1. Maneuver Normal and Crosswind Takeoffs

David Young Maneuver Analysis

1. Maneuver – Normal and Crosswind Takeoffs.

2. Description – A maneuver in which the aircraft climbs from the ground and becomes airborne.

3. Objective – To obtain a sense of coordination and alignment during which the student can roll down the runway.

4. Contents –

a. An ability to maintain centerline.

b. An ability to determine if a takeoff is safe to perform.

c. An ability to properly follow a checklist.

5. Analysis –

a. Perform the appropriate pre-takeoff checklists, and verify that the trim is set for the takeoff position.

b. Be sure that the mixture is full rich.

c. Be sure to know of any noise abatement areas. Knowing these will help you keep clear of the areas that have a problem with loud noises.

d. As you are cleared to taxi onto a runway, check both the approach and departure ends for traffic.

e. For a normal takeoff, begin with the ailerons neutral.

e.i. During a crosswind takeoff, begin the roll with full ailerons into the wind, and begin rolling out the ailerons as they become more effective.

e.ii. Ailerons are necessary in a crosswind takeoff in order to help prevent wind drift. Begin with ailerons full into the wind, but reduce the ailerons as the ailerons become more effective.

f. Apply full power (and prop if using a constant speed prop).

f.i. Do not apply full power too quickly in order to reduce the possibility of engine troubles.

f.i.1. As full power is applied, some right rudder might be needed to counteract the left turning tendencies. Young 2, VII-A

f.ii. As you begin the takeoff roll, verify that all engine instruments are in the green. f.iii. As you roll down the runway, announce “airspeed alive” once the airspeed indicator has begun moving.

f.iii.1. If at any point the takeoff does not feel right or the instruments do not have normal indications, abort the takeoff by reducing the throttle to idle, applying full brakes, landing on the remaining runway, landing straight ahead (if below 2,000 ft MSL), or coming back for a landing (2,000 ft MSL or more). f.iv. Once you have reached Vr (60 kts in the Archer or 65 kts in the Arrow) begin to slowly pitch back in order to get the nose and then the aircraft airborne.

f.iv.1. Left turning tendencies will be very pronounced, so be sure to apply right rudder to maintain coordination.

f.iv.2. Use the ailerons to keep from drifting left or right of the centerline.

f.iv.2.a. Even after lifting off, it is important to stay on the extended centerline of the runway.

f.iv.3. As the airspeed increases, less control pressure will be needed in order to move the aircraft in the same way as with a lesser airspeed.

f.iv.4. Trying to force the aircraft’s nose off before it is ready may produce a high angle of attack, which may exceed the critical angle of attack.

f.iv.5. Insufficient elevator backpressure may result in the aircraft re-settling down on the runway.

f.v. Increase your pitch for Vy (76 kts in the Archer or 78/90 in the Arrow) in order to achieve the best rate of climb.

f.v.1. This will place the nose approximately on the horizon. f.vi. Retract your landing gear when you have established a positive rate of climb and you have run out of usable runway. f.vii. By 1,000 ft AGL, transition to cruise climb and turn the fuel pump off. Young 3, VII-A

6. Visual Cues –

a. Set the cowling about 2 inches above the horizon in order to achieve the rotation pitch-up attitude.

b. Line the aircraft up with two points off in the distance, and drag an imaginary line between the two. If the aircraft is on extended line, then all is well. Otherwise, adjust the amount of crab in order to maintain the proper ground path.

7. Instrument Cues –

a. Use the altimeter to determine the aircraft’s altitude.

b. Use the airspeed indicator to determine the aircraft’s airspeed.

c. Use your engine gauges to determine if any hazardous situation exists.

8. PTS Standards –

a. Private Pilot –

a.i. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to a normal and crosswind takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures. a.ii. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions. a.iii. Clears the area; taxies into the takeoff position and aligns the airplane on the runway center/takeoff path. a.iv. Retracts the water rudders, as appropriate, (ASES) and advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff power. a.v. Establishes and maintains the most efficient planning/lift-off attitude and corrects for porpoising and skipping (ASES). a.vi. Lifts off at the recommended airspeed and accelerates to Vy. a.vii. Establishes a pitch attitude that will maintain Vy +10/-5 knots. a.viii. Retracts the landing gear, if appropriate, and flaps after a positive rate of climb is established. a.ix. Maintains takeoff power and Vy +10/-5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude. a.x. Maintains directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb. a.xi. Complies with noise abatement procedures. a.xii. Completes the appropriate checklist. b. Commercial Pilot –

b.i. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to normal and crosswind takeoff, climb operations and rejected takeoff procedures. b.ii. Positions the flight controls for the existing wind conditions. b.iii. Clears the area, taxies onto the takeoff surface and aligns the airplane on the runway center/takeoff path. Young 4, VII-A

b.iv. Retracts the water rudders as appropriate (ASES), and advances the throttle smoothly to takeoff power. b.v. Establishes and maintains the most efficient planning/lift off attitude and corrects for porpoising and skipping (ASES). b.vi. Lifts off at the recommended airspeed, and accelerates to VY. b.vii. Establishes a pitch attitude that will maintain VY,±5 knots. b.viii. Retracts the landing gear if appropriate, and flaps after a positive rate of climb is established. b.ix. Maintains takeoff power and VY ±5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude. b.x. Maintains directional control, proper wind-drift correction throughout the takeoff and climb. b.xi. Complies with noise abatement procedures. b.xii. Completes appropriate checklists. 9. Common Errors –

a. Runway incursion.

b. Inappropriate lift-off procedure.

c. Improper climb attitude power setting, and airspeed.

d. Improper use of checklist.

10. References –

a. AFH, Ch. 5

b. Gleim’s Flight Instructor Flight Maneuvers, Part II, Unit VII

c. FAA-S-8081-12B

d. FAA-S-8081-14A