Human Anatomy & Physiology 1St Semester Exam Study Guide

HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 1 ST SEMESTER EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2014

*100 multiple choice questions *Study your notes!

CHAPTER 1 Organization of the Human Body Levels of organization- smallest (atom) to most complex (organism)

Life processes (textbook page 6)

Homeostasis= definition, feedback systems (positive and negative)

Aging and Homeostasis=stress and disease Anatomical terms- body regions, directional terms, body cavities, quadrants Anatomical position

CHAPTER 4 Tissues Types of tissues and their characteristics: Epithelial tissue= each type, also know the layers in order from top to bottom

Connective tissue

Muscular tissue

Nervous tissue

Mucous membranes

Tissue repair=steps of repair (first step= inflammation)

Aging and tissues

CHAPTER 5 Integumentary System Skin structure=three layers, what are they made of?

Accessory structures of the skin (hair, glands, etc.)

Functions of skin

Aging and skin

Burns (check common disorders for this info.)

CHAPTER 6 Skeletal System Functions of bone

Types of bone

Structure of Bone=bone cells, marrow, periosteum, cartilage Bone formation= in long bone, epiphysis pushed away from diaphysis, cartilage formation, vitamins and minerals Fractures- types, bone healing Bones of the body Importance of flat bones Vertebral column- sections, curves, function

Axial versus appendicular skeleton Comparison of female and male skeletons

Aging and bones

CHAPTER 7 Joints Types of joints=immovable vs. movable Structure of joints- look at picture Movement of joints depends on amount of cartilage Injury to joints can be caused by flexibility of ligaments Ligaments versus tendons Direction of movement= actions like flexion, abduction, rotation, etc. Aging and joints

CHAPTER 8 Muscular System Types and functions of muscular tissue- smooth, skeletal, cardiac

How are muscles classified?

Structure of muscular tissue- sarcomere (actin, myosin), perimysium, epimysium, endomysioum, fascicle

Process of muscle contraction- also rigor mortis, tone, muscle pulls on bone (does not push)

Relaxation of muscle Metabolism- energy (what sources are available), muscle fatigue, oxygen debt, lactic acid

Muscle recruitment

Types of muscle fibers

Control of muscle tension- definition of a twitch, how do twitches occur?

Power of a muscle= determined by the number of muscle cells available Exercise Cardiac muscle vs. Smooth muscle

Muscle Tone Vocab.= flaccid, atrophy, hypertrophy

Aging Movement

Muscles of the body and their actions (random pick)

Common disorders- page 219 in textbook

Medical terminology and conditions- page 220