RESEARCH PROJECT : Dr M RAMAGOLE : Foot Morphology and Injuries (In Basic Training)

RESEARCH PROJECT : Dr M RAMAGOLE : Foot Morphology and Injuries (in basic training) :

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Results: 1-18 PLUS another 12 references specifically related to army basic training.

Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) <1950 to October Week 5 2009> Search Strategy: ------1 foot morphology.mp. (36) 2 (foot and morphology).mp. (582) 3 1 or 2 (582) 4 exp Lower Extremity/in [Injuries] (1832) 5 lower limb injur$.mp. or 4 (2024) 6 3 and 5 (1) 7 ((lower limb or foot or ankle or toe$) and injur$).mp. (17276) 8 3 and 7 (40) 9 8 or 6 (40) 10 athletic injuries/ or exp fractures, bone/ or exp fractures, cartilage/ or exp leg injuries/ or soft tissue injuries/ or exp "sprains and strains"/ or exp tendon injuries/ (168293) 11 exp lower extremity/ and 10 (7480) 12 3 and 11 (9) 13 3 and 10 (18) 14 6 or 13 or 12 (18) 15 limit 14 to humans (15) 16 injur$.mp. and 3 (40) 17 limit 16 to humans (27) 18 17 or 15 (28) 19 limit 18 to animal (5) 20 18 not 19 (23) 21 limit 20 to english (18) 22 from 21 keep 1-18 (18)

*************************** Result <1> Unique Identifier 19233694 Status MEDLINE Authors Goussetis E. Spiropoulos A. Tsironi M. Skenderi K. Margeli A. Graphakos S. Baltopoulos P. Papassotiriou I. Authors Full Name Goussetis, Evgenios. Spiropoulos, Antonia. Tsironi, Maria. Skenderi, Katerina. Margeli, Alexandra. Graphakos, Stelios. Baltopoulos, Panayiotis. Papassotiriou, Ioannis. Institution Stem Cell Transplant Unit, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece. Title Spartathlon, a 246 kilometer foot race: effects of acute inflammation induced by prolonged exercise on circulating progenitor reparative cells. Source Blood Cells Molecules & Diseases. 42(3):294-9, 2009 May-Jun. Abstract Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and the recently described circulating fibrocytes (CFs) are strongly associated with tissue repair. We investigated the kinetics of both "repair" progenitor cells in healthy athletes who participated in the "Spartahlon" ultradistance foot race (246 km continuous running exercise), which provides a unique model of inducing dramatic systemic inflammatory changes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from 10 volunteer athletes, who completed successfully the race, before, at the end, and at 48 h post-race. EPCs and CFs were detected as endothelial colony-forming units (CFU-ECs) and as the number of adherent with a spindle-shaped morphology Collagen I(+) cells detected after 6-day culture of PBMCs, respectively. The marked increase of plasma levels of CRP, IL-6, SAA, MCP-1, IL-8, sVCAM-1, sICAM-1, thrombomodulin (sTM) and NT-pro-BNP at the end of race established acute inflammation and tissue injury. EPCs increased by nea! rly eleven-fold in peripheral blood at the end of the race from 44.5+/-2.5/ml to 494.6+/-27.9/ml and remained increased 428.5+/- 31.5/ml at 48 h post-race (p<0.0001). The number of the fibrocytes cultured from PBMCs obtained before, at the end, and 48 h post-race did not reveal any significant difference. These findings indicate that bone marrow responses to acute inflammatory damage, induced by exhausting exercise, with a rapid release of EPCs but not CFs into circulation. Given the ability of EPCs to promote angiogenesis and vascular regeneration, we may suggest that this kind of cell mobilization may serve as a physiologic repair mechanism in acute inflammatory tissue injury. Publication Type Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.

Result <2> Unique Identifier 15665190 Status MEDLINE Authors Aydog ST. Tetik O. Demirel HA. Doral MN. Authors Full Name Aydog, S T. Tetik, O. Demirel, H A. Doral, M N. Institution Department of Sports Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara 06100, Turkey. [email protected] Title Differences in sole arch indices in various sports. Source British Journal of Sports Medicine. 39(2):e5, 2005 Feb. Other ID Source: NLM. PMC1725117 Abstract BACKGROUND: There are controversial data about the relation between foot morphology and athletic injuries of the lower extremity. Studies in soldiers have shown some relationship, whereas those involving athletes have not shown any significant relationship. The reason for these differences is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of various sports on sole arch indices (AIs). METHOD: A total of 116 elite male athletes (24 soccer players, 23 wrestlers, 19 weightlifters, 30 handball players, and 20 gymnasts) and 30 non-athletic men were included in this cross sectional study. Images of both soles were taken in a podoscope and transferred to a computer using a digital still camera. AIs were calculated from the stored images. RESULTS: The AI of the right sole of the gymnasts was significantly lower than that of the soccer players, wrestlers, and non-athletic controls (p<0.01). The AI of the right sole of the wrestlers was significantly higher than that of the soccer pla! yers, handball players, weightlifters, gymnasts, and non-athletic controls (p<0.03). The AI of the left sole of the gymnasts was significantly lower than that of the wrestlers and non-athletic controls (p<0.001). The AI of the left sole of the wrestlers was significantly higher than that of the soccer players, handball players, and gymnasts (p<0.007). The AI of both soles in handball players was significantly lower than those of the non-athletic subjects (p = 0.049). The correlation between the AI of the left and right foot was poor in the soccer players, handball players, and wrestlers (r = 0.31, 0.69, and 0.56 respectively), but was high in the gymnasts, weightlifters, and non-athletic controls (r = 0.96, 0.88, and 0.80 respectively). CONCLUSION: The AIs of the gymnasts and wrestlers were significantly different from those of other sportsmen studied, and those of the gymnasts and handball players were significantly different from those of non-athletic controls. Publication Type Journal Article.

Result <3> Unique Identifier 9448956 Status MEDLINE Authors Ilahi OA. Kohl HW 3rd. Authors Full Name Ilahi, O A. Kohl, H W 3rd. Institution Baylor Sports Medicine Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. Title Lower extremity morphology and alignment and risk of overuse injury. [Review] [24 refs] Source Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 8(1):38-42, 1998 Jan. Abstract OBJECTIVE: Lower extremity alignment factors, including tibiofemoral angle, quadriceps angle (Q-angle), and limb length discrepancies, are commonly thought to be clinically relevant as contributing factors to overuse injuries of the lower extremities. To explore the scientific rationale for these clinical beliefs, we conducted a review of the available English language literature from 1966 to July 1997 relating overuse injury to lower extremity alignment. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE was searched for medical subject headings and title key words to locate published works relating lower extremity morphologic characteristics to risk of overuse injury. Additional references were reviewed from reprint collections and reference lists of published work. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Relevant studies were reviewed for strengths and weaknesses in design, analysis, and conclusions. Synthesis across studies concentrated on commonalities and differences of methods in definition of exposure ! and outcome variables. MAIN RESULTS: Six population-based studies have been conducted evaluating some aspect of lower extremity alignment as a risk factor for overuse injury. Three of these studies evaluated military recruits in basic training, two studied mixed groups of athletes and one studied folk dancers. The time frame across studies ranged from 12 weeks to 52 weeks. A key finding was the considerable variation in the measure of lower limb alignment used as the exposure variable, as well as the method of measurement used to quantify the exposure. Some studies relied on visual examination, whereas others used digitized photographic techniques. Moreover, each study varied in the definition used for overuse injury; outcomes ranged from self-reported cases of shin splints to radiographic confirmation of stress fracture. Five of the six studies evaluated some aspect of foot morphology, whereas only one evaluated full leg alignment parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Results were conf! licting but, in general, did not support clinical beliefs of the detri mental effects of decreased longitudinal foot arch and varus tibiofemoral alignment as risk factors for lower extremity overuse injury. Differences in methodologic rigor and outcome definition prevent a meaningful synthesis of existing work. Directions for future research are suggested. [References: 24] Publication Type Journal Article. Review.

Result <4> Unique Identifier 15062213 Status MEDLINE Authors DiGiovanni CW. Authors Full Name DiGiovanni, Christopher W. Institution Foot and Ankle Service, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02912-9706, USA. [email protected] Title Fractures of the navicular. [Review] [18 refs] Source Foot & Ankle Clinics. 9(1):25-63, 2004 Mar. Abstract Generally, large or significantly displaced intra-articular navicular fractures are treated best by surgical intervention. Open reduction and internal fixation of these injuries allow anatomic restoration of adjacent joint surfaces and preservation of length and stability along the medial column of the foot; intervention must not disrupt the already tenuous blood Supply of the tarsal navicular because of the associated risks of avascular necrosis and nonunion. The unique morphology and vital role of the navicular as a cornerstone of the talonavicular joint require every effort to maintain the congruity and motion of this joint to avoid later fusion. The likelihood for successful reduction decreases with increasing grades of injury. The naviculo-cuneiform joint, alternatively, requires stability for proper foot function and can be fused, if necessary, to improve fixation or enhance vascularity to the navicular. External fixation, bone grafting (often and early), and limited! peritarsal fusion also have evolved into useful aids, under certain circumstances, to facilitate the goals of navicular fracture management. Early postoperative range of motion, prolonged protected weight bearing, and aggressive patient counseling as to the severity and long-term implications of these injuries also are paramount to success. Caution also must be exercised in managing navicular dislocations because of the potential long-term complications of redislocation or painful flatfoot deformity if alignment is not maintained.Navicular fracture care remains a challenge to the orthopedic surgeon; successful surgical intervention continues to hinge upon a careful balance between an operative exposure that is limited enough to avoid further devascularization but extensive enough to permit anatomic reduction and rigid internal fixation. [References: 18] Publication Type Journal Article. Review.

Result <5> Unique Identifier 12146774 Status MEDLINE Authors Michelson JD. Durant DM. McFarland E. Authors Full Name Michelson, J D. Durant, D M. McFarland, E. Institution Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, USA. [email protected] Title The injury risk associated with pes planus in athletes.[erratum appears in Foot Ankle Int. 2003 Mar;24(3):216]. Source Foot & Ankle International. 23(7):629-33, 2002 Jul. Abstract Despite the common prophylactic use of rigid orthotics in athletes with flat feet to prevent subsequent injury, there is little scientific data in the literature examining the relationship between pes planus and athletic injuries to the lower extremity. The current prospective study was undertaken to establish what relationship, if any, exists between foot morphology and subsequent lower extremity injury. A total of 196 subjects were enrolled in the study, of which 143 (73%) were male and 53 (27%) were female. Forty-two percent of the participants (83) engaged in contact sports. There were a total of 227 episodes of injury involving the lower extremity. Logistic regression using contact sports, gender, and all of the different foot contact areas that were measured at the beginning of the study was undertaken. Although gender and participation in contact sports was predictive of some lower extremity injuries, the existence of pes planus as measured by medial midfoot contact! area as a percentage of total contact area was not a risk factor for any injury of the lower extremity. This study shows that in an athletic population that is representative of collegiate athletics, the existence of flat footedness does not predispose to subsequent lower extremity injury. The routine prophylactic use of orthotics in flat-footed athletes to prevent future injury may therefore not be justified based on the data available. Publication Type Journal Article.

Result <6> Unique Identifier 8886781 Status MEDLINE Authors Ebraheim NA. Mekhail AO. Salpietro BJ. Mermer MJ. Jackson WT. Authors Full Name Ebraheim, N A. Mekhail, A O. Salpietro, B J. Mermer, M J. Jackson, W T. Institution Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo 43699-0008, USA. Title Talar neck fractures: anatomic considerations for posterior screw application. Source Foot & Ankle International. 17(9):541-7, 1996 Sep. Abstract The bony window available for posterior screw placement in the talus and the morphology of the talar neck were studied in 50 dry tali. In addition, 12 cadaver specimens were used to study the posterolateral approach. The bony window was bounded medially by the lateral tubercle of the posterior process of the talus, laterally by the fibular facet, superiorly by the trochlear articular surface, and inferiorly by the posterior calcaneal facet. The average vertical thickness at 2-mm increments was recorded across the talar neck to define the bony mass available for screw insertion. The smallest thickness of the talar neck was at a point 2 mm medial to the lateral border. The thickness progressively increased in a medial direction. The superior talar neck surface was found to have an average width of 18.4 +/- 1.6 mm. The angle formed between the superior and lateral surfaces of the talar neck averaged 29.3 degrees, which would account for the better delineation of the lateral b! order of the neck under fluoroscopy of the talus with the foot in pronation. The diameter of the screw in relation to the window height should be considered. Publication Type Journal Article.

Result <7> Unique Identifier 7951957 Status MEDLINE Authors Cowan DN. Robinson JR. Jones BH. Polly DW Jr. Berrey BH. Authors Full Name Cowan, D N. Robinson, J R. Jones, B H. Polly, D W Jr. Berrey, B H. Institution Department of Epidemiology, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC. Title Consistency of visual assessments of arch height among clinicians. Source Foot & Ankle International. 15(4):213-7, 1994 Apr. Abstract Flat feet and high-arched feet have been cited as risk factors for musculoskeletal injury and functional problems among runners and other active individuals, although there are no established quantitative definitions or measures for assessing either condition. As part of a larger study, four-plane photographs were made of the weight-bearing right foot of 246 young male Army trainees. These photographs were independently evaluated by six clinicians and rated on a scale of clearly flat-footed (category 1) to clearly high arched (category 5). There was much interclinician variability in the assessments, even for extremes of foot type. The probability of a clinician assessing a foot as clearly flat, given that another clinician had rated the foot as clearly flat, ranged from 0.32 to 0.79, with a median probability of 0.57, while for clearly high-arched feet, probabilities ranged from 0.0 to 1.00, with a median of 0.17. These findings demonstrate the need for objective standard! s and quantitative methods of evaluating foot morphology. Publication Type Journal Article. Result <8> Unique Identifier 18414422 Status MEDLINE Authors Mauch M. Grau S. Krauss I. Maiwald C. Horstmann T. Authors Full Name Mauch, M. Grau, S. Krauss, I. Maiwald, C. Horstmann, T. Institution Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. [email protected] tuebingen.de Title Foot morphology of normal, underweight and overweight children. Source International Journal of Obesity. 32(7):1068-75, 2008 Jul. Abstract OBJECTIVE: Due to the fact that there is a global increase in obesity, knowledge about the impact of obesity on the development of a child's foot is of great importance for orthopaedic and paediatric physicians with regard to prevention, clinical treatment and management. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of body mass on the development of a child's foot based on a foot type classification. METHODS: The feet of 1450 boys and 1437 girls aged 2-14 years were measured using a three-dimensional (3D) foot scanner (Pedus, Human Solutions Inc., Germany) in a bipedal upright position. Twelve relevant 3D foot measures were recorded, as well as the children's age, gender, height and mass. Factor analysis of principal components was used to obtain a smaller number of independent and standardized variables. The variables were used for cluster analysis to classify the children's feet. RESULTS: Five foot types were identified: flat, robust, slender, s! hort and long feet. There were significant differences among foot types with respect to the children's body mass index. Normal weight children displayed an almost equal distribution of all foot types throughout childhood. Flat and robust feet were more common in overweight children, whereas underweight children showed more slender and long feet. CONCLUSION: The influence of excess, as well as deficient mass could be verified for the comprehensive foot morphology based on a foot type classification. Subsequently, foot discomfort as a result of various musculoskeletal disorders may develop. In turn, this might keep the children from being active and therefore reinforce the risk of developing obesity. However, there is still a lack of information regarding these relationships, which needs to be determined. This knowledge may help prevent orthopaedic foot problems and injuries. Publication Type Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.

Result <9> Unique Identifier 18414422 Status MEDLINE Authors Mauch M. Grau S. Krauss I. Maiwald C. Horstmann T. Authors Full Name Mauch, M. Grau, S. Krauss, I. Maiwald, C. Horstmann, T. Institution Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Clinic, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany. [email protected] tuebingen.de Title Foot morphology of normal, underweight and overweight children. Source International Journal of Obesity. 32(7):1068-75, 2008 Jul. Abstract OBJECTIVE: Due to the fact that there is a global increase in obesity, knowledge about the impact of obesity on the development of a child's foot is of great importance for orthopaedic and paediatric physicians with regard to prevention, clinical treatment and management. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of body mass on the development of a child's foot based on a foot type classification. METHODS: The feet of 1450 boys and 1437 girls aged 2-14 years were measured using a three-dimensional (3D) foot scanner (Pedus, Human Solutions Inc., Germany) in a bipedal upright position. Twelve relevant 3D foot measures were recorded, as well as the children's age, gender, height and mass. Factor analysis of principal components was used to obtain a smaller number of independent and standardized variables. The variables were used for cluster analysis to classify the children's feet. RESULTS: Five foot types were identified: flat, robust, slender, s! hort and long feet. There were significant differences among foot types with respect to the children's body mass index. Normal weight children displayed an almost equal distribution of all foot types throughout childhood. Flat and robust feet were more common in overweight children, whereas underweight children showed more slender and long feet. CONCLUSION: The influence of excess, as well as deficient mass could be verified for the comprehensive foot morphology based on a foot type classification. Subsequently, foot discomfort as a result of various musculoskeletal disorders may develop. In turn, this might keep the children from being active and therefore reinforce the risk of developing obesity. However, there is still a lack of information regarding these relationships, which needs to be determined. This knowledge may help prevent orthopaedic foot problems and injuries. Publication Type Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.

Result <10> Unique Identifier 16949867 Status MEDLINE Authors Cain LE. Nicholson LL. Adams RD. Burns J. Authors Full Name Cain, Lauren E. Nicholson, Leslie L. Adams, Roger D. Burns, Joshua. Institution Hawkesbury Physiotherapy, 89 The Terrace, Windsor, Sydney, NSW 2756, Australia. [email protected] Title Foot morphology and foot/ankle injury in indoor football. Source Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport. 10(5):311-9, 2007 Oct. Abstract While the pronated foot is implicated as a risk factor for sports injury in some studies, others suggest that a supinated foot posture increases the risk of overuse lower limb injuries. Athletes in a given sports discipline may tend to have a similar foot morphology, which varies from that observed elsewhere. Further, the foot morphology that is beneficial for performance in a sport may be detrimental with regard to injury. Intra- and inter-rater reliability of the Foot Posture Index (FPI-6) as a measure of foot morphology was determined (ICC (2,1) 0.88 and 0.69 respectively). Thereafter, in a prospective cohort study using the FPI-6, 76 adolescent male indoor football (Futsal) players were measured and followed monthly over one competition season. Coach-rated ability and reports of any overuse injuries at the ankle and/or foot over this period were obtained. A significant negative linear relationship was found between the mean FPI-6 scores and coach-rated ability (p=0.008! ), with supinated and under-pronated postures related to higher ability level. Overall, 33% of injuries at the ankle and/or foot were classified as overuse. Foot Posture Index scores of less than 2, indicating the supinated and under-pronated feet, were found to be associated with a significant increase in the risk of overuse injury (p=0.008). The greater rigidity of these foot types may assist adolescent, male, indoor football players to perform at a higher level in their sport. Unfortunately, these players are also more likely to sustain ankle and/or foot overuse injuries. Publication Type Journal Article.

Result <11> Unique Identifier 18347119 Status MEDLINE Authors Wong L. Hunt A. Burns J. Crosbie J. Authors Full Name Wong, Lilian. Hunt, Adrienne. Burns, Joshua. Crosbie, Jack. Institution Discipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Lidcombe, Australia. Title Effect of foot morphology on center-of-pressure excursion during barefoot walking. Source Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 98(2):112-7, 2008 Mar-Apr. Abstract BACKGROUND: The path of the center of pressure during walking varies among individuals by deviating to a greater or lesser extent toward the medial or lateral border of the foot. It is unclear whether this variance is systematic and is affected by foot posture. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between foot morphology and center-of-pressure excursion during barefoot walking. METHODS: Pressure data were collected from 83 participants whose foot type had been classified as supinated, normal, or pronated according to the Foot Posture Index. Three center-of-pressure variables were analyzed: medial excursion area, lateral excursion area, and total excursion area. RESULTS: Across the spectrum of foot types, we found that the more supinated a participant's foot posture, the larger the area of lateral center-of-pressure excursion, and, conversely, the more pronated the foot posture, the smaller the area of lateral center-of-pressure excursion. Furthermore, the ! supinated foot type had a relatively larger center-of-pressure total excursion area, and the pronated foot type had a relatively smaller center-of-pressure total excursion area. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate the importance of assessing foot posture when measuring center of pressure and may help explain regional differences in pain and injury location among foot types. Publication Type Journal Article.

Result <12> Unique Identifier 15901809 Status MEDLINE Authors Burns J. Keenan AM. Redmond A. Authors Full Name Burns, Joshua. Keenan, Anne-Maree. Redmond, Anthony. Institution School of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia. Title Foot type and overuse injury in triathletes. Source Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 95(3):235-41, 2005 May-Jun. Abstract Abnormal foot morphology has been suggested to contribute to overuse injuries in athletes. This study investigated the relationship between foot type and injury incidence in a large sample of competitive triathletes not wearing foot orthoses during a 6-month retrospective analysis and a 10-week prospective cohort study. Foot alignment was measured using the Foot Posture Index and the Valgus Index, and participants were assigned to supinated, pronated, and normal foot-type groups. Overall, 131 triathletes sustained 155 injuries during the study. Generally, foot type was not a major risk factor for injury; however, there was a fourfold increased risk of overuse injury during the competition season in athletes with a supinated foot type. The results of this study show that triathletes with a supinated foot type are more likely to sustain an overuse injury. Publication Type Journal Article.

Result <13> Unique Identifier 10933005 Status MEDLINE Authors Sanner WH. O'Halloran WD. Authors Full Name Sanner, W H. O'Halloran, W D. Institution Department of Podiatry, Ochsner Clinic of Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA. Title The biomechanics, etiology, and treatment of cycling injuries. [Review] [15 refs] Source Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 90(7):354-76, 2000 Jul-Aug. Abstract The authors review the biomechanics of cycling and discuss the ideal cyclist's morphology. Examination of the cyclist when resting and when cycling is described. A variety of overuse injuries commonly sustained by cyclists are reviewed, and strategies for altering the cyclist's mechanics to relieve the pain are described. Because the bicycle and the cyclist must be considered as a unit, this article offers instruction for adjusting the bicycle as well as the cyclist. [References: 15] Publication Type Journal Article. Review.

Result <14> Unique Identifier 3894763 Status MEDLINE Authors Maryniak RK. First MR. Weiss MA. Authors Full Name Maryniak, R K. First, M R. Weiss, M A. Title Transplant glomerulopathy: evolution of morphologically distinct changes. Source Kidney International. 27(5):799-806, 1985 May. Abstract The study was undertaken to redefine morphological appearance and clinical implications of the diagnosis of transplant glomerulopathy (TGP). Fifty-seven renal transplant biopsy specimens from thirty patients with the diagnosis of TGP were evaluated. Multiple repeat biopsies in several cases enabled us to follow the pattern of the evolution of the changes. Transplant dysfunction manifested itself 8 days to 13 years post-transplantation by proteinuria and/or elevated creatinine level. The earliest recognizable morphological change was the swelling of endothelial and mesangial cells. This stage was called evolving TGP. The intermediate stage was characterized by enlarged glomeruli with lobular simplification, spongy matrix, and glomerular basement membrane (GBM) deformities. The advanced stage of TGP showed pronounced GBM changes (reduplication, interposition). These light microscopic changes were associated with vascular rejection. Immunofluorescence showed significant glome! rular deposition of IgM (83% of biopsies) and fibrinogen (66%). Electron microscopy at an early stage showed subendothelial widening with cellular debris and focal endothelial damage with fibrin deposition. In the advanced stage, complex GBM changes developed as a reparative response to the capillary wall injury. Effacement of foot processes was a constant finding at all stages. In follow-up, twenty-three allografts failed (77%), five patients are stable, and two died due to other causes. TGP has specific morphology with an attendant poor long-term prognosis for the allograft. Publication Type Journal Article.

Result <15> Unique Identifier 9427923 Status MEDLINE Authors Baltensperger MM. Ganzoni N. Jirecek V. Meyer VE. Authors Full Name Baltensperger, M M. Ganzoni, N. Jirecek, V. Meyer, V E. Institution Department of Surgery, General Hospital Schaffhausen, Zurich, Switzerland. Title The extensor digitorum brevis island flap: possible applications based on anatomy. Source Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 101(1):107-13, 1998 Jan. Abstract In the past few years, the proximally based extensor digitorum brevis island flap has been recognized as a useful method in the reconstruction of the lower extremity. The major goal of this study, which was performed in 16 cadavers, was to show the possible application of the extensor digitorum brevis island flap based on its anatomy. The vascularization and morphology of the muscle were also studied. We are able to show that, with sufficient mobilization of the vascular pedicle, the extensor digitorum brevis easily can reach both the lateral and the medial malleoli. In most cases, the island flap even reaches the Achilles tendon, the posterior aspect of the heel, and the lower to middle part of the anterior crural region. The vascular supply of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle shows a great consistency, with the lateral tarsal artery being the dominant supply of the muscle. The mean surface of 27 cm2 allows coverage of small to medium-sized defects. Publication Type Journal Article.

Result <16> Unique Identifier 14668427 Status MEDLINE Authors Lysack JT. Fenton PV. Authors Full Name Lysack, John T. Fenton, Paul V. Institution Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Queen's University, Kingston General Hospital, 76 Stuart St, Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 2V7. [email protected] Title Variations in calcaneonavicular morphology demonstrated with radiography. Source Radiology. 230(2):493-7, 2004 Feb. Abstract PURPOSE: To determine and classify radiographically demonstrated variations in calcaneonavicular morphology and to estimate prevalence in a clinically relevant patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review was performed of foot radiographs obtained during diagnostic evaluation of 460 consecutive patients who presented to the emergency department with acute foot pain. Variations in calcaneonavicular morphology depicted on the medial oblique view (obtained at a 45 degrees angle) were classified into four groups according to morphologic type (types 1-4), and the prevalence of each type was calculated. Chi2 analysis was used to compare the prevalence of each type in male patients and in female patients. One-way analyses of variance were used to compare mean ages of patients for each type and mean calcaneonavicular gaps for each type. RESULTS: The prevalence of morphologic types 1, 2, and 3 was 94.3%, 2.8%, and 2.8%, respectively. The combined prevalence of ty! pes 2 and 3 (calcaneonavicular coalitions produced by synchondrosis and syndesmosis, respectively) was 5.6% (95% CI: 3.5%, 7.8%). There were no patients with type 4 morphology (synostosis). The numbers of male patients and female patients with morphologic types 1-3 were approximately equal (P =.9), and there was no statistically significant correlation between any of these three morphologic types and patient age (P =.2). The calcaneonavicular gap was significantly narrower in types 2 and 3 than in type 1 (P =.01), which was characterized as the normal morphology. CONCLUSION: The general prevalence of calcaneonavicular coalition (synchondrosis and syndesmosis) may be greater than previously reported, but further research is needed to prove the validity of this hypothesis. Copyright RSNA, 2003 Publication Type Journal Article.

Result <17> Unique Identifier 6342223 Status MEDLINE Authors Evan AP. Gattone VH 2nd. Filo RS. Leapman SB. Smith EJ. Luft FC. Authors Full Name Evan, A P. Gattone, V H 2nd. Filo, R S. Leapman, S B. Smith, E J. Luft, F C. Title Glomerular endothelial injury related to renal perfusion. A scanning electron microscopic study. Source Transplantation. 35(5):436-41, 1983 May. Abstract To elucidate abnormalities in renal morphology related to perfusion preservation, we examined kidneys perfused for 60 hr with a scanning electron microscope. In addition to tubular necrosis and fused glomerular visceral epithelial foot processes, we identified changes in the glomerular endothelial and arterial endothelial surfaces. The glomerular endothelium revealed fenestrae that were smaller and more irregular than normal, as well as abnormal bulbous projections. The arterial endothelium displayed striking degenerative changes. These abnormalities may account for the altered glomerular function and intravascular coagulation that occur in some kidneys preserved by lengthy perfusion. Publication Type Case Reports. Journal Article.

Result <18> Unique Identifier 9428930 Status MEDLINE Authors Kemeny E. Durmuller U. Nickeleit V. Gudat F. Mihatsch MJ. Authors Full Name Kemeny, E. Durmuller, U. Nickeleit, V. Gudat, F. Mihatsch, M J. Institution Institute for Pathology, Kantonsspital Basel, Universitatskliniken, Basel, Switzerland. Title Distribution of podocyte protein (44 KD) in different types of glomerular diseases. Source Virchows Archiv. 431(6):425-30, 1997 Dec. Abstract The podocyte protein, 44 KD (pp44), is a podocyte-specific antigen that is selectively distributed in the cytoplasm of foot processes. It has been suggested that the pp44 antigen is associated with the cytoskeleton and helps to maintain the complex architecture of podocytes. To answer the question as to whether changes in pp44 expression are associated with changes in podocyte morphology, we investigated the distribution of the pp44 antigen in different kidney diseases. Twenty-one kidney biopsies and one nephrectomy specimen were studied by indirect immunofluorescent technique and electron microscopy. The pp44-antigen is preserved in cases associated with foot process fusion. In contrast, the antigen could not be detected in areas of capillary wall necrosis, cellular crescents or early and advanced stages of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis--even in the presence of podocytes. Our results show that the pp44 antigen is preserved in diseases associated with reversible loss ! of foot processes (in cases with foot process fusion associated with proteinuria). In contrast, the pp44 antigen is not detectable in the area of FSGS and cellular crescents, suggesting that in these conditions, podocytes undergo irreversible injury even if they are still present on conventional light microscopy. Publication Type Journal Article.

ADDITIONAL 12 References on FOOT INJURIES and Basic training/Army

Search for: from 8 [limit 7 to english language] keep 1,6,8,10,12,14-15,17,20,22-24

Results: 1-12

Database: Ovid MEDLINE(R) <1996 to November Week 3 2009> Search Strategy: ------1 foot morphology.mp. (32) 2 *Foot Injuries/ (980) 3 1 or 2 (1009) 4 basic training.mp. (378) 5 exp Military Medicine/ or exp Military Personnel/ (13944) 6 army.tw. or 4 or 5 (15641) 7 3 and 6 (27) 8 limit 7 to english language (24) 9 from 8 keep 1,6,8,10,12,14-15,17,20,22-24 (12) 10 from 9 keep 1-12 (12)

*************************** Result <1> Unique Identifier 8777022 Status MEDLINE Authors Di Benedetto M. Huston CW. Sharp MW. Jones B. Authors Full Name Di Benedetto, M. Huston, C W. Sharp, M W. Jones, B. Institution University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA. Title Regional hypothermia in response to minor injury. Source American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 75(4):270-7, 1996 Jul-Aug. Abstract Minor injuries are sometimes followed by a potentially disabling syndrome of hyperalgesia, hyperesthesia, allodynia, and sudomotor disturbance as well as, eventually, weakness, muscle atrophy, trophic skin changes, and bone and joint abnormalities. Vasomotor changes frequently present as hypothermia or hyperthermia. Most of the literature refers to this syndrome as reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD). To observe possible early RSD changes, we studied 1000 military recruits before and during basic training. Evaluations consisted of lower limb clinical examinations and pain assessment. Infrared images were taken of anterior, posterior, medial, lateral legs, and plantar surface of the feet. If the clinical examination suggested a possible stress fracture, a bone scan was performed. Recruits were studied before training and again each time musculoskeletal complaints arose. The controls were recruits tested before the onset of training who had no musculoskeletal complaints. Two-! hundred seven soldiers were injured. Regional hypothermia was noted in 8.6% of all thermograms, with 75% on the left and 25% on the right. The most common injuries causing this phenomenon were ankle pain/sprain and minor foot stress fractures, especially the left metatarsals. Hypothermia occurred within 24 to 48 h, usually beginning in the periphery and ascending proximally, lasting a few days to 6 wk (end of study). None of the recruits developed the full syndrome of RSD during the study period. Whether the continued training, even though modified, helped to prevent this complication or the observed post-traumatic hypothermia has no relationship to RSD needs to be determined. Publication Type Comparative Study. Journal Article. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't.

Result <2> Unique Identifier 17099238 Status MEDLINE Authors Niva MH. Sormaala MJ. Kiuru MJ. Haataja R. Ahovuo JA. Pihlajamaki HK. Authors Full Name Niva, Maria H. Sormaala, Markus J. Kiuru, Martti J. Haataja, Riina. Ahovuo, Juhani A. Pihlajamaki, Harri K. Institution Department of Radiology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. [email protected] Title Bone stress injuries of the ankle and foot: an 86-month magnetic resonance imaging-based study of physically active young adults. Source American Journal of Sports Medicine. 35(4):643-9, 2007 Apr. Abstract BACKGROUND: No comprehensive studies of bone stress injuries in the ankle and foot based on magnetic resonance imaging findings have been published. PURPOSE: Using magnetic resonance imaging findings to assess incidence, location, and type of bone stress injuries of the ankle and foot in military conscripts with ankle and/or foot pain. STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: All patients with ankle or foot pain, negative findings on plain radiography, and magnetic resonance images obtained of the ankle or foot were included in this 86-month study. Magnetic resonance images with bone stress injury findings were re-evaluated regarding location and injury type. Based on the number of conscripts within the hospital catchment area, the person-based incidence of bone stress injuries was calculated. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-one conscripts displayed 378 bone stress injuries in 142 ankles and feet imaged, the incidence being 126 per 100 000 person-years. This i! ncidence represents the stress injuries not diagnosable with radiographs and requiring magnetic resonance images. Of injuries, 57.7% occurred in the tarsal and 35.7% in the metatarsal bones. Multiple bone stress injuries in 1 foot were found in 63% of the cases. The calcaneus and fifth metatarsal bone were usually affected alone. Injuries to the other bones of the foot were usually associated with at least 1 other stress injury. The talus and calcaneus were the most commonly affected single bones. High-grade bone stress injury (grade IV-V) with a fracture line on magnetic resonance images occurred in 12% (talus, calcaneus), and low- grade injury (grade I-III) presented only as edema in 88% of the cases. CONCLUSION: Multiple, various-stage bone stress injuries of the ankle and foot may occur simultaneously in physically active young adults. When considering injuries that were missed by plain radiographs but detected by magnetic resonance imaging, the bones most often affected! were the tarsal bones, of which the talus and calcaneus were the most prominent single bones and most common locations for higher grade (IV-V) bone stress injuries. With use of magnetic resonance imaging, early detection and grading of bone stress injuries are available, which enable early and appropriate injury management. Publication Type Journal Article.

Result <3> Unique Identifier 10496574 Status MEDLINE Authors Kaufman KR. Brodine SK. Shaffer RA. Johnson CW. Cullison TR. Authors Full Name Kaufman, K R. Brodine, S K. Shaffer, R A. Johnson, C W. Cullison, T R. Institution Biomechanics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic/Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA. Title The effect of foot structure and range of motion on musculoskeletal overuse injuries. Source American Journal of Sports Medicine. 27(5):585-93, 1999 Sep-Oct. Abstract The purpose of this prospective study was to determine whether an association exists between foot structure and the development of musculoskeletal overuse injuries. The study group was a well-defined cohort of 449 trainees at the Naval Special Warfare Training Center in Coronado, California. Before beginning training, measurements were made of ankle motion, subtalar motion, and the static (standing) and dynamic (walking) characteristics of the foot arch. The subjects were tracked prospectively for injuries throughout training. We identified risk factors that predispose people to lower extremity overuse injuries. These risk factors include dynamic pes planus, pes cavus, restricted ankle dorsiflexion, and increased hindfoot inversion, all of which are subject to intervention and possible correction. Publication Type Journal Article. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S..

Result <4> Unique Identifier 16427168 Status MEDLINE Authors Dixon SJ. Creaby MW. Allsopp AJ. Authors Full Name Dixon, Sharon J. Creaby, Mark W. Allsopp, Adrian J. Institution School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, UK. [email protected] Title Comparison of static and dynamic biomechanical measures in military recruits with and without a history of third metatarsal stress fracture. Source Clinical Biomechanics. 21(4):412-9, 2006 May. Abstract BACKGROUND: For Royal Marine recruits in training, the third metatarsal is the most common site for stress fracture. Previous evidence regarding biomechanical factors contributing to metatarsal stress fracture development is conflicting, possibly due to the lack of differentiation between the metatarsals. The present retrospective study compares static anatomical characteristics and dynamic biomechanical variables for Royal Marine recruits with and without a history of third metatarsal stress fracture. METHODS: Ten Royal Marine recruits with a history of third metatarsal stress fracture were compared with control subjects with no previous stress fracture occurrence. Selected static anatomical variables were measured to describe the ankle and subtalar joints. Peak ankle dorsi-flexion and rearfoot eversion were measured during running. In addition, peak vertical and horizontal ground reaction force variables were compared for the two study groups. FINDINGS: No significant di! fferences in static anatomical variables were identified between study groups. During running, peak rearfoot eversion was found to occur significantly earlier for the stress fracture group than for their matched controls, suggesting an increase in time spent loading the forefoot. The peak applied resultant horizontal force during the braking phase was directed significantly more laterally for the stress fracture group. In addition, the peak magnitude of resultant horizontal force applied during the propulsion phase was significantly lower for the stress fracture subjects. INTERPRETATION: The findings of this study highlight the importance of including dynamic biomechanical data when exploring variables associated with the development of third metatarsal stress fracture and indicate that successful interventions to reduce the incidence of this injury are likely to focus on forefoot function during braking and propulsion. Publication Type Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal Article.

Result <5> Unique Identifier 9448956 Status MEDLINE Authors Ilahi OA. Kohl HW 3rd. Authors Full Name Ilahi, O A. Kohl, H W 3rd. Institution Baylor Sports Medicine Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. Title Lower extremity morphology and alignment and risk of overuse injury. [Review] [24 refs] Source Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 8(1):38-42, 1998 Jan. Abstract OBJECTIVE: Lower extremity alignment factors, including tibiofemoral angle, quadriceps angle (Q-angle), and limb length discrepancies, are commonly thought to be clinically relevant as contributing factors to overuse injuries of the lower extremities. To explore the scientific rationale for these clinical beliefs, we conducted a review of the available English language literature from 1966 to July 1997 relating overuse injury to lower extremity alignment. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE was searched for medical subject headings and title key words to locate published works relating lower extremity morphologic characteristics to risk of overuse injury. Additional references were reviewed from reprint collections and reference lists of published work. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Relevant studies were reviewed for strengths and weaknesses in design, analysis, and conclusions. Synthesis across studies concentrated on commonalities and differences of methods in definition of exposure ! and outcome variables. MAIN RESULTS: Six population-based studies have been conducted evaluating some aspect of lower extremity alignment as a risk factor for overuse injury. Three of these studies evaluated military recruits in basic training, two studied mixed groups of athletes and one studied folk dancers. The time frame across studies ranged from 12 weeks to 52 weeks. A key finding was the considerable variation in the measure of lower limb alignment used as the exposure variable, as well as the method of measurement used to quantify the exposure. Some studies relied on visual examination, whereas others used digitized photographic techniques. Moreover, each study varied in the definition used for overuse injury; outcomes ranged from self-reported cases of shin splints to radiographic confirmation of stress fracture. Five of the six studies evaluated some aspect of foot morphology, whereas only one evaluated full leg alignment parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Results were conf! licting but, in general, did not support clinical beliefs of the detri mental effects of decreased longitudinal foot arch and varus tibiofemoral alignment as risk factors for lower extremity overuse injury. Differences in methodologic rigor and outcome definition prevent a meaningful synthesis of existing work. Directions for future research are suggested. [References: 24] Publication Type Journal Article. Review.

Result <6> Unique Identifier 17207433 Status MEDLINE Authors Levy JC. Mizel MS. Wilson LS. Fox W. McHale K. Taylor DC. Temple HT. Authors Full Name Levy, Jonathan C. Mizel, Mark S. Wilson, L Samuel. Fox, William. McHale, Kathleen. Taylor, Dean C. Temple, H Thomas. Title Incidence of foot and ankle injuries in West Point cadets with pes planus compared to the general cadet population. Source Foot & Ankle International. 27(12):1060-4, 2006 Dec. Abstract BACKGROUND: The relationship between pes planus and injuries of the lower extremity is controversial. However, few studies have used standardized means of evaluating and defining pes planus, and none have had a controlled patient population. The objective of this study was to evaluate an ideal population of physically active individuals to establish a potential correlation between pes planus, as defined by a standardized method, and injuries to the lower extremity. METHODS: A standardized technique for evaluating arch height, based on a midfoot ratio established by Harris mat print calculations, was used to assess a consecutive series of 512 newly entered West Point cadets. Pes planus was defined as more than 2 standard deviations above the mean midfoot ratio of the population. After 46 months, a retrospective chart review was done to identify lower extremity injuries sustained in this group of young healthy patients. The results of the footprint analysis were correlated w! ith the medical record findings. RESULTS: Thirty-three cadets were found to have pes planus; 13 had only left foot involvement, 15 had right foot only involvement, and five had bilateral pes planus. There were no cavus feet. Statistically significant relationships were seen between the degree of pes planus and total number of injuries sustained (p = 0.007), the overall size of the foot and total number of injuries (p = 0.041), left flat feet and left midfoot injuries (p = 0.028), left pes planus and right midfoot injuries (p = 0.008), left pes planus and left knee injuries (p = 0.038), and right pes planus and right knee injuries (p = 0.027). Women had smaller feet (p = 0.000), smaller midfoot ratios (right, p = 0.013; left p = 0.003), yet they had an increased number of injuries (Pearson's coefficient -0.119; p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: The current study found significant relationships between pes planus and number of injuries sustained over a 4-year period at West Point. Whi! le women were found to have smaller feet and lesser degrees of pes pla nus, they sustained more injuries than men. Publication Type Comparative Study. Journal Article.

Result <7> Unique Identifier 19387413 Status MEDLINE Authors Knapik JJ. Swedler DI. Grier TL. Hauret KG. Bullock SH. Williams KW. Darakjy SS. Lester ME. Tobler SK. Jones BH. Authors Full Name Knapik, Joseph J. Swedler, David I. Grier, Tyson L. Hauret, Keith G. Bullock, Steven H. Williams, Kelly W. Darakjy, Salima S. Lester, Mark E. Tobler, Steven K. Jones, Bruce H. Institution United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA. [email protected] Title Injury reduction effectiveness of selecting running shoes based on plantar shape. Source Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 23(3):685-97, 2009 May. Abstract Popular running magazines and running shoe companies suggest that imprints of the bottom of the feet (plantar shape) can be used as an indication of the height of the medial longitudinal foot arch and that this can be used to select individually appropriate types of running shoes. This study examined whether or not this selection technique influenced injury risk during United States Army Basic Combat Training (BCT). After foot examinations, BCT recruits in an experimental group (E: n = 1,079 men and 451 women) selected motion control, stability, or cushioned shoes for plantar shapes judged to represent low, medium, or high foot arches, respectively. A control group (C: n = 1,068 men and 464 women) received a stability shoe regardless of plantar shape. Injuries during BCT were determined from outpatient medical records. Other previously known injury risk factors (e.g., age, fitness, and smoking) were obtained from a questionnaire and existing databases. Multivariate Cox reg! ression controlling for other injury risk factors showed little difference in injury risk between the E and C groups among men (risk ratio (E/C) = 1.01; 95% confidence interval = 0.88-1.16; p = 0.87) or women (risk ratio (E/C) = 1.07; 95% confidence interval = 0.91-1.25; p = 0.44). In practical application, this prospective study demonstrated that selecting shoes based on plantar shape had little influence on injury risk in BCT. Thus, if the goal is injury prevention, this selection technique is not necessary in BCT. Publication Type Journal Article. Randomized Controlled Trial.

Result <8> Unique Identifier 12195977 Status MEDLINE Authors Gefen A. Authors Full Name Gefen, A. Institution Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. [email protected] Title Biomechanical analysis of fatigue-related foot injury mechanisms in athletes and recruits during intensive marching. Source Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing. 40(3):302-10, 2002 May. Abstract An integrative analysis, comprising radiographic imaging of the foot, plantar pressure measurements, surface electromyography (EMG) and finite element (FE) modelling of the three-dimensional (3D) foot structure, was used to determine the effects of muscular fatigue induced by intensive athletic or military marching on the structural stability of the foot and on its internal stress state during the stance phase. The medial/lateral (M/L) tendency towards instability of the foot structure during marching in fatigue conditions was experimentally characterised by measuring the M/L deviations of the foot-ground centre of pressure (COP) and correlating these data with fatigue of specific lower-limb muscles, as demonstrated by the EMG spectra. The results demonstrated accelerated fatigue of the peroneus longus muscle in marching conditions (treadmill march of 2 km completed by four subjects at an approximately constant velocity of 8 km h-1). Severe fatigue of the peroneus longus i! s apparently the dominant cause of lack of foot stability, which was manifested by abnormal lateral deviations of the COP during the stance phase. Under these conditions, ankle sprain injuries are likely to occur. The EMG analysis further revealed substantial fatigue of the pre-tibial and triceps surae muscles during intensive marching (averaged decreases of 36% and 40% in the median frequency of their EMG signal spectra, respectively). Incorporation of this information into the 3D FE model of the foot resulted in a substantial rise in the levels of calcaneal and metatarsal stress concentrations, by 50% and 36%, respectively. This may point to the mechanism by which stress fractures develop and provide the biomechanical tools for future clinical investigations. Publication Type Journal Article.

Result <9> Unique Identifier 17937370 Status MEDLINE Authors Hawkes NC. Flemming DJ. Ho VB. Authors Full Name Hawkes, Nathan C. Flemming, Donald J. Ho, Vincent B. Institution School of Medicine (NCH) and Dept. of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (DJF, VBH), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, USA. Title Radiology corner. Answer to last month's radiology case and image: Subtle lisfranc injury: low energy midfoot sprain. Source Military Medicine. 172(9):xii-xiii, 2007 Sep. Publication Type Case Reports. Journal Article.

Result <10> Unique Identifier 12053846 Status MEDLINE Authors DiBenedetto M. Yoshida M. Sharp M. Jones B. Authors Full Name DiBenedetto, Margarete. Yoshida, Michael. Sharp, Mark. Jones, Bruce. Institution University of Virginia, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 545 Ray C. Hunt Drive, Suite 240, Charlottesville, VA 22903-2981, USA. Title Foot evaluation by infrared imaging. Source Military Medicine. 167(5):384-92, 2002 May. Abstract For better assessment of foot injury severity during basic military training, we evaluated a simple noninvasive technique: thermography. With this infrared imaging method, we determined normal foot parameters (from 30 soldiers before training), thermographic findings in different foot stress fractures (from 30 soldiers so diagnosed), and normal responses to abnormal stresses in 30 trainees who underwent the same training as the previous group but did not have musculoskeletal complaints. We found that normal foot thermograms show onion peel-like progressive cooling on the plantar surface, with a medially located warm center at the instep. Thermograms of injured feet show areas of increased heat, but excessive weight-bearing pressures on feet, new shoes, or boots also cause increased infrared emission even without discomfort. Differentiation remains difficult; however, thermography can detect injury early. It does not reveal exact diagnoses, but its greatest benefit is easy ! follow-up to monitor severity and healing. Publication Type Clinical Trial. Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal Article.

Result <11> Unique Identifier 11149059 Status MEDLINE Authors Reynolds K. Williams J. Miller C. Mathis A. Dettori J. Authors Full Name Reynolds, K. Williams, J. Miller, C. Mathis, A. Dettori, J. Institution U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA. Title Injuries and risk factors in an 18-day Marine winter mountain training exercise. Source Military Medicine. 165(12):905-10, 2000 Dec. Abstract OBJECTIVES: This study determined the incidence of and risk factors for injuries among 356 Marines during a winter mountain training exercise. METHODS: Marines received a podiatry screening and completed a questionnaire on race, education, tobacco use, height, weight, and fitness (4.8-km run, sit-ups, pull-ups). RESULTS: Forty-five Marines (12.6%) reported at least one injury each, 68.9% of which were traumatic injuries. Total injuries resulted in 114 days of limited duty time. A final foot examination (N = 141) revealed 118 injuries (82.2% blisters and abrasions, 11.9% frostnip). White ethnicity was a risk factor for overall injuries, and forefoot varus alignment was a risk factor for traumatic injuries. Lower education and rank and smokeless tobacco use were associated with foot injuries. The Marine ski-march leather boot and smoking were related to foot cold injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Military winter training is associated with injuries and lost training time. Risk factors ! were identified, suggesting that these injuries may be preventable. Publication Type Journal Article.

Result <12> Unique Identifier 10050563 Status MEDLINE Authors Knapik JJ. Reynolds K. Barson J. Authors Full Name Knapik, J J. Reynolds, K. Barson, J. Institution U.S. Army Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology Program, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21040, USA. Title Risk factors for foot blisters during road marching: tobacco use, ethnicity, foot type, previous illness, and other factors. Source Military Medicine. 164(2):92-7, 1999 Feb. Abstract Three hundred thirty-nine freshmen participating in cadet basic training at the U.S. Military Academy completed a questionnaire that asked them about their previous military experience, gender, ethnicity, injuries and illness experienced in the last 12 months, foot type, cigarette smoking habits, smokeless tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and sleep habits. They then performed a 21-km road march in about 6.5 hours. Their feet were examined for blisters before and after the march. Univariate analysis showed that risk factors for foot blisters included ethnicity (blacks at lower risk than others), a sickness in the last 12 months, no previous active duty military experience, use of smokeless tobacco, and flat feet (pes planus). Logistic regression indicated that all of these were independent blister risk factors with the exception of no previous active duty military experience. Publication Type Journal Article.