McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)

Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods pg.12 Part 1 due September 16 Definition of Psychology Function of psychologists + (problem solving) Process of Psychological Research Empiricism Overt and Covert Behavior 4 Basic principles of Critical Thinking

Pg 15-16 Research Specialties –Label and define Goals of psychology Basic Questions of psychology

Note Psychology’s Family Album: * = special emphasis (know these Wilhelm Wundt-1879 (Introspection) guys… Edward Titchner- 1880s (Structuralism) William James- 1890 (Functionalism) *John B. Watson- 1958 (Behaviorism) *B. F. Skinner- 1950s + (Operant Conditioning- Cognitive Behaviorism)

*Max Wertheimer- 1920-40 (Gestalt psychology “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”) *Sigmund Freud -1900-1939 (Psycho-analysis) Neo-Freudians: Adler Horney Jung Rank Erikson

*Carl Rogers and *Abraham Maslow -1950-70 (Humanistic Psychology)

Define the Five ways to look at Behavior: Psychodynamic Behavioristic Humanistic Bio-psychological Cognitive What’s the difference between Psychologist and Psychiatrist? Pg 26-28

1 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)

Chapter 1 Introduction to Psychology and Research Methods (Continued) Part 2 due September 21 Outline the Scientific Method pg. 31-32

Psych Research: Naturalistic Observation Observer effect Observation Bias Anthropomorphic Error Correlational Studies Correlational Coefficient Summarize a typical Psychology Experiment Experimental Group Control Group Independent Variables Dependent Variables Extraneous Variables

Why is replication important? Meta-analysis Placebo Effect

Single Blind Experiment Double Blind Experiment Experimenter Effect What should be considered regarding surveys? How should studies and evidence be evaluated? (page 44)

Describe Pseudo-Psychology-

Read “A Step Beyond”- What are the considerations regarding Ethics in studies?

2 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)

Chapter 2 Brain and Behavior Pg. 56 Part 1

Bio-psychologist Brain Mapping Neurons Draw a picture of a neuron: Define and label the following:  Dendrites  Soma  Axon  Axon Terminals  Myelin Sheath Outline the Nerve Impulse Threshold Nerve Impulse-Action Potential What is the role of chemistry/chemicals in the neuron?

Draw an enlarged synapse- label and define the following:  Neurotransmitters  Synapse  Receptors List some of the neurotransmitters Endorphins Outline the Peripheral Nervous System: Somatic systems Autonomic System Sympathetic Parasympathetic Central Nervous System Components of the Spinal Cord What is a reflex arc and how does it work? Sensory Neuron Motor Neuron

Define Bio-psychology Clinical Study Ablation Electrical stimulation of brain may cause what behaviors? What are the following and what functions do they serve? EEG, CT Scan, MRI, P.E.T. Scan,

3 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)

Chapter 2 Brain and Behavior Pg. 68 Part 2 What is the Cerebral Cortex? Cerebrum Cerebellum Cerebral Hemispheres Corpus Callosum Create a chart of Hemisphere specialization List functions of various lobes Occipital lobes Parietal lobes Temporal lobes Wernicke’s Area Frontal lobes Motor Cortex Aphasia Broca’s Area Draw a picture and label the areas of the brain and functions. 73

Hindbrain Reticular formation

Outline the functions: Thalamus Hypothalamus

Limbic system Hippocampus Endocrine System Hormones Androgens Pituitary gland Pineal gland Thyroid gland Adrenal glands Epinephrine Nor-epinephrine What do we need to know about brain hemisphere dominance? Brain Plasticity- What is it?

4 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)

Chapter 5 “Sensation and Reality” page 174 Part 1 1. Data Reduction Systems (DRS) What do they do? 2. Tranducers 3. Sensory Analysis- Select, Analyze and Filter 4. Phosphenes 5. Sensory localization 6. How are Psycho Physics and Absolute Threshold associated? 7. How are Just Noticeable Difference (JND) and Weber’s Law Associated? 8. Describe perceptual defense 9. Limen 10. Subliminal Perception AP Outline 11. Wavelengths of Light = Visible Spectrum Threshold 12. Identify properties/function of Anatomy of the Eye: Absolute Threshold Lens Difference Threshold Retina Physical, Psychological, and Cornea physiological variables Fovea affected by thresholds Optic Nerve Iris Signal Detection Theories Pupil Absolute Threshold Theory Aqueous Humor Vitreous Humor Sensory Receptors Ciliary Muscle Transduce of energy for Sclera nervous system Cones Anatomy, Rods Function, 13. How do eye muscles help people see? Eye and ear 14. What are common characteristics related to visual defects? Color theories of vision Audition 15. Visual Acuity Perceptual acuity 16. Peripheral Vision Sensory adaptation 17. Theories of Color vision: Sensory disorders 18. Trichromatic and Opponent Process theories Deafness 19. Colorblindness Colorblindness 20. Ishihara Test 21. What is the role of Rods and cones in Light/Dark Adaptation

5 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)

Chapter 5 “Sensation and Reality” page 174 Part 2 1. How do people hear? Describe the stimulus for hearing. 2. Frequency 3. Amplitude 4. Anatomy of the Ear and hearing process: a. Pinna b. Tympanic Membrane c. Auditory Ossicles: Hammer, Anvil and Stirrup d. Cochlea e. Auditory Nerve f. Corti 5. Frequency Theory 6. Place Theory

7. Compare two types of Deafness (make a chart) 8. Tinnitus

9. Why are these known as chemical senses? 10. Sense of Smell = Olfaction Sense of Taste = Gustation

11. Anosmia 12. Lock and Key Theory 13. Pheromones 14. Taste- what’s it all about- be brief 15. Somesthetic Senses 16. Kinesthetic Senses 17. Vestibular Senses

18. Pain Reception 19. Small nerve fibers and Large nerve fibers 20. Vestibular system and balance… 21. How can people control pain? 22. Sensory Gates

6 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)

Chapter 6 Perceiving The World

Part 1. Outline AP Focus 1. Perceptual Constancies  Perception involves interpretation of the 2. Shape Constancy and Size Constancy raw materials provided by the senses. 3. How is perception empirical?  People interact with the environment to 4. What is perception? organize experiential data. 5. Perceptual Organization –  There are perceptual constancies that 6. Contrasts and Figure Ground perception create perceptual stability.  There are perceptual constancies that 7. Gestalt Principles (6 of them) create perceptual stability. 8. Perceptual hypothesis  Three dimensional world can be created in 9. Camouflage a two dimensional retinal image 10. How do we create perceptual hypotheses?  Perception of Motion  *** The Role of experience and culture 11. How are perceptions ambiguous? affects perception  Familiar and unfamiliar patterns 12. Depth Perception (What is it?):  Perception can be learned 13. Visual Cliff  Attention 14. Muscular cues  Perceptual Processes 15. Stereoscopic Vision

16. Pictorial Depth Cues (what are they? How do they work?) 17. Stereoscopic vision 18. Retinal Disparity

19. Pictorial Views of Depth 20. How does perceptual learning function? 21. Ames Room 22. Perceptual features 23. Size Distance Invariance

24. Selective Attention and Divided Attention how are they different? 25. What factors of perception would a psychologist of advertising want to use? 26. Habituation and adaptation- how are they similar? 27. Orientation Responses- How do you know people are receptive to stimuli? 28. How are perceptual expectancies important?

7 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)

Chapter 15 Health, Stress, and Coping pg. 548-582

1. Big Picture definition and significance of stress-

2. Health – A. Behavior Health Risks B. Risk Factors C. Significance Chart Causes of Death page 550 D. Significance Pg 550 Chart High School Risky behavior E. Disease prone F. Health Promoting Behaviors G. Early Prevention

3. Stress A. Reinforce definition of stress and types of stress Eustress B. Biology and Stress- Autonomic nervous system C. Significance table Pg 554- Signs + symptoms of stress D. Role of Stressor and pressure E. Occupation and Burnout- how to prevent burnout F. Lazarus research and appraising stress

4. Coping A. Types of coping- problem focused and Emotion focused B. Frustration- external and Personal C. Reactions to Frustration- Hostility, Aggression, Displaced Aggression D. Conflicts- 4 basic forms- Approach-Approach, Avoidance-Avoidance, Approach- Avoidance, Multiple Conflicts E. Anxiety- Definition Defense mechanisms F. Denial, Repression, Reaction Formation, G. Regression, projection, Rationalization H. Compensation, Sublimation I. Learned Helplessness, Depression, role of hope J. Psychosomatic illness K. Type A and B personalities L. General Adaptation syndrome, alarm reaction, resistance, reaction M. Stress and the Immune System (what should we know)

5. Psychology in Action- A. What are the recommended ways to manage stress? B. Which are the best in your opinion? C. Pg 580- Summarize the wisdom of: “Coping with Frustration and Conflict”

8 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)

Chapter 3 Child Development = Developmental Psychology page 92-133

Part 1 due Developmental Psychology IX. Developmental Outline the Nature vs. Nurture Debate Psychology (7– DNA + Genes as related to behavior 9%) Human Growth Sequence- Know the period and description of each A. Life-Span Approach Example: prenatal…adolescence B. Research Methods (e.g., longitudinal, Why is Prenatal a sensitive period? (Teratogens) cross-sectional) Fetal Vulnerability C. Heredity-Environment Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Issues What do parents need to know about a healthy pregnancy? D. Developmental Lamaze- how doe this work psychologically? Theories Physiology of a new born brain E. Dimensions of What can be understood about: deprivation and enhanced stimulation? Development: List and describe-Neonate Inborn behaviors 1. Physical What do we need to know about Emotional Development Patterns? 2. Cognitive Social Referencing Konrad Lorenz- and Imprinting and infants Separation anxiety/Disorder

Attachments and how to promote secure attachments Harry Harlow and Baby Monkey Study Contact Comfort Breast Feeding and psych Optimal Caregiving-Maternal and Paternal influences Diana Baumrind and Parenting Styles- Spanking: is it ok? Which type of discipline has most potential for damage? Outline Language Development and maturation Noam Chomsky vs critics Cognitive Development and Jean Piaget Piaget Stages Piaget and parenting Piaget Criticism Vygotsky-Social Cultural theory and Zone of Proximal Development Scaffolding Effective Parenting (page 126) Our parents Ingredients Problems

9 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)

Chapter 4 from Birth to Death: Life-Span Development 136 Part 1 Due WED 1. Summarize Erik Erikson’s background and theory 2. Erikson’s Developmental Life Stages- identify and list the Dilemma 3. List and identify problems of Childhood Over Protection Sibling Rivalry IX. Developmental Psychology (7– Childhood Rebellion Effects of divorce on children 9%) Toilet Training Overeating G. Life-Span Approach Anorexia Nervousa- H. Research Methods (e.g., longitudinal, Delayed Speech cross-sectional) ADHD and causes, treatment I. Heredity-Environment Issues Autism J. Developmental Theories 4. Types of child abuse. K. Dimensions of Development: 5. What are the causes of child abuse? 1. Physical Abuse Cycle 2. Cognitive 6. Preventing Child Abuse 3. Social 7. Describe issues regarding early maturation 4. Moral 8. Identify the major characteristics of Adolescence? L. Sex Roles, Sex Differences Identity Formation What is Elkind’s theory? Do you have any parent conflicts> Part 2 Due Friday 9. Outline Kohlberg’s ideas Pre-conventional Conventional Post Conventional

10. Gould and Adult development Escape from dominance Building a workable life Crises of questions Crisis of urgency Attaining Stability Mid-life crisis 11. List 6 elements of well being 12. Outline ideas of Kubler-Ross- “Death and dieing” Denial+Isolation Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance

What should we know about Bereavement and Grief? 169-71Read Approaching Death- New Pathways… 10 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)

Chapter 8 Learning Key idea: Principles of learning can be used to:  Understand behavior Learning  Manage behavior  Difference between learned and unlearned behavior What is a basic definition conditioning?  Classical Conditioning What is a basic definition of learning?  Operant conditioning Define:  Skinner, Pavlov Reinforcement  Acquisition Antecedent  Extinction Response  Spontaneous recovery Consequence  Generalization Outline everything in this chapter dealing with:  Discrimination Classical Conditioning  Higher-order conditioning Role of association in conditioning  Effects of reinforcement and Pavlov punishment Neutral stimulus (NS)  Reinforcement and Unconditioned stimulus (US) omission training Conditioned stimulus (CS)  Behavior modification Unconditioned Response (UR)  Active and passive Conditioned Response (CR) avoidance How does Classical Conditioning occur?  Cognitive Processes Acquisition  Higher Orders Conditioning- learning by association  Social Learning Expectancies  Practice, schedules, delay of Extinction and Spontaneous recovery reinforcement, motivation Generalization  Graphs used to show results Discrimination of experiments Stimulus Discrimination  Principles of learning and Conditioned Emotional Response practical applications Learned Fears and Phobias  Emotional learning  Taste aversion Operant Conditioning  Coping versus helplessness How are responses reinforced?  Biofeedback Thorndike – Law of Effect link  Self control Summarize what is meant by Voluntary responses  Biological Factors Positive Reinforcement  Biological constraints of Operant Reinforcer learning Skinner Box  Insight Shaping and approximations  Latent learning How does Operant Extinction work?  Social learning Negative Attention Seeking  Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Punishment

11 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)

Operant Reinforcers- Primary Reinforcers, Secondary Reinforcers, Token Reinforcers Social Reinforcers Schedules of Partial Reinforcement Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed interval Variable interval

Punishment and variables affecting punishment Read and identify the 3 most important considerations to “If you must punish here’s how?”pg 315 Side effects of punishment Summarize issues related to Escape Avoidance and Aggression

Define the following aspects of Cognitive Learning: Cognitive Maps Latent Learning Discovery Learning Modeling (Bandura) Observational Learning Imitating Models Modeling and Television and Aggression

12 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)

Chapter 7 States of Consciousness Pages 250-290 AP Outline “To be conscious is to be aware.” Definitions “The cerebral Cortex is the seat of human consciousness” What is consciousness? Reading Notes focus on the following:  Sleep Part 1  Stages of REM 1. What is Consciousness?  Stages of Non-REM Sleep 1. (Know a strong definition)  Functions of Sleep 2. Waking Consciousness  Dysfunctions of Sleep 3. Describe altered states of Consciousness (ASC)  Theories of Sleep 4. How does culture impact the interpretation of consciousness?  Dreaming 5. Sleep- is an innate biological rhythm 6. What should you do if you micro-sleep while driving? Variations of Consciousness 7. Sleep Deprivation and Sleep deprivation psychosis  Hypnosis 8. What is the basic sleep pattern and what are the factors associated  Meditation with it?  Daydreaming 9. How many hours do most people sleep? 10. EEG and sleep Psychoactive Drug Effects on 11. Brain waves in sleep, Alpha, Beta, Sleep spindles, Hypnic Jerk, consciousness Delta Waves, Theta Waves  Narcotics 12. Outline the Stages of sleep: 1,2,3,4, 13. REM and NREM Sleep  Depressants 14. Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia, Sleepwalking, Nightmares,  Stimulants Night Terrors  Hallucinogens 15. Chronic insomnia 16. Stimulus control Review items: 17. How might someone end a recurring nightmare? Piaget 18. Narcolepsy, Sleep Apnea Erikson 19. Calvin Hall and Dreams Aggression theory 20. Freud’s Psychodynamic Dream Theory and wish fulfillment Visual after image 21. Hobson and McCarley-The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis Functions and Parts of the brain- motor cortex, sensory cortex, Part 2 temporal loge, occipital lobe, 22. Mesmer parietal lobe 23. What are the essential elements of hypnotism process? Cerebellum 24. How can hypnotism by useful? Limbic System 25. Sensory deprivation how is it achieved and what are its purposes? Reticular Activating System 26. Hypnagogic Waves Parasympathetic Nervous system Drug Altered Consciousness – Psychoactive Drugs Research Methods 27. How do drugs affect the Brain? Survey 28. Two types of dependence Case Study 29. Drug Tolerance Experimentation 30. List the pattern of abuse= drug taking behavior Correlation study 31. List stimulants and depressants- Social Psychology choose 2 of your favorites in each category Developmental Psychology and note things you learn Clinical Psychology 32. Barbiturates do what? Acuity, Adaptation, Habituation 33. Read about alcohol- are you on path to a drinking problem? 13 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)

(see page 278) 34. Review Hallucinogens, how do they work on the brain and which are most widely used? 35. Read Psychology in Action

14 McElhaney Point Loma High 2009-2010 Coon, Dennis. Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior (Ninth Edition)

A Step Beyond: page 286 Drug Abuse: Why do people use drugs?  Curiosity,  Peer pressure to belong  Escape  Feelings of inadequacy…

Best predictor of adolescent drug use and abuse:  Having friends who use drugs  Parental drug use  Delinquency  Troubled family life  Poor self esteem  Social nonconformity  Stressful life changes

Taking drugs is a symptom of maladjustment- not necessarily a cause.

Description of adolescents who use drugs: Maladjusted Alienated Impulsive Emotionally distressed Anti-social behavior School failure Risky sexual behavior

People use drugs to cope with life Drugs produce immediate feelings of pleasure “Feel good on demand” Consequences are delayed This dynamic creates a compulsion to take drugs Lifestyle problems result from the habit and effects of the drug use

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