• Abstract and Figures
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BARGE 2012 Edited by Chris Ray Packet by Chicago B (Jimmy Ready, Charles Tian, Tyler Smith, Connie Prater)

1. Domestic response to one topic discussed at this event was gauged through deliberately inflammatory quotes fed to Saturday Evening Post reporter Forest Davis. Grevork Vartanian foiled a plan to disrupt it dubbed Operation Long Jump, while a senior deputy nearly severed a toe after fumbling a commemorative sword given in it opening ceremony. A crippling fear of air travel determined the location of this meeting, which set the Oder-Niesse and Curzon lines as the boundaries for Poland and committed support to Partisan efforts in Yugoslavia, concessions influenced by one participant's victory at (*) Kursk and the infirmity of another; a third participant in this meeting had been boxed out just days earlier while negotiating with Chiang Kai- shek. Most famously, this conference committed the Allies to Operation Overlord and the opening of a second front, building off earlier meetings at Casablanca and Cairo. For 10 points, name this first meeting between the Big Three of Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin, a 1943 meeting in the capital of Iran. ANSWER: Tehran Conference [accept Operation Eureka if for some reason this tournament is being played by an OSS officer from the 1940s]

2. Dryden's Essay on Dramatic Poesy features an extended analysis of one of this man's plays that sees a long and Latin-filled argument in a courtroom while a central figure is beset by the chirping “Collegiate Ladies.” The knights John Daw and Amorous La-Foole are repeatedly abused in that work, in which Dauphine's uncle Morose marries a man disguised as the titular (*) “Silent Woman.” The undercover Adam Overdo discovers his wife being pimped out in another of this author's plays, that ends after puppets win a debate with the puritan Zeal-of- the-Land Busy at the titular event. This author of Epicoene created characters like Epicure Mammon and Abel Drugger in his best known work, which centers on a con run by Subtle and Jeremy. For 10 points, name this dramatist of Bartholomew Fair who also wrote Volpone and The Alchemist. ANSWER: Ben Jonson

3. This man used dimensional analysis to obtain an energy spectrum varying with wavenumber to the minus five-thirds power in his study of turbulence. He proved that the probability of a tail event is either zero or one and introduced the notion of a “field of probability” in his Foundations of the Theory of Probability. Almost all integrable Hamiltonian systems with rationally independent frequencies are not (*) destroyed by sufficiently small perturbations according to a theorem named for this man, Arnold, and Moser. For a specified description language, the length of the shortest description of a string is this man’s namesake complexity for that string. For 10 points, name this Russian mathematician. ANSWER: Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov

4. A scandal during this man's reign ensued when newspaper censors allowed the author of “Apology of a Madman” to publish an article whose scathing criticism they were too stupid to understand. This ruler’s policies were heavily influenced by the Austrian ambassador Karl Ludwig von Fiquelmont. Paranoia that this man, whose reign saw the Chaadayev Affair, had gained the right to send warships through the Bosporus in the Treaty of Unkiar-Skelessi, contributed to the London (*) Straits Convention. This ruler died during a war that saw his navy destroy an anchored fleet in the Battle of Sinope and deployed Ivan Paskevich to suppress revolts led by Piotr Wysocki and Lajos Kossuth. This ruler was opposed by the Northern Society of Sergei Troubetzkoy, who led an uprising against him after his brother Constantine renounced the throne. For 10 points, name this Russian Tsar who weathered the Decembrist revolt and was in office at the outbreak of the Crimean War, a man who ruled between Alexander I and Alexander II. ANSWER: Nicholas I [prompt on Nicholas]

5. The opening largo of one of this composer's works features 28 bars of bare chords for full orchestra, and appears in a collection created by this man to put the smackdown on the “Opera of Nobility.” Those works, which included the aforementioned reworking of his F major organ concerto “The Cuckoo and the Nightingale,” are known as the 12 Grand Concertos. In response to pirated keyboard pieces issued under the name of Jean Roger of Amsterdam, this man released his own (*) Suites de Pieces pour le Clavecin. A work by this man featuring a siciliana style movement called “La Paix” and another movement called “La Réjouissance” was written to celebrate the signing of the Peace of Aix-la-Chappelle. Another work by this composer uses accompanied recitative to give the effect of the miraculous appearance of angels, and includes a noted “Glory to God” portion. The creator of Music for the Royal Fireworks, for 10 points, this German composer for George I known for pieces like Water Music and The Messiah. ANSWER: George Frideric Handel

6. Kyle Wilson mentioned that the program he wrote for Mech Assault 2 did not perform this task. If this task is programmed for in C++ but never accomplished, three pushes, two movs in the prologue, and two movs in the epilogue get wasted. Along with global exit-status variable, multivalued return, or expanding the type, this task is a solution to the semipredicate problem. Failure transparency and commit semantics are the two highest levels of (*) “safety” against it. In most languages, it is performed by going through the stack of function calls and terminating them until the correct one is found. A try/catch is used in Java to handle this task, which needs to be done when its namesake is “thrown.” Situations that might call for it include array index out of bounds. For 10 points, name this task in which a computer program interrupts itself to deal with certain types of namesake errors, like dividing by zero or stack overflow. ANSWER: exception handling [prompt on “error handling”]

7. This man wrote “It is useless and tedious to represent what exists, because nothing that exists satisfies me” in his tract On Photography. One poem by this man sees the speaker wonder why the title figure passes up having “many a Valois” in her thrall and hides her hot ginger body under a beggar's rags. This author included “Let us Beat up the Poor!” in a poetry collection inspired by his obsessive reading of Bertrand's Gaspard de la Nuit. “The (*) Mendicant Redhead” appears in a collection by this man that begins “Folly, error, sin, avarice” in the opening section “To the Reader,” which extols “he is Ennui!” That most famous collection by this man features the poem “Litanies of Satan” and sections like “Wine,” “Revolt,” “Death,” and “Spleen and Ideal.” For 10 points, identify this French poet of Les Fleurs de Mal. ANSWER: Charles Baudelaire

8. This practice resulted in the transfer of tonalli and teyolia, bonded spirit-traits representing fate and the soul. Opposing this practice legendarily led to one figure disappearing over the horizon after being kicked out of Tula. Those who underwent this ceremony were sent to “The Land of the Black and Red,” where they took on the form of butterflies. Eagle Knights often obtained the necessary materials for this practice, a specific version of which was performed to avoid outbreaks of rheumatism and to ensure that (*) rain would fall. Most commonly, this practice was considered necessary to prevent the sun from stopping its orbit, and involved the use of a flint knife to make an incision in the abdomen after its subject was placed on a stone slab atop a pyramid. Culminating with the extraction of a still-beating hearts, for 10 points, identify this gruesome practice performed by a certain Mesoamerican culture to appease Huitzilopotchtli. ANSWER: Aztec human sacrifice [prompt on partial answer; accept specific variations as long as they include the right answer]

9. Historian Peter C. Perdue has accused one ruler of this dynasty of waging genocide against the Dzungar people during an expedition that also saw the “Pacification of Xinjiang,” which was celebrated by the construction of the Puning Temple in Chengde. That ruler of this dynasty also saw less successful invasions of Burma and Vietnam during his Ten Great Campaigns. This dynasty employed Michel Benoist and Giuseppe Castiglione to help build a summer palace. One ruler of this dynasty contended with linguistic radicals codified in his namesake (*) dictionary and political radicals in the Revolt of the Three Feudatories. Hong Taiji founded this dynasty, which was ruled by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors. After several humiliating military defeats, this dynasty was forced to sign “unequal treaties” such as those of Tianjin and Nanjing. For 10 points, name this final dynasty of China. ANSWER: Qing Dynasty [or Manchu Dynasty; generously accept Later Jin Dynasty but not other Jin stuff]

10. The composer of this opera was so fond of it that he traveled with a toad named for its lead bass role. One scene of this opera considered scandalous at the time of its premiere involved the two main characters being asked if they were near the bed. A fateful trip to a cave in Act 2 of this work ensues due to a shell collecting expedition by the child Yniold, who is sometimes eliminated from this opera. The lead tenor sings “All is lost. All is saved” before being struck down by a (*) sword in this work. Mary Garden's casting as the female protagonist at the premier rebuffed the Georgette Leblanc, whose paramour had written the source material. The second title character dies in childbirth at the end of this opera and appears at the beginning as a weeping girl discovered by the son of King Arkel during a hunt. Golaud is the antagonist of, for 10 points, what only opera by Claude Debussy, adapted from a Maeterlinck play about a pair of lovers? ANSWER: Pelleas et Melisande [or Pelleas and Melisande]

11. An equilibrium point associated with this value is efficient if and only if the Hosios condition is satisfied. In real business cycle models, a specific marginal rate of substitution is equal to the marginal product of a quantity tied to this. A theory concerning a conceptual extension of this value posits that factors like punctuality and crack cocaine addiction can be considered to accumulate, and was put forth by Gary Becker. The entity represented by this value is the subject of the (*) Peter Principle, which explains its inability to self- refine. The market for this entity becomes more efficient as the Beveridge curve moves towards the origin, while its supply curve can be explained by a model of the tradeoff between this quantity and leisure. In the standard two factor production model, the two factors are capital and this quantity. For 10 points, identify this term in economics, the opposite of unemployment, which refers to a human production factor distinct from land and capital. ANSWER: Labor [accept work or other obvious equivalents; accept human capital before “human”]

12. The set of one of this author's plays is “surprisingly” rich with American paintings, a fact noted by CBS correspondent Dave Corween. Another play by this man features extended conversations in frustratingly- untranslated Italian and sees Quillery accost the arms manufacturer Achille Weber. A character in his most famous work is warned off reading “The Hollow Men” and gripes when football star Boze can't get behind her Villon-based (*) Francophilia. Miranda and Dr. Kaarlo Valknonen are caught up in the Winter War in this man's There Shall Be No Night, while in an earlier work Harry Van waits for bombs to fall on his Alpine hotel. Duke Mantee facilitates Gabby's trip to Paris by executing Alan Squier during a standoff at the Black Mesa diner in the best known play by this author of Idiot's Delight. For 10 points, name this American playwright behind Abe Lincoln in Illinois and Petrified Forest, who shares his surname with the first name of the author of Winesburg, Ohio. ANSWER: Robert Sherwood

13. The “multiforme” spectrum named for this condition is often considered to contain the horrifying Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. This condition is the defining symptom of the perinatal B19 parvovirus, which is often referred to as the “fifth” in a group of six diseases defined by this characteristic. Diseases that characteristically present with this symptom include Bloom's disease and a (*) Borrelia infection which often results in a form known as “migrans.” Hemorrhage-induced purpura is distinguished from this condition as it will not blanch in response to pressure. This symptom indicates the process of hyperaemia as a result of increased vasodilation, and its “malar” form provides the name to a major autoimmune disorder. For 10 points, identify this physical symptom whose forms include the “bull's eye” seen in Lyme Disease and the “butterfly” associated with Lupus, which generally refers to a reddening of the skin. ANSWER: Rashes [or Erythmas, the actual medical term for the only type of rash described in this question]

14. One story in this work centers on a man whose tepid reunion with his wife is smoothed over by his recent friendship with the landlady Mrs. Croft, who takes great pleasure in hearing him say the word “splendid.” Another scene in this work sees a small child describe “loving someone you do not know,” which inspires Mirandato end her relationship with Dev, who had whispered the titular (*) word to her at the Mapparium.“The Third and Final Continent” appears in this collection, whose title story describes a thwarted monkey attack and sees Mrs. Das reveal that Bobby was born out of an affair, hoping that her driver will not judge her. The story “Sexy” appears in this collection, whose title refers to Mr. Kapasi's job translating between patients and doctors at a clinic. For 10 points, identify this short story collection examining the clash of Indian and American cultures, written by Jhumpa Lahiri. ANSWER: The Interpreter of Maladies

15. In density functional theory, this quantity can be approximated by the negative of Mulliken absolute electronegativity. For a gas of fermions at absolute zero, this quantity is equal to the Fermi energy. The difference between this quantity in an arbitrary state and in some reference state is given by the gas constant times (*) temperature times the logarithm of the activity. For a process at constant temperature and volume, the Gibbs-Duhem equation sets the sum of the number of moles times the change in this quantity for each component to zero. Two phases are in equilibrium when this property is equal for each. For 10 points, name this intrinsic property, defined as the partial derivative of internal energy with respect to particle number at constant entropy and volume. ANSWER: chemical potential [prompt on “mu”]

16. This object cuts the tail off of a hawk after its owner realizes the true identity of a figure who asks him a riddle. A courtier who once tried to take this object was slain by tafl-playing woman disguised as a man. It was transferred from its first owner to its second alongside the first owner’s daughter Eyfura. This object was found beside a dead man on a hill of flowers by Orvar-Odd, who attempted to bury it after the first of its three great evil deeds. The last of those deeds happens after this object’s final wielder leads the (*) Goths to victory over the Huns. Heidrek owned this sword after eleven brothers of one wielder all died, and after him ownership passed to a younger Argantyr. Created by Dvalin and Durin, this object notoriously could not be unsheathed without claiming a life. For 10 points, name this eponymous sword from a cycle in the Poetic Edda, named for an appendage that the Norse god of war only retained five of after an encounter with Fenrir. ANSWER: Tyrfing [or finger of Tyr; accept word forms; prompt on partial answer]

17. The Irtysh River flows through Lake Zaysan before exiting this nation. The sources of the Ishim and Tobol Rivers are both located in this nation, and the Ishim flows through its capital. Its lowest point is the Karagiye Depression, located in its southwestern province of Mangystau, to the east of which lie the Moyunqum and Qizilqum Deserts. Before this nation gained its independence, its capital’s former name of Tselinograd marked it as the center of the Virgin Lands Campaign, and many (*) nuclear tests were conducted at this nation’s former Semipalatinsk Test Site. Its southeast contains its highest point of Khan Tengri as well as Lake Balkhash. This nation also contains the world’s first and largest operational space launch facility, the Baikonur Cosmodrome. For 10 points, name this large Central Asian former Soviet republic containing cities like Almaty and Astana. ANSWER: Republic of Kazakhstan [or Qazaqstan Respublïkasi; or Respublika Kazakhstan]

18. One member of this profession stands on an outcropping looking over felled trees in Defiance and reappears at left in a work set on muted gray ground covered in mostly leafless shrubbery, which appears burned. Francis Barlow wears a top hat at right in that work as he looks on at four men of this profession, the major subject of William B.T. Trego. Rigging appears at far right in a work depicting these figures wearing pieces of white (*) cloth and crossing a wooden plank as they hold onto each other. In Orozco's Epic of American Civilization, one of these men prepares to stab a peasant in the back. Sargent's Gassed depicts members of this profession, the titular captives of a Winslow Homer Work, who stand in the shadow of another scene illuminated by a boxed lantern as a man in a white shirt throws up his arms in front of them. For 10 points, identify this profession held by the antagonist of Goya's Third of May, in which they prepare to execute civilians with their rifles. ANSWER: Soldiers [accept equivalents]

19. One dissenting opinion in this case declared that the majority has “laid waste to our rational-basis jurisprudence,” and criticizes the majority for ignoring stare decisis in contravention of their ruling in Casey. The majority in this case cited the ruling in Romer v. Evans as evidence for the ongoing erosion of the precedent set by the earlier ruling that this case overturned. Stevens’ dissent in that overturned case was cited in the opinion this ruling's majority opinion, written by Anthony Kennedy. An infamous (*) dissent in this case rejected comparisons to Loving v. Virginia and warned that if promotion of majoritarian morality no longer constituted a legitimate state interest, then rational-basis review would overturn laws against bigamy, incest, and bestiality. That horrible dissent from this decision ends with Scalia concluding that his colleagues had embraced the “so-called homosexual agenda.” For 10 points, name this 2003 case that overturned Bowers v. Hardwick and ruled a Texas sodomy law unconstitutional. ANSWER: Lawrence v. Texas

20. This man's doctoral student Hao Wang accounted for the Burali-Forti Paradox by tweaking one of his efforts, which utilized stratification to simplify Russell's type theory. This developer of the New Foundations set theory extensively draws on Leibniz's phrase “salva veritate” in a work that muses on how Carnap would distinguish (*) “bachelor” from “unmarried” and cites his earlier essay “On What There Is.” A group of natives remark “gavagai” upon sighting a rabbit in a work by this thinker endorsing ontological relativity and the indeterminacy of translation. Best known for a work reprinted in From a Logical Point of View questioning the contrast between synthetic and analytic truth, for 10 points, name this Harvard philosopher who wrote Word and Object and “Two Dogmas of Empiricism.” ANSWER: Willard Van Orman Quine

Tiebreaker 1. The second section of one of this man’s novels describes the homoerotic tension between Tsar Alexander I and Napoleon, and this man described Shakespeare’s relationships with multiple women in Nothing Like the Sun. This author of Napoleon Symphony wrote about a poet turned bartender in the first novel of his (*) Enderby series, Inside Mr. Enderby. In another novel by this author, the protagonist meets with his friends at the Korova milkbar and eventually undergoes the Ludovico technique to cure him of his taste for committing violent crimes with his droogs. For 10 points, name this man who created the Nadsat-speaking Pete, Georgie, Dim, and Alex in A Clockwork Orange. ANSWER: Anthony Burgess

Tiebreaker 2. In the first section of this work, the author criticizes “English psychologists” for ignoring historical basis, and the author differentiates between aristocratic valuation and priestly valuation, which resulted from the ressentiment of the weak. This work introduced the idea that punishment came from the relationship between the (*) creditor and the debtor and states that bad conscience arose from man’s will to power being suppressed and turned inward. Its last section asks, “What do ascetic ideals mean?” For 10 points, name this work by Friedrich Nietzsche tracing the origin of the titular constructs. ANSWER: On the Genealogy of Morals [or On the Genealogy of Morality; or Zur Genealogie der Moral]

Tiebreaker 3. Groups lead by this man released records on the Prestige label with titles like Walkin’ and Relaxin’, and this man recorded a jazz arrangement of pieces from Porgy and Bess. This man worked with his nonet to make a series of 78s for Capitol Records that included “Jeru” and “(*) Venus de Milo”, which were composed by saxophonist Gerry Mulligan, and rehearsed in the basement of his arranger Gil Evans. This man’s music influenced by Stockhausen included In a Silent Way and another album with cover art by Mati. For ten points, name this Jazz trumpeter of Birth of the Cool, Bitches Brew, and Kind of Blue. ANSWER: Miles Davis

1. One example of this problem is the level energies for the one dimensional potential, which are equal to the angular momentum of circular orbits. For 10 points each: [10] Name this principle that states that, for large quantum numbers, the behavior of systems governed by quantum mechanics reproduces the behavior of systems governed by classical physics. ANSWER: correspondence principle [10] The correspondence principle was formulated by this physicist, who is better known for devising the Copenhagen principle and for a namesake model of the atom that puts electrons in circular orbits. ANSWER: Niels Henrik David Bohr [10] The Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization arrived at the same result as Einstein and Wien’s usage of this property, in which components of physical systems stay the same over slow change. ANSWER: adiabatic invariant [or adiabatic invariance; prompt on just “invariant” or “invariance”]

2. This work describes a “little Actor” who behaves “As if his whole vocation/Were endless imitation,” and opens with the epigraph “My Heat Leaps Up.” For 10 points each: [10] Identify this poem which describes “the hour/Of splendour in the grass” and concludes that “the meanest flower that blows can give/Thoughts that do often lie too deep for fears.” ANSWER: Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood [accept Immortality Ode] [10] This author of Ode: Intimations of Immortality never finished his long project The Recluse, but did complete Tintern Abbey and collaborate with Samuel Taylor Coleridge on Lyrical Ballads. ANSWER: William Wordsworth [10] Poems titled for opening lines like “A slumber did my spirit seal,” “I traveled among unknown men,” and “Strange fits of passion have I known” partially comprise this set of Wordsworth works, meditiations upon a namesake idealized and recently-deceased woman. ANSWER: The “Lucy” Poems

3. Name some figures slain by Achilles during the Trojan War, for 10 points each: [10] Achilles killed this Trojan hero after the latter killed Achilles’ dear friend Patroclus. Clearly that wasn't enough, because Achilles also felt obligated to drag his dead body around the walls of Troy. ANSWER: Hector [10] A similar situation arose later, when Achilles’ new companion, Antilochus, was killed by this Ethiopian king. Achilles then avenged Antilochus by slaying this son of Tithonus and Eos. ANSWER: Memnon [10] After Achilles killed the Amazon queen Penthesilea, this man jeered at him, possibly for having sex with her corpse. You can probably see where this is going. ANSWER: Thersites

4. Georges Bizet reworked his incidental music to this novel into two orchestral suites, and it was first published a year after Le Petit Chose as part of Tales from My Windmill. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this work of Alphonse Daudet whose most famous operatic treatment, which sees Frederico's self- defenestration over the cheating title character, was composed by Francesco Cilea. ANSWER: L'Arlesienne [or L'Arlesiana or The Girl from Arles] [10] The title character of Cilea's Adriana Lecouvreur dies after kissing poisoned objects of this type. The title character performs a duet named for these objects with Malika in Delibes's Lakme, while a specific type of this general object makes Octavian the title character in Der Rosenkavalier. ANSWER: Flower [10] Cilea's works, like Umberto Giordano's Andrea Chenier, are notable examples of this operatic genre often marked by pronounced naturalism. It is most famously exemplified by Mascagni's Cavelleria Rusticana. ANSWER: Verismo

5. A phosphine oxide is produced when azides are reduced to this functional group in the Staudinger reaction. For 10 points each: [10] Name these ammonia derivatives that consist of a lone pair bonded to a nitrogen atom, which along with carboxylic acid form the basis for substances like glycine and tyrosine. ANSWER: amines [accept amino groups] [10] This reaction used hydrolysis and a cyanide to synthesize an amino acid from an aldehyde or ketone. It also employs an imine intermediate, usually ammonia. ANSWER: Strecker Synthesis [10] In the Hinsberg test, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are differentiated based on the formation of this functional group. Though it also forms the basis of the thiazide diuretics, it is best known for forming the basis of the first major class of antibiotics that preceded penicillin. ANSWER: sulfonamide [prompt on “sulfa”]

6. British intelligence officer Aubrey Herbert was twice offered the throne of this country. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this country that was later led by Fan Noli, a bishop who had risen to prominence by founding this country's national church in Boston in the wake of the Hudson incident. ANSWER: Albania [10] This Albanian politician declared himself “King of Albania” and introduced a weird salute in which the palm is held face-down in front of the chest. He was unable to oust Enver Hoxha from power after the war. ANSWER: King Zog I of Albania or Skanderbeg III of the Albanians or Ahmet Muhtar Bey Zogolli [10] Not even Enver Hoxha's nefarious Sigurimi could completely abolish this popular Albanian activity, which actually has its own section in Albania's Kanun of Leke, where it is known as Gjakmarrja. In Germanic areas, one could sometimes avoid this situation through a weregild. ANSWER: A Blood Feud [or a family war; or a vendetta; accept reasonable equivalents like blood vengeance; do NOT accept “honor killing” which is not at all the same thing]

7. In 1962, David Cooper confined individuals suffering from this disease to “Villa 21,” leading him to claim that a second form of it was being “transmitted” by patients to healthcare workers. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this condition associated with a single-nucleotide polymorphism of Zing Finger Protein 80, which is treated in particularly resistant cases by the drug clozapine, which boasts an imposing five black box warnings. ANSWER: Schizophrenia [10] A type of schizophrenia characterized by this state is often contrasted with the “paranoid” or “disorganized” type. This term refers to a general behavioral stupor and a near-total loss of motor activity, and is often characterized waxy flexibility, which is not nearly as zany as it sounds. ANSWER: Catatonia [accept word forms] [10] Schizophrenia and all other psychological disorders are diagnosed according to this APA publication, the upcoming fifth edition of which will be taking subcategories of schizophrenia away from you. It notably included homosexuality as a psychological disorder until the 1970s. ANSWER: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(-IV)

8. This author's 1960 collection Songs of Mihyar the Damascene is often seen as the defining modernizing spark in his native language's poetry. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this contemporary poet who analyzed the “imitation and innovation” of his language in his critical masterpiece The Fixed and the Changing. ANSWER: Adonis or Ali Ahmad Sa'id [10] Being all Syrian and stuff, Adonis's groundbreaking work is written in this language, whose famous works include The Thousand and One Nights and Layla and Majnun. ANSWER: Arabic [10] Works like The Story of Zahra and Women of Sand and Myrrh have helped make Hanan al-Shaykh, an author from this country, perhaps the most prominent female writer in Arabic literature. Other writers from this country include Elias Khoury and the author of a poetic work set as Almustafa awaits a ship in Orphalese. ANSWER: Lebanon

9. Answer some questions about quorum sensing, for 10 points each: [10] Bacteria participate in quorum sensing by releasing molecules called autoinducers, which, when present in high enough concentrations, trigger this first step of gene expression for various genes. In this process, RNA polymerase creates a complementary strand of RNA later used in a related process. ANSWER: transcription [10] The canonical example of quorum sensing is this bacterial model organism, which lives in symbiosis with various fish and squid. When a sufficient concentration of them is reached, production of luciferase is triggered, explaining why these organisms are also centrally associated with bioluminescence. ANSWER: V. Fischeri or Vibrio Fischeri [prompt on partial answer] [10] Quorum sensing can also trigger the growth of pili and the production of extracellular polymeric substance, allowing bacteria to adhere to a surface and create this kind of aggregate, exemplified by dental plaque. ANSWER: biofilms

10. Examples of this type of painting include Philippe de Champaigne’s Still Life and a still life with this title by Pieter Claesz. For 10 points each: [10] Give this term from the Latin for “emptiness” for a type of symbolic painting, popular in Northern Europe in the 17th century, meant to meditate on the transitory nature of life. These paintings often depict skulls, hourglasses, and watches. ANSWER: vanitas [10] This artist’s Woman Holding a Balance is an example of vanitas. He is better known for paintings like View of Delft and Girl with a Pearl Earring. ANSWER: Johannes (Jan) Vermeer [10] Another example of vanitas is this artist’s Penitent Magdalene, which shows Mary holding a skull and looking at a reflection of a candle. He depicted an especially ugly woman in The Fortune Teller, and often showed dark rooms with people crowded around a central light source, as in his St. Joesph. ANSWER: George de La Tour 11. He sheltered Humayun from 1543 to 1545 after that ruler had been expelled by Sher Shah. For 10 points each: [10] Name this second Safavid ruler, who succeeded Ismail and moved the capital from Tabriz to Kazvin. ANSWER: Shah Tahmasp I [10] Two years before he moved the capital, Tahmasp ended twenty years of war with the Ottoman empire by securing the peace of Amasya with this sultan. This rather well-regarded Ottoman sultan defeated Hungary at the Battle of Mohács, but failed to capture Vienna. ANSWER: Suleiman I or the Magnificent or the Lawgiver or Kanuni Sultan Suleiman [10] The peace of Amasya lasted until Tahmasp’s death, after which Murad III of the Ottomans invaded and captured Tabriz. The city was recaptured by this shah, who also retook Herat from the Uzbeks and moved the capital to Isfahan, where he built the Sheikh Lotf Allah Mosque and the Shah Mosque. ANSWER: Shah Abbas I or the Great

12. In this novel, a double displacement reaction occurs between the married Edward and Charlotte and their friends the Captain and Ottilie. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this novel which uses chemistry metaphors to explain human relationships. ANSWER: Elective Affinities or Kindred by Choice or Die Wahlverwandtschaften [10] This German author of Elective Affinities also wrote the scientific A Theory of Colors, but is better known for fiction like Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship and The Sorrows of Young Werther. ANSWER: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe [10] Charlotte Kestner comes back to see Johann von Goethe, whose autobiographical Werther has caused her some problems, in this Thomas Mann novel examining the nature and impact of creative genius. ANSWER: Lotte in Weimar: The Beloved Returns [accept either underlined part]

13. Robert Moses's impact on this city was savaged by Robert Caro's Pulitzer-winning The Power Broker. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this city whose urban development more famously saw a major public space designed by Calvert Vaux and Frederick Law Olmstead. ANSWER: New York City [accept Manhattan] [10] This author of The Death and Life of Great American Cities thought that urban renewal and Robert Moses were failures, and supported short city blocks and diversity in architecture. ANSWER: Jane Jacobs [10] This Harvard economist's The Triumph of the City summarizes his research into how cities allow for the spread of ideas and foster economic growth. He is a frequent coauthor of Andrei Shleifer. ANSWER: Ed Glaeser

14. This work played a major role in igniting the pre-World War I naval arms race. For 10 points each: [10] Name this influential treatise by Alfred Thayer Mahan, which also led the United States to become a major naval power by constructing a powerful and modern fleet. ANSWER: The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660-1783 [10] One friend of Mahan was this man, who spent time as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy before moving on to a much higher office that saw him advocate a “Big Stick policy” of foreign affairs. ANSWER: Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt [prompt on Roosevelt] [10] Alfred Thayer Mahan was a hero of Bernard Brodie, who contributed to the major academic effort to update and correct translation errors in this work of scholarship. That effort culminated in the now-definitive version of this work compiled by Michael Howard and Peter Paret. ANSWER: On War [or Vom Kriege] (by Clausewitz)

15. Answer the following about some African-American poets, for 10 points each: [10] This poet of Annie Allen wrote a poem in which some people “left school” and “die soon,” “We Real Cool.” She was the first black poet to win a Pulitzer. ANSWER: Gwendolyn Brooks [10] This Rita Dove collection fictionalizes the lives of her grandfather and her grandmother. It is divided into two sections, “Mandolin” and “Canary in Bloom.” ANSWER: Thomas and Beulah [10] This Paul Laurence Dunbar poem observes “It is not a carol of joy or glee, / But a prayer that he sends from his heart's deep core” in this poem, which inspired a Maya Angelou title with its refrain “I know why the caged bird sings!” ANSWER: “Sympathy”

16. The titular instruments of this piece include a timpani and a xylophone that doesn’t arrive until the third movement. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this informal symphony in which many of the instruments are divided into two sections that answer each other back and forth. Its second section includes an extended pizzicato portion. ANSWER: Music for Stings, Percussion, and Celesta [10] This series of 153 graded piano pieces starting with the easiest and becoming very difficult was composed by the creator of the aforementioned work. It is commonly used in modern piano lessons. ANSWER: Mikrokosmos [10] This Hungarian composed Music for Strings, Percussion, and Celesta and Mikrokosmos, as well as Duke Bluebeard’s Castle and The Miraculous Mandarin. ANSWER: Bela Bartok

17. This man outlined his political philosophy in his “Green Book.” For 10 points each: [10] Name this recently deposed and deceased military dictator of Libya. ANSWER: Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar Gaddafi [accept any close pronunciations of the name, due to its many different Romanizations] [10] Gaddafi was captured and killed by rebels while attempting to flee this city, his hometown and final stronghold in Libya. Among the many international conferences hosted by Gaddafi in this city during his rule was one that declared the establishment of the African Union. ANSWER: Sirte [10] The Gaddafi government was able to hold Sirte, and many other portions of Libya, for long periods of time due in part to this elite military unit. This brigade was named for and led by Gaddafi’s youngest son. ANSWER: Khamis Brigade [accept 32 nd Reinforced Brigade of the Armed People from Gaddafi loyalists]

18. This thinker contrasted a human being thinking about math and snapping his fingers when feeling pain with a Martian who feels pain but can’t express it bodily. For 10 points each: [10] Name this American philosopher who defended modal realism and claimed that every possible world is real in On the Plurality of Worlds. ANSWER: David Kellogg Lewis [10] Lewis wrote an entire book about this kind of conditional statement which informs you what would happen if its antecedent were true. An example involving a terrible person is “Had I not seen that the McRib was reintroduced, I would have gone for the Quarter Pounder.” ANSWER: counterfactual conditional [10] Lewis came up with Ramseyfication to contribute to the philosophy of this subject, which was paired with “body” in a famous problem analyzed by Descartes and other dualists. ANSWER: mind

19. Name some individuals associated with England's Peasants’ Revolt of 1381, for 10 points each: [10] The revolt was led and is often named for this man, who was slain at Smithfield by William Walworth and John Cavendish. ANSWER: Walter “Wat” Tyler [10] When Wat Tyler's rebels stormed the Tower of London, they killed this Lord Chancellor and Archbishop of Canterbury, who was associated with the unpopular poll tax that sparked the revolt. ANSWER: Simon Theobald of Sudbury [10] After the death of Tyler, this king, who ruled England during the revolt, famously calmed the rebellious peasants with the deliberately ambiguous phrase “You shall have no captain but me.” His deposition by Henry of Bolingbroke kicked off the Wars of the Roses. ANSWER: Richard II

20. Answer some questions about electromagnetic radiation, for 10 points each: [10] These elementary particles are the quanta of EM radiation, like light. ANSWER: photons [10] The radiation emitted by a moving point charge at small velocities is given by this formula, which gives the power as proportional to the square of the acceleration. ANSWER: Larmor formula [10] The Larmor formula can be obtained by way of these equations for the scalar and vector potentials, in which the position and velocity of the particle at the retarded time are used. ANSWER: Lienard-Wiechert potentials

EXTRA: One princess of this dynasty married King Charles II of England. For 10 points each: [10] Name this dynasty that ruled Portugal after it regained its independence from Spain. Two members of this dynasty would also rule Brazil. ANSWER: Most Serene House of Braganza [or Sereníssima Casa de Bragança] [10] The House of Braganza rose to power after rebelling against this king of Spain, who ruled that country during the Thirty Years’ War and was the patron of Diego Velázquez. ANSWER: Philip IV or Felipe IV [accept Philip III of Portugal or Filipe III; prompt on partial answers] [10] The Távora affair saw the namesake family implicated in a failed assassination attempt on the Braganza monarch Joseph I. This prime minister used the affair to strengthen his already extensive power by ruthlessly executing the entire Távora family. ANSWER: Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquess of Pombal [accept either underlined portion; accept 1st Count of Oeiras]

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