Co-Requisite Characteristics of Science s1

Biology EOCT Study Guide Name______1. Analyze the nature of the relationships between structures and functions in living cells. a. Explain the role of cell organelles for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the cell membrane, in maintaining homeostasis and cell reproduction.

Organelle Function Prokaryote Eukaryote Golgi Ribosome Nucleus Lysosome Chloroplast Mitochondria Vacuole ER

How does the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis? MITOSIS MEIOSIS Describe the structure of the cell membrane.

b. Explain how enzymes function as catalysts.

ENZYMES – list characteristics & explain enzyme-substrate complex

c. Identify the major functions and monomers of the four major macromolecules. CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

d. Explain the impact of water on life processes. Compare and contrast ACTIVE and PASSIVE transport. What is diffusion?

What is osmosis?

Hypotonic Isotonic Hypertonic Biology EOCT Study Guide Name______

2. Analyze how biological traits are passed on to successive generations. a. Distinguish between DNA and RNA. DNA RNA b. Explain the role of DNA in storing and # of strands transmitting cellular information. (DNA Monomers replication) Major function ______4 Bases ______Location in cell SUGAR Describe both steps of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS. Base pair rule

What shape is it? What forms the backbone?

c. Using Mendel’s laws, explain the role of meiosis in reproductive variability. What is meiosis? ______How does meiosis play a role in reproductive variability? ______ What is crossing over? ______ How many chromosomes do human have in their somatic cells? ______Gametes?____ Define the following:  Diploid: ______ Haploid:______ Heterozygous: ______ Homozygous:______ Pea plants have seeds that are either round or wrinkled. In this cross, what will be the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? ______genotypic ratio? ______ If a gene is described as sex-linked, what chromosome is it on? ______

d. Describe the relationships between changes in DNA and potential appearance of new traits including Explain each of the following: • Alterations during replication.______• Insertions:______• Deletions:______• Substitutions:______• List some mutagenic factors that can cause the DNA to become altered:______

Trisomy 21 Hemophilia Sickle Cell Anemia Colorblindness Describe the following:

e. Compare the advantages of sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction in different situations.

f. Examine the use of DNA technology used in forensics, medicine, and agriculture. Give an example. Biology EOCT Study Guide Name______3. Derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. a. Explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.

What is the equation for Photosynthesis? What is the equation for Cellular Respiration?

..that cannot? What do we call Define phototsynthesis. Where does photosynthesis occur? organisms that can do photosynthesis?

Define respiration. Where does respiration occur? How are photosynthesis and respiration almost opposite processes?

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic?

b. Compare how structures and function vary between the six kingdoms. Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plant Animals Prokaryotic or eukaryotic Single or multicellular Heterotrophic or Autotrophic Cell wall present & composition

c. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. Classification: What are the eight levels of classification? ______,______,______,______,______, ______,______

Which levels has organisms that are the most related?______What is binomial nomenclature? ______How is the scientific name written? ______

d. Compare and contrast viruses with living organisms.

Explain how a virus replicates using the lytic cycle & the lysogenic cycle. What is the basic structure of a virus? LYTIC CYCLE LYSOGENIC CYCLE

Why are viruses considered nonliving particles? Biology EOCT Study Guide Name______

4. Assess the dependence of all organisms on one another and the flow of energy and matter within their ecosystems. a. Investigate the relationships among organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and biomes.

*Organization of the Biosphere

b. Explain the flow of matter and energy through ecosystems.

*Explain the energy pyramid to the right.______

Label the * What do the arrows in the food chain to the right trophic levels represent? ______*Where does the algae get its energy? ______*Give two words that describes the algae? ______*How does the energy pyramid and the food chain relate to each other? ______

*Explaining the need for cycling of major nutrients (C, O, H, N, P).______c. Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems. *What is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession? ______What is this point called? d. Assess and explain human activities that influence and modify the environment such as global warming, population growth, pesticide use, and water and power consumption.

*Explain the graph to the right.______

*Sketch what the graph would look like if there were no limiting factors: What factors could result in exponential growth? e. Relate plant adaptations, including tropisms, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions.

*Complete the chart. Gravitropism Phototropism Thigmotrophism What is causes plants to do Why this is helpful f. Relate animal adaptations, including behaviors, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions. Biology EOCT Study Guide Name______ADAPTATIONS - 5. Evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution. a. Trace the history of the theory. * Who came up with the theory of evolution by natural selection? ______

* What is natural selection? ______*Explain Lamarcks theory of inheritance of acquired traits. ______b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and the rates of evolution. *What are the two rates of evolution? Explain each. 1. 2. Define ENDOSYMBIOSIS.

c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory. *Give five pieces of evidence to support the theory of evolution:

d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms. *How does natural selection help to change organisms overtime? ______

Causes of microevolution – What can lead to changes in allele frequencies?

*When two organisms are not related, but have similar features this is called ______evolution. * When two organisms evolve together, so that they must have each other to survive, this is called ______.

What is speciation? Explain the mechanisms that lead to speciation.

e. Recognize the role of evolution to biological resistance (pesticide and antibiotic resistance).

How does resistance occur?

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