.” 4. This clause is “retained” in passive voice from the active “Someone told King Frothi [that ....]. 5

5. “Him” is the direct object of the infinitive “to see.” Some people will view the infinitive phrase as a direct object (“were begging what?”); others will consider it an adverb (“were begging why?”). 6. “It” is the subject of the infinitive “go.” This infinitive phrase is the direct object of the infinitive “to let.” The “to let” phrase is the direct object of “could bear.” 7. “Frothi” is the direct object of the infinitive “to fight,” and “him” is the direct object of the infinitive “punish.” The infinitive phrases can be explained as adjectives to “warriors” and/or as adverbs to “grind out.” 6

Unit 2 - Studies in Ellipsis

Unit 3 - More about Clauses

Main Clause or Subordinate? [Need IM]

Subordinate Clauses as Interjections [Need IM]

Tag Clauses - Interjections [Need IM]

Ex. 5 – Alternatives for “Said” —Tom Swifties (#5) JfF [AK] 1. “I can take photographs (DO) [Adv. to “can take” if I want to]!” [Inj. Tom

snapped]. |

The “to” is the remainder of “to *take photographs*” which is an infinitive that functions as the direct object of “want.”

2. “[Adv. to “will collapse” If I let go {of the ceiling}] it will collapse,” [Inj. Tom

upheld]. |

“Let go” can be considered idiomatic, a variant of “let *it* go” [release] in which “it go” would be an infinitive that functions as the direct object of “let.”

3. “I can see “[Adv. to “can see” because I have actual visual organs (DO),]” [Inj.

Tom realized]. |

4. “So only one person arrived {at the party} [Adv. to “arrived” before I did]?”

[Inj. Tom second- guessed]. |

5. “*You* Pretend [DO we were {in the days} {before railways}],” [Inj. Tom

coached]. | 7

6. “I couldn’t believe [DO there were 527,986 bees (PN) {in the swarm}!” [Inj.

Tom recounted]. |

7. “I wonder [DO if I’d have better luck (DO) [Adv. to “would have” if I fished

{with a net}]],” [Inj. Tom debated]. | 8

Interjection? Or Direct Object? [Need IM]

Ex. 6 - From “Bluebeard” in My Book of Favorite Fairy Tales [AK]

1. Her brothers, [Inj. she knew], were to visit her (DO) that day [NuA]. |

Ellipsis is involved in “were to visit.” It means either “were going to” or “were supposed to.” For more on this see Exercise 8 “to be to” in KISS Level 5.7 - Passive Voice and Retained Complements.

2. "This small key," [Inj. he added, pointing {to quite a little one},] "is the key (PN)

{of the door} {at the end} {of the lower landing}." |

“Pointing” is a gerundive to “he.”

3. "Ha! [Inj.] what (PN) is this?" [Inj. he cried], | "what (PN) is this stain [Adj. to

"stain" that I see]!" |

Some teachers would probably mark the comma after “cried” as a comma-splice. Some people may see “what” as the subject and “this” as the predicate noun. If students did this, I would not make a big deal of it, but in questions, complements usually come before the verb—“Whom did you see?”

4. "[Adv. to "invite" and "enjoy" While I am absent (PA), my dear [DirA],]" [Inj. said

he], " *you* invite your relations (DO) and friends (DO) and enjoy

yourself (DO) just [Adv. (manner) to "enjoy" as you please {in entertaining

them (DO)}]." |

“Just” functions as an adverb to the entire following adverbial clause. “Them” is the direct object of the gerund “entertaining.” The gerund phrase functions as the object of the preposition.

5. "Wretched woman [DirA] !" [Inj. shouted Bluebeard], "you have used this

key (DO), | you have unlocked the door (DO) {of that room} {at the end} {of the

passage}. | You shall die!!!" | 9

Ex. 7 - Interjection? Or Direct Object? from My Book of Favorite Fairy Tales [AK]

1. “Alas! [Inj]” [Inj. cried Suliman, bursting {into tears},] “his flatterers have

ruined him (DO). | I know [DO that {at heart} he is good (PA)].” |

[“Prince Chéri”] “Bursting” is a gerundive that modifies “Suliman.” The original has a comma after “him.” I changed it to a period to avoid the discussion of breaking and/or bending the rules.

2. “No one, [Inj. I can assure you (IO),] ever ventured on {to his estate}.” | [“Beauty and the Beast”]

3. “Here you see me (DO), madam [DirA],” [Inj. said he], “keeping my word (DO).”|

[“Tufty Riquet”] “Word” is the direct object of “keeping,” which is a gerundive that modifies “me.” At KISS Level 5.8 - Noun Absolutes, some people will prefer to see “me keeping” as the core of a noun absolute that functions as the direct object of “see.”

4. “I’m going to kill you (DO),” [Inj. roared the Beast still more loudly]. | “It’s

taken years to cultivate this sort (DO) {of rose}, | and -- and I’m going to

kill you (DO). | Unless,” [Inj. he added {after a pause}], “you send me (IO)

one (DO) {of your daughters} here instead.” | [“Beauty and the Beast”]

Some people will see “years” as answering the question “What?” and thus see it as a direct object. Others will view it as answering the question “How long?” and therefore describe it as a noun used as an adverb. “Rose” is the direct object of the infinitive “to cultivate.” The infinitive functions as a Delayed Subject—“To cultivate this sort of rose has taken years.” See KISS Level 5.6 - Delayed Subjects and Sentences. In this case, it may be better to consider the “he added” as the subject and verb of the main clause. We speak in fragments, and “Unless” is a subordinating conjunction. But to analyze the “unless” clause as subordinate would, among other things, give us two sets of brackets for one subordinate clause. Fortunately, such sentences are relatively rare.

5. “I am not mocking you (DO),” [Inj. he heard {in reply} {to his thoughts}]; | “you

have been bad tempered (PA), | and you have behaved unkindly {to a poor

animal} [Adj. to "animal" who did not deserve such treatment (DO)]. | I

know [DO you are higher (PA) {than a dog}], | but the advantage {of 10

being ruler (PN) } {of a great empire} is not {in doing all the harm (DO)} [Adj. to

"harm" one wishes], but {in doing all the good (DO)} [Adj. to "the good" one

can.]” | [“Prince Chéri”]

Alternatively, “than a dog” can be described as an ellipsed clause—“than a dog *is high*.” “Ruler” is a predicate noun after the gerund “being.” The gerund phrase functions as the object of the preposition. “Harm” is the direct object of the first “doing,” and “the good” is the direct object of the second. In both cases “doing” functions as the object of the preposition “in.” In terms of meaning “doing” is a predicate noun. In other words the “advantage” equals “doing good.” The language, however, has developed the idiomatic “in” phrase probably because if we wrote or said “the advantage is doing good,” most people would tend to read “doing” as part of the finite verb phrase and not as a predicate noun.

Unit 4 - Appositives and Post-Positioned Adjectives

Unit 5 - Vocabulary (1)

Abstract and Concrete Words and Phrases

Ex. 1 – Abstract and Concrete Words 11

Synonyms and Antonyms

Ex. 2 - Synonyms from Voyages in English (#1) [AK] 1. friend comrade 2. scorn contempt 3. rush run 4. mistake blunder 5. student pupil 6. terror fear 7. information knowledge 8. pardon absolve 9. hasten hurry 10. custom habit 11. answer reply 12. assist aid 13. climb scale 14. protect defend 15. aim purpose 12

Unit 6 - Statistical Stylistics (1)

Mid-Term Assessment Tests (In the AK book)

Unit 7 - Studies in Punctuation and Logic

Unit 8 - The Three Types of Verbals

Gerunds

Gerundives

Ex. 3 –

Ex. 4 - From “The White Cat” [AK] 1. He travelled on, keeping {to one road}. |

“Keeping” is a gerundive to “He.” 2. They began to laugh (DO) {at him}, and drove on followed {by the young

Prince}. |

The infinitive “to laugh” is the direct object of “began.” “Followed” is a gerundive to “They.” Note that whereas “keeping” in the first sentence, is set off by a comma, “followed” is not. This is, in other words, an optional place for a comma unless a comma in necessary to avoid confusion.

3. Turning {to the Prince} she told the story (DO) {of her life}. |

“Turning” is a gerundive to “she.”

4. The little figure approached him (DO), raising the veil (DO), | and he saw the

most beautiful White Cat (DO) [Adj. to "White Cat" he had ever beheld]. | 13

“Veil” is the direct object of the gerundive “raising” which modifies “figure.” In this case, the comma before “raising” cuts it off from “him.” Otherwise, some readers might initially chunk “raising” to “him.” 5. Addressing the Prince (DO) she said: [DO "King's son [DirA]! welcome [Inj] ! my

Feline Majesty sees you (DO) {with pleasure}!]" |

“Prince” is the direct object of the gerundive “Addressing” which modifies “she.” There are a number of ways of explaining “Welcome” here. One alternative would be to consider it a verb—“*We* welcome *you*.” Another would be to consider it an interjection. The only case in which the explanation may make a significant difference is in statistical studies. 6. The Prince [Adj. to "Prince" who had remained {in the carriage}], saw his

brothers (DO), approaching {with wondrously beautiful ladies}. |

Some prescriptive grammarians will claim that there should be a comma after “Prince” because there is one after “carriage.” As it stands, the clause is half set-off and half not. (Personally, I would suggest that students include the comma.) “Approaching” is a gerundive to “brothers.” 7. She made a deep curtsey (DO) {to the King} [Adj. to "King" who, struck {with

admiration}, could not help exclaiming (DO), [DO "Here is one [Adj. to

"one" who is matchless (PA)]]], | and she deserves my crown (DO)." |

“Struck” is a gerundive to “who,” which refers to “King.” “Exclaiming” is a gerund that functions as the direct object of “could help.” The subordinate “Here” clause, of course, is the direct object of “exclaiming.” 8. Then there entered an immense number {of lords and ladies}, [Adj. to "lords and

ladies" who carrying their cats' skins (DO), or {with them} thrown {across their

shoulders}, came and cast themselves (DO) {at the feet} {of the Queen},

expressing their joy (DO) { at seeing her (DO) again } {in her rightful form}]. |

Alternatively, “there” can be described as an expletive or as the subject in a palimpsest pattern with “entered” written over “was.” See KISS Level 2.1.3 - Expletives (Optional). The gerundive “carrying” modifies “who.” (Here again we have the question of a comma after “who.”) “Thrown” can be explained as a gerundive that modifies “them.” At KISS Level 5.8 - Noun Absolutes, some people may prefer to explain “them thrown” as a noun absolute that functions as the object of the preposition “with.” 14

The gerundive “expressing” modifies “themselves.” Note the importance of the comma in separating “expressing” from “Queen.” The phrase based on the gerund “seeing” functions as the object of the preposition “at.”

Infinitives

Ex. 7 - Infinitives as Adjectives and Adverbs from My Book of Favorite Fairy Tales (#1) [AK]

1. The Prince was too much astonished (P) to move. |

The infinitive “to move” functions as an adverb of result to “too much.”

2. Neither {of these girls} had the least desire (DO) to have a husband (DO) {with a blue

beard}. |

“Husband” is the direct object of the infinitive “to have.” The infinitive phrase functions as an adjective that describes “desire.”

3. "Alas!" [Inj.] [Inj. said he {to the White Cat} again and again,] "how sad (PA) I shall

be to leave you (DO) !" |

For an alternative explanation of the subordinate clause, see KISS Level 3.2.3 - Interjection? Or Direct Object? “You” is the direct object of the infinitive “to leave.” The infinitive phrase functions as an adverb (cause) to “sad.”

4. There was not time (PN) even to think {of sleep}. |

For an alternative explanation of “There,” see KISS Level 2.1.3 - Expletives (Optional). The infinitive “to think” functions as an adjective to “time.”

5. I have not come to take away the throne (DO) [Adj. to "throne" that you fill {with

such dignity}]. |

“Throne” is the direct object of the infinitive “to take.” The infinitive phrase functions as an adverb (of purpose) to “have come.” 15

Ex. 8 - Infinitives as Adjectives and Adverbs from My Book of Favorite Fairy Tales (#2) [AK]

1. Do you think [DO I should be cruel (PA) enough to kill you (DO)]? |

“You” is the direct object of the infinitive “to kill.” The infinitive phrase functions as an adverb to “enough,” which functions as an adverb to “cruel.”

2. "Don't you know [DO you have only three days (DO) to look {for the little dog}

{for your father} (IO)]?" |

The infinitive “to look” functions as an adjective to “days” and as an adverb (of purpose) to “have.” The “for your father” phrase can alternatively be explained as an adverb to “to look.”

3. The Cat had not taken pains (DO) to remember the time (DO) [Adj. to "time"

when he must return {to the court}]. |

“Time” is the direct object of the infinitive “to remember.” The infinitive phrase functions as an adjective to “pains” and as an adverb (purpose) to “had taken.”

4. There was seen (P) a little dog so tiny [Adv. (result) to "so" that it could go

{through a ring} {without touching it (DO)}]; | he was also able (PA) to dance,

and play the castanets (DO). |

For an alternative explanation of “There,” see KISS Level 2.1.3 Expletives (Optional). “Tiny” is a post-positioned adjective to “dog.” See: KISS Level 5.5. “It” is the direct object of the gerund “touching.” The gerund phrase functions as the object of the preposition. “Castanets” is the direct object of the infinitive “play.” The two infinitives function as adverbs to “able.”

5. {At last} the hour had arrived to destroy the fatal work (DO) {of an evil fairy}, |

and to do this (DO) he must make up his mind (DO) to cut off her head (DO)

and tail (DO), [Adj. to "head" and "tail" which he was {at once} to throw {into

the fire}]. |

“Work” is the direct object of the infinitive “to destroy.” The infinitive phrase functions as an adjective to “hour.” 16

“This” is the direct object of the infinitive “to do.” The infinitive phrase functions as an adverb (of purpose) to “must make up.” “Must make up his mind” is idiomatic for “decide.” “Head” and “tail” are direct objects of the infinitive “to cut.” The infinitive phrase functions as as adverb (manner) to “make up his mind.” If one considers “make up his mind” as the equivalent of “decide,” then the infinitive functions as a direct object. For a quick explanation, “to throw” can be described as an adverb to “was.” A more technical explanation is to see “was” here as meaning “was told to.” This would make the infinitive a retained direct object after a passive verb. In context, the active voice version would be “The White Cat told him to throw the head and tail into the fire at once.” For more on this version, see Exercise # 8 (“To be to”) in KISS Level 5.7 - Passive Voice and Retained Complements.

Ex. 12 - Mixed Verbals from My Book of Favorite Fairy Tales [AK]

1. Early next morning [NuA] [when the dawn was breaking] she left her father's

house (DO), leaving a little note (DO) {behind her} begging him (IO) not to be (DO)

anxious (PA) but *stating* [DO that she had gone {to the Beast's castle}]. |

[“Beauty and the Beast”] 1. The “when” clause can be described as adjectival to “morning” or as adverbial either to “early” or to “left.” “Note” is the direct object of the gerundive “leaving.” The gerundive phrase modifies “she.” “Anxious” is a predicate adjective after the infinitive “to be.” “Him” is the subject of that infinitive, and the infinitive phrase “him not to be anxious” functions as the direct object of “begging.” “Begging” is a gerundive that modifies “note.” This gerundive phrase is connected by “but” to an implied gerundive, “saying” or “stating.”

2. {For several days} he flew around hoping to catch (DO) sight (DO) {of Zélie}, | and

{at last}, seated {by a hermit}, {outside a cave}, he found her (DO). |

[“Prince Chéri”] “Sight” is the direct object of the infinitive “to catch.” The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of the gerundive “hoping.” The gerundive phrase functions as an adjective to “he.” “Seated” is a gerundive that modifies “her.” I’m probably not the only teacher who would be sorely tempted to mark this as a misplaced modifier, simply because readers will tend to chunk “seated” to “he” before they get to “her.”

3. "Madame Cat [DirA]," [replied the Prince], "it is very good (PA) {of you} to

receive me (DO) thus, | but you are not an ordinary cat (PN); | being able (PA)

to speak, and possessing this superb castle (DO), are proof (PN) {of that}." | 17

[“The White Cat”] KISS explains the “replied” clause as an interjection. For an alternative explanation, see KISS Level 3.2.3 - Interjection? Or Direct Object? “Me” is the direct object of the infinitive “to receive.” The infinitive phrase functions as a delayed subject—“to receive me thus is very good of you.” See KISS Level 5.6 - Delayed Subjects. The infinitive “to speak” functions as an adverb to “able” which is a predicate adjective after the gerund “being.” “Castle” is the direct object of the gerund “possessing.” The two gerund phrases function as the subject of “are.”

4. {In vain} did his wife plead {with him} to spare (DO) her (DO), kneeling {before

him} {with tears streaming } {from her eyes}. |

[“Bluebeard”] “Her” is the direct object of the infinitive “to spare,” The infinitive phrase functions as an adverb (of purpose) to “plead.” “Kneeling” is a gerundive that modifies “wife.” “Streaming” can be described as a gerundive that modifies “tears.” At KISS Level 5.8 - Noun Absolutes, some people will prefer to see “tears streaming” as a noun absolute that functions as the object of the preposition.

Unit 9 - Introduction to Delayed Subjects

Unit 10 - Sentence Combining and Style

Unit 11 -The Logic of Subordinate Clauses

Ex. 1 –

Ex. 2 –

Ex. 3 – 18

Ex. 4 -The Logic of Subordinate Clauses from My Book of Favorite Fairy Tales [AK] 1. [Adv. (time) to "could procure" When there was a great famine (PN) {in the land},] he could hardly procure even his daily bread (DO). | 2. Princess Goldenhair, [Adj. (ID) to "Princess Goldenhair" who loved Avenant (DO) {from the depths} {of her heart}], was not happy (PA). | 3. These words were repeated (P) {to the King} {in such a manner} [Adv. (C/E, result) to "such" that they made him very angry]. | “Him” is the subject and “angry” is a predicate adjective of an ellipsed infinitive “to be.” The infinitive phrase functions as the direct object of “made.” See “ellipsed infinitives” in KISS Level 4.

4. The giant eats a man (DO) [Adv. (C/E, manner) to "eats" as a monkey would eat a chestnut (DO). | This subordinate clause can also be considered a logical comparison.

5. [Adv. (time) to "fell" When Princess Goldenhair heard {of this imprisonment},] she fell {on her knees} {before the King}. |

Ex. 5 -The Logic of Subordinate Clauses from My Book of Favorite Fairy Tales [AK]

1. A beautiful child, {in a snow-white robe}, was sitting close {to the spot} [Adj. (ID) to "spot" where they had reposed]. | 2. I shall refuse him (DO) [Adv. (C/E, condition) to "shall refuse" unless you will bring me (IO) some water (DO) {from the Grotto} {of Darkness}]. | 3. The Princess went straight {to the tower}, and, {with her own hands}, struck off the chains (DO) [Adj. (ID) to "chains" that bound Avenant (DO)]. | 4. She was {in great fear}, [Adv. (cause) to "was" for she heard wild beasts (DO) {about her}]. | 5. A chamber-maid had broken the flask (DO) containing this wonderful water (DO), [Adv. (C/E, result) to "had broken" so that it was all spilled (P)]. | “Water” is the direct object of the gerundive “containing.” The gerundive phrase modifies “flask.” 19

Unit 12 - Vocabulary (2)

Abstract and Concrete Words and Phrases

Ex. 1 – Abstract and Concrete Words

Synonyms and Antonyms

Ex. 2 - Synonyms from Voyages in English (#2) [NA]

Ex. 3 – Antonyms

Ex. 4 - Synonyms and Antonyms from Child-Story Readers (2) [NA] 20

Unit 13 - Passages for Analysis

Ex. 1 - From “The White Cat” [AK] Early the next morning [NuA] the hands awoke him (DO), and dressing [#1] him (DO) {in a handsome hunting costume}, led him (DO) {to the courtyard}, [Adj. to

"courtyard" where he found the White Cat (DO) {upon a splendid monkey}, {with about five hundred other cats} assembled [#2], all ready [#3] {for the chase}]; [#4] | and never had the Prince enjoyed anything (DO) so much, [Adv. (cause) to "never" for [Adv.

(condition) to rode" although *he was* [#5] mounted (P) only {upon a wooden horse}], he rode {at a great pace}]. |

Notes 1. The gerundive “dressing” modifies “hands.” 2. “Assembled” can be described as a gerundive to “cats.” At KISS Level 5.8 Noun Absolutes, some people will prefer to see “cats assembled” as a noun absolute that functions as the object of the preposition “with.” 3. “Ready” functions as a post-positioned adjective to “cats”—“cats ... *who were* all ready.” See KISS Level 5.5 - Post-Positioned Adjectives. An alternative explanation would be to consider “all” a pronoun, the subject of an ellipsed “being”—“all being ready ....” This view results in a noun absolute that can be explained as an adverb to “assembled” and/or an appositive to “cats.” 4. Note the importance of this semicolon in forming a stronger break (thereby emphasizing the main-clause break) after all the commas in the preceding main clause. 5. This is a semi-reduced clause in which we have a subordinating conjunction and the verb has been reduced to what looks like a gerundive. See KISS Level 3.2.1 - Semi-Reduced and Other Ellipsed Clauses.

Ex. 2 –

Ex. 3 - From “Bluebeard” in My Book of Favorite Fairy Tales [AK]

This exercise is a bit long, so you might want to emphasize to students how much of an original text they can already analyze. 21

{At first} she could distinguish nothing (DO), [Adv. (cause) to "could distinguish" for [#16] the room was dark (PA) and gloomy (PA)], | but then, all {of a sudden}, she knew [DO what had become {of Bluebeard's other wives}], [Adv.

(cause) to "knew" for [#16] there they lay, {in a long, straight row}, all dead [#1]]. | She stood horrified (PA) [#2] {for a moment or two}, gazing [#3] {at the pale faces, and long hair} spread [#4] out {around them}, [#5] | then picking [#6] up the little key (DO) [Adj. to

"key" which [#7] she had taken {from the lock} but dropped {in her fright}], she hastily quitted the room (DO), shut and locked the door (DO), and ran {to her own chamber} to calm [#8] herself (DO) {before returning [#9] } {to her guests}. | But she was unable (PA) to rest [#10] {for an instant}, [Adv. [#11] so [#16] dreadful (PA) were her feelings]; | then {with terror} she noticed [DO that {on the key} there was a stain (PN)]. | She wiped it (DO) {with her handkerchief}, | but alas! [Inj] it was blood

(PN) [Adj. to "blood" that would not be wiped (P) away]. | She washed the key (DO) and rubbed it (DO), and scraped it (DO) and [#12] polished it (DO), but [#13] all {to no purpose}, | [#14] [Adv. (condition) if she succeeded {in cleansing [#15] one side (DO)}], the mark came out {on the other}. | For [#16] the key was enchanted (P). |

Notes 1. “All dead” can be explained it at least two ways. One would be to consider “all” an appositive to “they” and “dead” as a post-positioned adjective to “all.” Another would be to consider “all” as the subject, and “dead” as a predicate adjective in an ellipsed noun absolute construction—“all *being* dead.” The noun absolute could then be described as adverbial to “lay.” 2. I’ve considered this a palimpsest pattern with “stood” written over “was.” Alternatively, “horrified” could be explained as a gerundive that modifies “She.” 3. Gerundive to “She.” 4. Gerundive to “hair.” 5. This is a comma-splice—the joining of two main clauses with just a comma. (It breaks the textbook rules.) 22

6. “Key” is the direct object of the gerundive “picking.” “Picking” modifies the “she” that is the subject of “quitted.” In other words, it does not modify the next “she,” but the one after that. 7. Note that “which” functions simultaneously as a subordinating conjunction and as the direct object of both “had taken” and “dropped.” 8. “Herself” is the direct object of the infinitive “to calm.” The infinitive phrase functions as an adverb (of purpose) to “ran.” 9. “Returning” is a gerund that functions as the object of the preposition. 10. The infinitive “to rest” functions as an adverb to “unable.” 11. You will have a hard time finding this clause explained in a grammar textbook. Because it explains why she was unable to rest, I would consider it adverbial to “was” and/or “unable.” Note that, in terms of focus, it is the reverse of “So dreadful were her feelings [Adv. (result) that she was unable to rest for an instant].” 12. Note how much more emphatic the repetition of “and” plus the “it” are, compared to “She washed, rubbed, scraped, and polished the key.” 13. There are several ways within KISS to explain “but all.” The easiest, but probably the weakest, is to consider “but” a preposition and “all” its object. Perhaps the best explanation is through ellipsis—“but she did all *this to no purpose.” That would make “but” a coordinating conjunction. 14. This is another comma-splice. (See Note 5, above.) Vredenburg may have used the two splices to suggest the frantic hurry she felt in both cases. 15. “Side” is the direct object of the gerund “cleansing.” The gerund phrase functions as the object of the preposition. 16. See KISS Level 3.2.2 - “So” and “For” as Conjunctions. 23

Unit 14 - Statistical Stylistics (2)

Final Assessment Tests (In the AK book)