1 Limestone Is a Natural Resource That Is Mainly Composed of Calcium Carbonate
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C1, Extension
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1 Limestone is a natural resource that is mainly composed of calcium carbonate. a State the formula of calcium carbonate.
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When calcium carbonate is heated strongly the following reaction occurs. calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide b What is the name given to this type of chemical reaction?
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A mixture of limestone and clay can be heated to make a useful building material. c What is the name of the building material made in this way?
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Limestone is obtained by quarrying. d In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Discuss the social, economic and environmental advantages and disadvantages of quarrying limestone.
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2 Some metals can be made by heating the metal oxide with carbon. An example is the reduction of lead oxide (PbO). lead oxide + carbon → lead + carbon dioxide a What is meant by the word reduction in this context?
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b Write a balanced symbol equation for the reduction of lead oxide by carbon.
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Some metals, such as aluminium, cannot be made by reduction with carbon. Instead, aluminium is made from molten aluminium oxide using electrolysis. c Why can aluminium not be made using the reduction of aluminium oxide by carbon?
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Electrolysis is an expensive process compared to reduction by carbon. d Suggest two reasons why electrolysis is expensive.
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Copper is another useful metal. Copper ores are running out. New processes are being used to make use of low-grade copper ores. One of these processes is called phytomining. e State what is meant by the word ore.
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f List the major steps involved in the process of phytomining.
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(Total: 10) 3 According to one theory, the early atmosphere of Earth is thought to have been a mixture of gases, mainly consisting of carbon dioxide. a What is thought to have produced these gases?
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b Name two other gases that are thought to have been present in the early atmosphere of Earth.
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Today less than 1% of the atmosphere is carbon dioxide. c In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Explain what has happened to most of the carbon dioxide that was in the early atmosphere.
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The graph below shows how the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has changed over the last thousand years.
d State what has caused the sharp increase in carbon dioxide levels since 1800.
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e Explain why rising carbon dioxide levels are thought to be a cause for concern.
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(Total: 13) 4 Crude oil is a mixture of compounds called hydrocarbons, together with a few impurities. a What is does the name hydrocarbon tell you about a compound?
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Crude oil is separated into fractions by a process called fractional distillation. b Describe how the crude oil is separated into fractions in a fractionating column.
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Hydrocarbons are used as fuels. When they burn in a plentiful supply of oxygen, the products formed are carbon dioxide and water.
c Balance the symbol equation below for the combustion of propane (C3H8).
C3H8 + ……O2 → ……CO2 + ……H2O (1) Propane is a member of one particular group of hydrocarbons. Members of this group have the general formula CnH2n+2. d What is the name given to this group of hydrocarbons?
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Eicosane and dodecane are another two members of the same group of hydrocarbons as propane. The boiling points of these hydrocarbons are shown below.
Hydrocarbon Boiling point (°C)
propane −42
eicosane 344
dodecane 216
e What do the boiling points of eicosane and dodecane tell you about the lengths of their carbon chains?
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f State one other difference in physical properties that you would expect to find between eicosane and dodecane.
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Ethanol (C2H5OH) is not a hydrocarbon, but it can be used as a fuel. One method of making ethanol is by reacting ethene (C2H4) with steam in the presence of a catalyst.
C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH Using this method, 700 kg ethene will produce 1150 kg ethanol. g What exact mass of water (in the form of steam) would be needed to make 1150 kg ethanol from 700 kg ethene?
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Ethene is more reactive than propane, eicosane and dodecane, because it is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. h Explain what is meant by an unsaturated hydrocarbon.
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5 Mayonnaise is a popular ingredient in sandwiches. It can be made by mixing together vegetable oil, vinegar and egg yolk. Oil and vinegar (which is water-based) do no normally mix together. The egg yolk binds them together so that a creamy mixture, mayonnaise, is formed. The mayonnaise does not separate out into layers, like oil and vinegar usually do, but stays mixed as an emulsion.
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a What name is given to a substance, such as egg yolk, that can allow oil and vinegar to stay mixed in this way?
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b Suggest two advantages that an emulsion like mayonnaise has over oil and vinegar alone.
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The egg yolk in mayonnaise works because it contains molecules that have a hydrophilic ‘head’ and a hydrophobic ‘tail’.
hydrophobic tail hydrophilic head
c State what is meant by the word hydrophilic.
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d Explain how these molecules help to stabilise emulsions by making oil droplets soluble in water.
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The vegetable oils used in mayonnaise are often unsaturated. e Describe how you would test a vegetable oil to see if it is unsaturated. You should state which reagent you would use and what the result of a positive test would be.
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Some people prefer to eat mayonnaise that is made with unsaturated oils rather than saturated oils. f Suggest why people might prefer to eat unsaturated oils.
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