Chapter17: Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration

Chapter 17: Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration I. Turkish migrations and imperial expansion A. Nomadic economy and society A.1. Turkish peoples were ______; organized into ______with related languages A.2. Central Asia's steppes: good for grazing, ______A.3. Nomads and their animals; ______A.3.a. Nomads drove their herds in migratory cycles A.3.b. Lived mostly on ______and in shelters (______) A.3.c. Also produced limited amounts of millet, pottery, ______A.4. Nomads and settled peoples sought ______, were prominent on ______A.5. Governance basically ______A.6. Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally assert authority A.7. Unusually fluid status for nobility A.7.a. ______, but could be lost through incompetence A.7.b. Advancement for meritorious ______A.8. Women wielded considerable ______A.8.a. Advisors and occasionally ______A.9. Pagan worship A.9.a. Appeal of ______A.9.b. Turkish script developed, partially to record ______A.9.c. Conversion to Islam in tenth century due to ______influence A.10. Military organization A.10.a. Large confederations under a khan (“______”) A.10.b. Authority extended through ______A.10.c. Exceptionally strong ______A.10.c.I. Mobility and Speed B. Turkish empires in Persia, Anatolia, and India B.1. Saljuq Turks and the Abbasid empire B.1.a. Eighth to tenth centuries, Turkish peoples on border of ______B.1.b. Eventually came to dominate Abbasid ______B.1.c. 1055, Saljuq leader Tughril Beg recognized as ______B.1.d. Tughril consolidated his hold on ______and other parts of his realm B.1.e. Abbasid caliphs served as ______B.2. Saljuq Turks and the Byzantine empire B.2.a. 1071, Saljuq Turks defeat ______in a large-scale invasion of Anatolia B.2.b. Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople in 1453 B.2.c. Transformed Anatolia into an ______society II. The Mongol empires A. Chinggis Khan (Genghis Khan) and the making of the Mongol empire A.1. Political Organization A.1.a. Mastered steppe diplomacy, ______A.1.b. Brought all Mongol tribes into one ______A.1.c. 1206, proclaimed Chinggis Khan (“______”) A.1.d. Broke up ______A.1.e. Formed ______from men of different tribes A.1.f. Promoted officials on basis of ______A.2. Mongol strategy: ______A.2.a. ______enemies who surrendered, ______to enemies who fought A.3. Mongol conquest of northern China A.3.a. Conquest of ______by 1220 A.3.b. Conquest of ______A.3.c. Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellions A.3.c.I. Large-scale, long-term devastation A.3.d. South China was still ruled by the ______dynasty B. The Mongol empires after Chinggis Khan B.1. Division of the Mongol empires: ______B.2. Khubilai Khan B.2.a. Chinggis Khan's grandson, consolidated Mongol rule in China B.2.b. Ruthless warrior, but ______B.2.b.I. Hosted ______B.2.c. Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368) B.2.d. Khubilai extended Mongol rule to ______B.2.e. Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned back by typhoons (______: “divine winds”) B.3. The Golden Horde B.3.a. Group of ______overran Russia between 1237 and 1241 B.3.b. Further overran Poland, Hungary, and eastern Germany, 1241-1242 B.3.c. Main objective of the ______was to extract as much tax as possible B.4. The ilkhanate of Persia: B.4.a. Abbasid empire toppled; ______sacked, 1258 B.4.a.I. 200,000 massacred B.4.b. Persians served as ______B.4.c. Mongols only cared about ______B.4.d. Ilkhan Ghazan converted to Islam, 1295; massacres of Christians and Jews followed B.4.e. Mongols eventually assimilated into ______B.5. Mongol rule in China B.5.a. Strove to maintain strict separation from Chinese B.5.a.I. ______forbidden B.5.a.II. Chinese forbidden to study Mongol language B.5.b. Imported administrators from other areas (especially Arabs, Persians) B.5.c. Dismissed ______scholars; dismantled ______examination B.5.d. Yet tolerated ______C. The Mongols and Eurasian integration C.1. The Mongols and trade C.1.a. Mongols worked to secure ______and ensure safety of merchants C.1.b. Elaborate ______with relay stations C.1.c. Maintained good order for traveling merchants, ambassadors, and ______C.2. Resettlement C.2.a. Mongols needed ______and educated individuals from other places C.2.b. Often resettled them in different locations to ______C.2.c. ______served as clerks, secretaries, and administrators C.2.d. ______Muslims also served Mongols far from their homelands D. Decline of the Mongols in Persia and China D.1. Collapse of the ilkhanate D.1.a. In Persia, excessive spending and overexploitation led to reduced revenues D.1.b. Failure of the ilkhan's ______D.1.c. Factional struggle plagued the Mongol leadership D.1.d. The last ruler died without an heir; the ilkhanate collapsed D.2. Decline of the Yuan dynasty D.2.a. Mongols spend bullion that supported ______D.2.b. Public loses confidence in paper money, ______D.3. Bubonic plague in southwest China in 1330s, spread through Asia and Europe D.3.a. Depopulation and labor shortage undermined the Mongol regime D.3.b. By 1368, the Chinese drove the ______back to the steppes III. After the Mongols A. The foundation of the Ottoman empire A.1. Large numbers of nomadic Turks migrated to ______A.2. Osman I, charismatic leader who dominates part of ______A.3. Declares independence from ______, 1299 and attacks Byzantine empire A.3.a. Followers known as Osmanlis (______) A.4. Ottoman conquests in the Balkans in 1350s A.4.a. Constantinople sacked in 1453, renamed it ______A.4.b. Absorbed the remainder of the Byzantine empire A.4.c. During the sixteenth century, extended to southwest Asia, southeast Europe, and north Africa