Biodiversity and Conservation 3, 95 1 961 (1994)

The Spanish co-operation programme in Equatorial Guinea: a ten-year review of research and nature conservation in Bioko

JAVIER CASTROVIEJO and JAVIER JUSTE B Estación Biológica de Dogana (CSIC) Sevilla 41013, Spain

RAMON CASTELO and JAIME PEREZ DEL VAL Asociación Amigos del Cob de Doffana. ciPanama 6, Sevilla, Spain

The Research and Nature Conservation Programme in Equatorial Guinea was launched in 1985, financed by the Spanish Technical Co-operation Agency. The Programme’s main objectives were to: (i) increase scientific research; (ii) set up a Museum of Natural History for the country; (iii) update environmental legislation; (iv) create a network of protected natural areas; (v) promote Equatorial Guinea’s participation in international forums on the environment; (vi) train local per sonnel and (vii) implement environmental education programmes. Actions undertaken and results obtained over a ten-year period are reviewed herein. The Programme has been important in raising the level of scientific awareness of the country’s resources but more importantly, it has catalysed the inception of the country’s existing legal framework for environmental protection (Ley 8/1988). Within this law, regulations with respect to wildlife, protected areas and hunting were promulgated. These include the legal basis to create other reserve areas and non-profit orga nizations related to wildlife protection. The Programme has been able to employ the law to stop exploitation and road-building along the south of Bioko.

Keywords: Equatorial Guinea, Bioko, Spanish co-operation programme, biodiversity, conservation

Introduction Interest in nature conservation is not new in Equatorial Guinea. Under Spanish rule, measures governing hunting and protection of nature were implemented in the country during the 1960s. Through legislation enacted by Ministerial Decree, reserves were es tablished at Monte Raices (26000 ha), Monte Alén (95 000 ha) and RIo Ekuku in Rio Muni. On Bioko, an area of around 10000 ha on Pico Basilé (the Pico de Santa Isabel Park) was also set up (IUCN, 1971). After independence, however, the trend ended abruptly under President Macias Nguema’s repressive regime. The situation changed after the political coup of 1979, which overthrew the Macias government. During the First Cultural Exchange Congress between Spain and Equatorial Guinea, held in Bata (Rio Muni) in May—June 1984, the senior author proposed the start of a programme to study and protect the country’s natural resources. The idea, which was well received by the country’s authorities, was given full financial support by the Spanish Technical Cooperation Agency (STCA) of the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A year later, the Research and Nature Conservation Programme for Equatorial Guinea (referred herein as the Programme) was launched as part of the STCA in the country. Responsibility for the day to day running fell upon the Asociación Amigos del Coto de Doflana (AACD), a non-governmental organization, with charitable status, based on Sevilla, Spain. The Programme, which was in operation for a period of just over ten years, has been successful in achieving its stated objectives which were to: (i) carry out scientific research; (ii) create a Museum of Natural History; (iii) update adequate legislation; (iv) set up a network of protected natural areas; (v) promote Equatorial Guinea’s participation in international forums; (vi) train local personnel and (vii) initiate environmental education (Castroviejo et a!., 1986). Its success has been largely due to the close collaboration between the AACD, the Spanish Technical Co operation Agency and the Equato-Guinean authorities. The present paper reflects on the Programme’s aims and results.

The Programme’s challenge: Bioko’s environmental situation in 1984 Human impact on Bioko has been felt since its early discovery (Table 1). Most ecosys tems (especially lowland forests) have been modified and large mammals (the forest buffalo (Synercus caffer nanus) and the red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus)) and cro codiles (Nosti, 1950; Castroviejo, 1993) have become extinct through overhunting. However, recent economic pressures are likely to have had the most catastrophic effects on the conservation of the island’s biodiversity. At the start of the Programme, the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, one of the least developed countries in Africa, had just emerged from one of the bloodiest regimes in the continent. During this period, con siderable damage to the forests and wildlife had occurred and any attempts to rebuild the economy had to focus on quick natural resource exploitation (timber, fisheries and most recently oil). This was to occur in a situation in which there were no guidelines in place for environmental protection or for rational use of resources. Circumstances were clearly exacerbated by the collapse of cocoa and coffee farming, which had been the mainstay of the economy until independence. The impact of this on the environment was to be enormous not just because of the exigencies of the macroeconomy, but also because the human population was then forced to rely much more on forest products (e.g. bushmeat) in order to survive (Juste, 1992; Fa ci a!., in press; Juste et a!., in press). On Bioko, this dependency on wildlife has always been more pronounced than on the mainland and its effects potentially more devastating because of its insular nature and thus more fragile ecosystems. The problem has been augmented by the fact that the island’s population has increased substantially by the influx of continental peoples who have modified traditional exploitation and introduced more intensive practices.

Programme objectives and their implementation The Programme’s main task was to face up to the reality of the country and to address simultaneously, a wide array of scientific as well as practical activities. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH The Programme’s main strength lay in the scientific expertise gathered. Thus, a primary task was to increase knowledge of the country’s biodiversity in the broadest sense, i.e. Table 1. Summary of the main impacts and effects on Bioko’s biodiversity

- Rain forest Massive Mountain Land cultures Rivers Massive Logging on Cocoa and Petroleum transformation introduction forest expansion poisoning by arrival of the coffee production into cocoa and of Nigerian transformation (1910—1960) cocoa farming continental remaining collapse (1992— ) coffee cultures labour into pastures byproducts people and nioko’s (1989—1994) (1875—1960) (1910—1960) (1930—1960) (1970—1990) Annobones forest (1970—1980) (1990—1992)

Habitat 45.3% of around 1000 1.7 around 15000 ¶ destruction Bioko’s area ha Bioko’s aret1 ha nuilàlo, red river hog and crocodile extinction Marine 500 adult turtle females per poaching year5 ¶ Loss of SI fl fl traditions and cultural identity Wildlife 51! 51! 511 depletion by overhunting Marine 111 fisheries depletion by overfishing Decline of freshwater fish and crustacea pollution

4low; important; 1very important irreversib1e or almost irreversible; ? unknown.

to include cultural and biological diversity. Special attention was paid to carrying out inventories of the country’s fauna and flora and to studying its natural ecosystems and communities. These activities were carried by a contingent of Spanish scientists, who concentrated on subjects ranging from ecology to systematics and conservation (Juste, 1990; Juste et a!., 1994; Juste et a!., 1994a; Gonzalez-Kirchner, 1992; Castelo, 1994; Fernandez, 1994; Mbana, 1994; Perez del Val, 1994). Some of these studies include de scriptions of new taxa (e.g., Juste and Ibáflez, 1993) and offer data on little known or threatened species. Research has also been carried out on the neighbouring islands of São Tome and PrIncipe, and in Cameroon. Collected data are still in the process of publication. Although much emphasis has been placed on animals, especially vertebrates (bats, birds; primates etc.), work on other organisms was undertaken. For example, surveys carried out in collaboration with the Royal Botanic Gardens (Madrid) have yielded im portant findings about the island’s floral diversity of significance also in a West African context (Atkins, 1992; Fernandez Casas, 1992; Hepper, 1992; Vollesen, 1992). This work has not been completed yet but already 100 new species records have been included in Bioko’s flora. Ethnographic studies on the Bubis have come up with a better under standing of traditional viewpoints of resource use in the island (Fernandez, l993a,b).

CREATION OF A NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM One of the Programme’s overriding objectives was the creation of permanent facilities to promote nature conservation and study in the country. A prestigious and independent institution to co-ordinate exploitation and research of natural resources, undertake sci entific research, organize scientific collections, contribute to public education and advise the authorities on environmental matters was deemed essential. The importance given to this objective by the Equato-Guinean and Spanish authorities was very clear, especialiy when in 1990, the original ‘Research and Nature Conservation’ Programme was renamed the ‘Museum of Natural Sciences’ Programme. Despite this and because of the inherent complexity of this objective, the building of the museum has not yet started. A recent evaluation of this aim has been carried out by the Programme and different al ternatives have already been identified.

UPDATING OF THE COUNTRY’S ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION In order to furnish the country with a legal framework which would satisfy nature con servation, research and use of natural resources, the AACD, in close collaboration with the STCA, drafted a law on hunting, wildlife and protected areas which is currently in force. After discussions with the administration throughout 1987 and presented to the government at the end of the year, it took effect a year later and was promulgated in 1988 as the Ley 8/1988. Although it is difficult to summarize the significance of this legislation for the country, the following main positive results should be highlighted: (i) it legalized the network of protected nature reserves proposed by the Programme; (ii) it allows community participation in environmental decision-making by: (a) incorporating traditional administration structures (at a community level e.g. consejos de poblados) to take decisions within protected areas; (b) providing a mechanism for the creation of non-profit organizations (NPOs) for the first time; (iii) it prevented the construction of a road running along Bioko’s southern perimeter which would have led to large-scale modification of the area — with a very serious impact on the environment and the life-style of the local people and a predictable serious loss to the biodiversity of the area and possible extinction of species; (iv) it stopped large-scale felling of rainforest and of the monzoonic (transition) zone in Bioko; (v) it contributed to some extent to stemming the uncontrolled hunting of certain species in the protected areas.

SE1TING UP OF A NETWORK OF PROTECTED AREAS From 1986 until 1990 more than 4000 km were travelled within the country’s bound aries by the Programme with the aim of identifying the most significant areas for biodi versity conservation and protection feasibility. As a result, Ley 8/1988 proclaims the protection of nine zones (Table 2) which cover around 340 000 ha (8.2% of the total country’s land surface). Nevertheless, only the Monte Alén area has any effective pro tection or conservation activities (with financial support from the European Union) taking place. All other areas are still threatened by different human activities but mainly by logging and overhunting. On Bioko, the protection of two areas is considered essential to guarantee the adequate conservation of the flora and fauna on the island. The delimitation of both protected areas was unclear and misunderstood, and has given rise to permits being granted for logging during recent years. Pico Basilé (35 000 ha) The lower limit of the protected area is the 800 m contour line. It is not populated and a road in poor condition with leads to the summit (3011 m) runs across its north face. The altitudinal changes in temperature and rainfall allows a clear elevational zonation of vegetation, making the area most interesting for comparative ecological studies. It comprises well conserved mountain forest, mossy forest, shrub formations, and sub alpine meadows (Juste and Fa, 1994); around 800 ha (2.28%) is pristine vegetation. Its wildlife, is varied although some species such as the drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and Ogilby’s duiker (Cephalophus ogilbyi), have become very rare. The mountain forest on the Pico harbours the only known populations of the endemic Fernando Poo Speirops (Speirops brunneus). This protected area will act as a most important reservoir for bushmeat species, to supply the cities of Malabo, Baney and north Bioko, where 81% of the island’s human population is found. The area contains landscapes of striking beauty; from the peak it is possible to see the African continent on a clear day and to overlook the whole of the island. On Basilé there are also 23 sacred Bubi sites out of the total of 118 recognized for the entire island (Martin del Molino, 1989, 1993). The Southern Highlands of Bioko (60000 ha) The boundaries of this protected area are: a straight line running from Veiga and Abendaflo to the 800 in contour line till the point nearest Lake Loreto on the north; it 956 Castroviejo et al. Table 2. Protected areas defined in Equatorial Guinea by the 8/1988 law

Name Area Location Main ecosystems Main threats

Monte Alén 80000 ha Continental Lowland rain Protected region forest, mountain forest

Ntém o Campo 20000 ha Continental Mangroves, wet Logging and estuary region forest poaching

Monte Mitra 30000 ha Continental Lowland rain Poaching and massif region forest, mountain logging forest

Rio Muni estuary 60000 ha Continental Mangroves, wet Logging, region forest, lowland overfishing and rain forest overhunting

Altos de Nsork 40000 ha Continental Lowland rain forest Overhunting region

Ndote’ meadows Continental Coastal meadows, Agriculture, region gallery forest overhunting

Pico Basilé 35000 ha Bioko Mountain and mossy Overhunting, forests, shrubs and fire, shifting subalpine prairies agriculture

Sur de Bioko 60000 ha Bioko Monsoonic and Overhunting, mountain forest, logging, new coastal ecosystems settlements

Annobón 17000 ha The whole Unique mountain and Shifting island mossy forests, dry agriculture, forest, intertidal overfishing ecosystems

follows this contour line until its intersection with the Ruma river and follows the river’s left bank till it meets the Grande-Calabo rivers; it continues upriver along Calabo’s right bank to the nearest point of the Bibi-Lolaca rivers and on along the left bank to the Lolaca river mouth (see Castelo, 1994 for location map). The area is of outstanding biological importance since all the island’s main ecosys tems, with the exception of mangroves and slow-moving rivers, are well represented here. About half (30 000 ha) of the area is still virtually untouched. It is the only locality on the island, and one of the few in Africa, where extensive areas of monzoonic forest are present. This is a consequence of South Bioko being one of the wettest regions in the world, with up to 10000 mm of rain per annum. The composition of this type of forest is scarcely known. There are numerous volcanic craters, unique to the area, such as Moca or Loreto lakes as well as other volcanic features of outstanding Nature conservation in Bioko 957 geomorphological value such as the Gran Caldera de Luba, made up by the remaining walls of the highest volcano on the island. Bioko’s main rivers flow across this protected area. Some of the last intact populations of primates live here. According to Butynski and Koster (1989a) this region has one of the highest primate densities in all of Africa, some of them such as the drill (Schaaf et a!., 1990) or the red colobus (Procolobus pennantI) are still very common in some parts. According to Koster and Butynski (1989), Butynski and Koster (1989b,c), Antor-Castellarnau and Camacho-Fumanal (1989), Perez del Val et a!. (1994) and personal observations, it is the only part of the island in which bird species like Picathartes oreas, Ceratogyma atrata, Psittacus eritha cus, Bostrychia hagedash, Halcyon badia and Malimbus rubricollis can be found. Moreover, four species of sea turtles nest on the beaches here (Castroviejo et a!., 1994). Over 2000 people live in the northern strip of the protected area in the villages of Bioko de Moca, Belebá, Eoco, Malabo de Moca, Ruiché and Ureca (the latter is nowadays the only permanent settlement on the south of the island). These villages are the last typical Bubi settlements on the island, their people and priests upholding ancient tradi tions. Ureca is particularly important in this respect as it has 78 sites which are either sacred or of mythological interest (Martin del Molino, 1989). This region is extremely important economically since it provides the majority of the bushmeat which is sold in the markets of Malabo and other towns. The current situation, when compared with that in 1984—1985 (logging, road threat in the southern part, etc.), is encouraging, but more efforts are still urgently needed to ensure effective protection of the area. At present, it is being threatened mainly by overhunting since within the protected area there are between 40 and 50 professional hunters who live in different camps (San José, Amilivia, Collado de Belebü, Rio Iladyi and Calabo), and are depleting the prey populations.

PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL FORUMS OF NATURE CONSERVATION The aim here was to help Equatorial Guinea sign and ratify international conventions on conservation and nature research and to join international bodies and organizations involved in nature conservation by establishing national delegations and branches if possible. The Programme has made considerable efforts to promote Equatorial Guinea’s biodiversity among international researchers and institutions and make them aware of the aims of this project. Every effort has been made to support and help other scientists that were carrying out field work in the country. Thus it is gratifying to observe that since 1985 an increasing number of institutions have shown an interest in the conserva tion of Equatorial Guinea’s biodiversity.

European Union The European Union included Equatorial Guinea in its ECOFAC (Central African Forest Ecosystems) project which covers seven countries. Monte Alén was selected as the demonstration project area (set up by 8/88 Law); this began in 1987 but work on the ground did not start until April 1992. The European Union is also drafting another project ‘Conservation and rational use of Equatorial Guinea’s ecosystems’ that will deal with the design of the other areas to be protected. 958 Castroviejo et al. The United Nations Several United Nations agencies have shown an interest in Equatorial Guinea and have provided financial support for environmental related projects. Scientists from AACD who collaborated with the STCA have also worked as consultants preparing reports for the UN.

International Conservation Organizations and Institutions IUCN collaborated in the planning of the European Union project in Monte Alén, working closely with SCP (Fa, 1989, 1991). Similarly, The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) has surveyed the conservation status of Southern Bioko whilst other institutions such as the Asociación Biosfera (1992), The National Institute of Geo graphy, Spain (IGN, 1980—1981), The National University for Learning at a Distance (UNED, Spain), The Autonomous University in Madrid (Spain), The Autonomous University of Barcelona (Spain) and Zoo Atlanta (USA), have all undertaken environ mental research.

TRAINING OF EQUATORIAL GUINEA PERSONNEL Training of national personnel who, in the future, can take responsibility for natural resource conservation in their country was considered essential by the Programme. Through the efforts made by Programme local personnel were selected and trained. Some belonging to local institutions, are now skilled in different aspects of nature reserve management and conservation. A few persons were sent to specialized courses (e.g. forestry) in institutions in Spain yet others have been directly incorporated and trained in situ because of their field experience; of these A. Ayong, J. Elá, S. Malest, L. Mbenga and D. Paralele have and still are contributing greatly to the success of the ECOFAC (Monte Alén) programme and to continuing surveys in South Bioko. What is most encouraging is that some were professional hunters who have become enthusiastic conservationists.

ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION To achieve a widespread consensus on environmental issues amongst the local popu lation, the Programme saw it vital to initiate projects on environmental education. In this context, thousands of posters and stickers were printed and distributed to colleges and schools throughout the country and members of the Programme gave regular conferences, radio and television talks to promote rational use of resources and the conservation of wildlife. Lectures were given in colleges and schools and meetings held with the pertinent authorities. Interviews were published in Spanish newspapers and magazines (Juste, 1987, 1988; Carvalho et al., 1991; Carvalho, 1993; Perez del Val, 1993). At the government level, regular advice was given to the National Environmental Commission in Malabo on these matters and several meetings were also held with the President of the Republic to explain to him directly the importance and implications of the Programme and the pressing need to rationa lize use of natural resources. In December 1986, to coincide with the summit of the Heads of State of the Nature conservation in Bioko 959 UDEAC, a permanent exhibition was established in Bata on the theme of ‘Man and Nature in Equatorial Guinea’ (Perez del Val and Ayong, 1992). The exhibition which consisted of educational displays of the fauna and flora of the country is still open and still attracts numerous visitors, especially students.

Conclusion The Programme was started as a distinct response to an emergency situation in a country with severe environmental problems and limitations. The effort and continuity given to it by numerous persons is proof that in spite of adversity, it is possible to succeed. The fact that the Programme managed to be effective for a period of almost ten years is most encouraging. Its greatest achievement is that there has been a notable change in the authorities’ attitude as well as of the population as a whole. Basic ideas on conservation are becoming more widespread, mainly among the youth, which augers well for the future. The Programme’s efforts have made it possible to check the impact of deforestation of the island, to stop it as well as to prevent the construction of the road along the southern part of the island. Such important changes in attitude have also led to the government to request aid for projects directly dealing with nature conservation. Indeed, given the country’s economic constraints, it must now be the responsibility of multi lateral and bilateral cooperation agencies to finance nature conservation. This must be a priority if we are to ensure the welfare of the human population and reinforce the groundwork carried out by our Programme.

Acknowledgements We are greatly indebted to the Spanish Co-operation Agency and the former Co-opera tion Office with Equatorial Guinea of the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which made our Programme possible, especially in recognizing the importance of nature con servation before this was even considered as a co-operative issue by others. To the Equato-Guinean authorities (most especially to the President of Equatorial Guinea, His Excellency Sr Teodoro Obiang Nguema and his former Minister of Culture, Sr Leandro Mbomio), who encouraged our activities and to all the Equato-Guineans (the whole village of Ureca, A. Ayong and J. Elá and many, many others) who have helped us in attempting to preserve their country’s nature. To C. Keller and J.E. Fa we are most grateful for improvements of the original manuscript.

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