Prepared by Dr. Jason Baker, Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University

Drug Class Mode of Action Spectrum Example drugs Toxicity/ Problems/ Other Comments sulfonamides metabolic pathway Broad bactrim (with synthetic to nucleic acid syn. trimethoprim) allergies septra quinolones nucleic acid syn. Broad norfloxicin inhibit cartilage dev.? (fluoroquinolones) ciprofloxicin Synthetic nalidixic acid very popular penicillins cell wall syn. Pen.- G+ same, ampicillin, resistance, allergies others- all bacteria methacillin, (beta-lactam amoxicillin structure) cephalosporins cell wall syn. Narrow and broad keflex fewer allergies (4 generations with duricef most-used worldwide various spectra) cephalothin (beta-lactam structure) carbapenems cell wall syn. Broad imipenem Allergies (beta-lactam structure) popular aminoglycosides protein synth. Mostly G- streptomycin hearing damage gentamicin kidney damage neomycin(in triple treat CF patients antibiotic cream) injected/surface tetracyclines protein synth. Broad doxycycline deposits in bone (bacteriostatic) causing discoloration macrolides protein synth. Mostly G+ ------erythromycin allergies Broad ------clarithromycin penicillin sub. (bacteriostatic) azithromycin GI disruption vancomycin cell wall syn. G+ cocci vancomycin high toxicity (hearing and kidneys) chloramphenicol protein synth. Broad chloramphenicol high toxicity anemia isoniazid cell wall syn. Mycobacterium isoniazid liver damage (mycolic acid) ethambutol cell wall syn. Mycobacterium ethambutol high toxicity (vison) rifampin nucleic acid syn. Mycobacterium rifampin orange body fluids liver damage

(in triple antibiotic cream) bacitracin cell wall syn. G+ bacitracin kidney damage (peptide)

polymyxin cell membrane G- Polymyxin B (in triple antibiotic cream) kidney damage (peptide)

polyenes cell membrane Anti-fungal amphotericin B kidney toxicity, disruption (bind nystatin vaginal and systemic ergosterol) yeast infections imidazoles inh. ergosterol superficial fungi of ketoconazole athlete’s foot and “azoles” production epithelia intraconazole vaginal treatment, (cell membrane miconazole mild liver damage disruption) fluconazole echinocandins Cell wall syn. Certain fungi caspofungin Only one on market

griseofulvin blocks mitosis superficial fungi of same taken orally the nails, skin, hair

flucytosine Nucleic acid syn. Few fungi same Only toxic after fungal cell converts to toxic form

nucleotide analogs nucleic acid syn. Anti-viral AZT herpes and HIV acyclovir treatment

neuraminidase block viral release anti-influenza TamifluTM stops influenza inhibitors from host cell RelenzaTM spread to new host cells enzyme inhibitors block vital anti-viral saquinavir often in combination uncoating or with nucleotide assembly enzymes analogs for HIV interferons stimulates anti-viral anti-viral same natural peptide protein production product of leukocytes in cells and fibroblasts; good against some Hepatitis viruses

Prepared by Dr. Jason Baker, Department of Biology, Missouri Western State University