Countries Codebook (Through 8-1-01)

Doing Empirical Political Research

Countries Codebook

1. “COUNTRY” (Country Name) Country name. Source: Derived from Table: Indicators on human settlements

2. “POLRIGHT” (Political Rights score, 1999-2000) Seven-point scale measuring political rights, 1999-2000. Sources: Table: Table of Countries: Comparative Measures of Freedom and Table: Table of Related Territories: Comparative Measures of Freedom

Note: According to , “1 represents the most free and 7 the least free category”

3. “CIVILLIB” (Civil Liberties score, 1999-2000) Seven-point scale measuring civil liberties, 1999-2000. Sources: Table: Table of Countries: Comparative Measures of Freedom and Table: Table of Related Territories: Comparative Measures of Freedom

Note: According to , “1 represents the most free and 7 the least free category”

4. “FREESTAT” (Freedom Status, 1999-2000) Three-point scale based on combination of political rights score and civil liberties score. Sources: Table: Table of Countries: Comparative Measures of Freedom and Table: Table of Related Territories: Comparative Measures of Freedom

Scale: 1-Free 2-Partly Free 3-Not Free

5. “ECONFREE” (Index of Economic Freedom Overall Score, 2001) Five-point scale of index of economic freedom assigned to country. Sources: Table: Index of Economic Freedom through search at Note: According to detailed analysis of “Overall Score” at , “The scales run from 1 to 5: A score of 1 signifies an institutional or consistent set of policies that are most conducive to economic freedom, while a score of 5 signifies a set of policies that are least conducive...The four broad categories of economic freedom in the Index are: Free—countries with an average overall score of 1.95 or less; Mostly Free—countries with an average overall score of 2.00 to 2.95; Mostly Unfree—countries with an average overall score of 3.00 to 3.95; and Repressed—countries with an average overall score of 4.00 or higher.”

6. “URBANPOP” (Percent of population in urban areas, 2000) Percent of population in urban areas, 2000. Source: Table: Indicators on human settlements

7. “PRESSSCO” (Total press freedom score for broadcast and print, 1999) Total press freedom score for broadcast and print, 1999 Source: COUNTRY RATINGS Press Freedom Worldwide January 1, 1999

Scale (according to ): 0-30 - Free 31-60 - Partly Free 61-100 - Not Free

8. “REGBROAD” (Score for regulations on broadcast media content, 1999) “Laws and regulations that influence media content” Source: COUNTRY RATINGS Press Freedom Worldwide January 1, 1999

Note on scale: According to , 0-15 (“the lower the number, the freer the media”)

9. “REGPRINT” (Score for regulations on print media content, 1999) “Laws and regulations that influence media content” Source: COUNTRY RATINGS Press Freedom Worldwide January 1, 1999

Note on scale: According to : 0-15 (“the lower the number, the freer the media”)

10. “POLPRESBR” (Score for political pressures on broadcast media content, 1999) “Political pressures and controls on media content” Source: COUNTRY RATINGS Press Freedom Worldwide January 1, 1999 Note on scale: According to , 0-15 (“the lower the number, the freer the media”)

11. “POLPRESPR” (Score for political pressures on print media content, 1999) “Political pressures and controls on media content” Source: COUNTRY RATINGS Press Freedom Worldwide January 1, 1999

12. “ECONINBR” (Score for economic influence on broadcast media content, 1999) “Economic influences over media content” Source: COUNTRY RATINGS Press Freedom Worldwide January 1, 1999

13. “ECONINPR” (Score for economic influence on print media content, 1999) “Economic influences over media content” Source: COUNTRY RATINGS Press Freedom Worldwide January 1, 1999

14. “REPACTBR” (Score for repressive acts against broadcast media, 1999) “Repressive actions (killing journalists, physical violence, censorship, self-censorship, arrests, etc.) Source: COUNTRY RATINGS Press Freedom Worldwide January 1, 1999

Note on scale: According to : 0-5 (“the lower the number, the freer the media”)

15. “REPACTPR” (Score for repressive acts against print media, 1999) “Repressive actions (killing journalists, physical violence, censorship, self-censorship, arrests, etc.) Source: COUNTRY RATINGS Press Freedom Worldwide January 1, 1999

Note on scale: According to : 0-5 (“the lower the number, the freer the media”) 16. “DEATHPEN” (Status of death penalty) Status of death penalty. Source: Table: The Death Penalty Worldwide

Note: According to , the four categories of the status of the death penalty are as follows: “Death Penalty Outlawed” “De Facto Ban on Death Penalty” “Death Permitted in Exceptional Cases” “Death Penalty Permitted”

Scale: 1- Death Penalty Outlawed 2- De Facto Ban on Death Penalty 3- Death Penalty Permitted in Exceptional Cases 4- Death Penalty Permitted

17. “CORRUPT” (Transparency International 2001 Corruption Perceptions Index) Transparency International 2001 Corruption Perceptions Index Source: Table: The 2001 Corruption Perceptions Index

Note: According to , “2001 CPI Score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people, academics and risk analysts, and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and 0 (highly corrupt).”

Also, “Note on the Bangladesh score: Data for this country in 2001 was available from only three independent survey sources, and each of these yielded very different results. While the composite score is 0.4, the range of individual survey results is from –1.7 to +3.8. This is a greater range than for any other country. TI stresses, therefore, that this result needs to be viewed with caution.”

18. “VAP” (Measure of average voter turnout during the 1990s (VAP%)) Measure of average voter turnout during the 1990s (VAP%) Source: Table I. Turnout over time: Advances and retreats in electoral participation: All countries: Ranking of average turnout in the 1990s

19. “INFAMORT” (Infant mortality per 1,000 live births, 2000.) Infant mortality per 1,000 live births, 2000 Sources: ; original search screen address: Table 010. Infant Mort Rates & Life Exp at Birth, by Sex 20. “LIFEXPEC” (Life expectancy at birth in years, 2000) Life expectancy at birth in years, 2000 Sources: ; original search screen address: Table 010. Infant Mort Rates & Life Exp at Birth, by Sex

21. “BIRTH” (Births per 1,000 population, 2000) Births per 1,000 population, 2000 Sources: ; original search screen address: Table 008: Vital Rates and Events

22. “DEATH” (Deaths per 1,000 population, 2000) Deaths per 1,000 population, 2000. Sources: ; original search screen address: Table 008: Vital Rates and Events

23. “RATENAIN” (Rate of natural increase (percent), 2000) Rate of natural increase (percent), 2000. Sources: ; original search screen address: Table 008: Vital Rates and Events

24. “ANRATEGR” (Annual rate of growth (percent), 2000) Annual rate of growth (percent), 2000. Sources: ; original search screen address: Table 008: Vital Rates and Events

25. “FERTRATE” (Total fertility rate (per woman), 2000) Total fertility rate (per woman), 2000. Sources: ; original search screen address: Table 028: Total Fertility Rate

26. “URBCHNGE” (Average annual rate of change in population (%) (Urban), 1995-2000) Average annual rate of change in population (%), 1995-2000 (Urban) Source: Table: Indicators on human settlements

27. “RURCHNGE” (Average annual rate of change in population (%) (Rural), 1995-2000) Average annual rate of change in population (%), 1995-2000 (Rural) Source: Table: Indicators on human settlements 28. “POPPOVLN” (Percent of population below poverty line, various years) Percent of population below poverty line, various years Source: Table: Population below poverty line Note: Syria listed as 15%-25% in source; appears as 20% in data set

29. “INFLRATE” (Inflation rate, various years) Inflation rate, various years Source: Table: Inflation rate (consumer prices)

30. “GDP98" (Total GDP of country in millions of dollars, 1998) Total GDP of country in millions of dollars, 1998 Source: Table 4.2. Structure of output

31. “AGRICGDP” (Agriculture (value added) as percent of GDP, 1998) Agriculture (value added) as percent of GDP, 1998 Source: Table 4.2. Structure of output

32. “INDUSGDP” (Industry (value added) as percent of GDP, 1998) Industry (value added) as percent of GDP, 1998 Source: Table 4.2. Structure of output

33. “MANUFGDP” (Manufacturing (value added) as percent of GDP, 1998) Manufacturing (value added) as percent of GDP, 1998 Source: Table 4.2. Structure of output

34. “SERVIGDP” (Services (value added) as percent of GDP, 1998) Services (value added) as percent of GDP, 1998 Source: Table 4.2. Structure of output

35. “URBGRWTH” (Rate of urban population growth (% per annum), 1990-1999) Rate of Urban Population Growth (% per annum, 1990-99) Source: search using InfoNation through

36. “POPDENS” (Population density - people per square kilometers, 1998) Population density - “people per square kilometers”, 1998 Sources: Table 1.1. Size of the economy and Table 1.6 Key indicators for other economies

37. “WOMCONTR” (Percentage of contraceptive use (all methods) married women of childbearing age, published 1997) Percentage of contraceptive use (all methods) married women of childbearing age, published 1997 Source: Kurian, G. T. (1997). The illustrated book of world rankings. Armonk, NY : Sharpe Reference. Table 29. Users of Contraceptives, p. 41

38. “ABORTREQ” (Status of whether or not abortion is available on request, 1999) Status of whether or not abortion is available on request, 1999 Source: World Abortion Policies 1999: Tables for Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean, Northern America, and Oceania

Scale: 1-Yes 2-No

39. “RADIOS” (Persons per radio receiver, published 1997) Persons per radio receiver, published 1997 Source: Kurian, G. T. (1997). The illustrated book of world rankings. Armonk, NY : Sharpe Reference. Table 271. Persons Per Radio Receiver, p. 334

40. “TELEPHON” (Telephone per capita, published 1997) Number of telephones per capita, published 1997 Source: Kurian, G. T. (1997). The illustrated book of world rankings. Armonk, NY : Sharpe Reference. Table 164. Telephone Per Capita, p. 212

41. “NEWSPAPR” (Daily newspaper circulation per 1000 persons, published 1997) Daily newspaper circulation per 1000 persons, published 1997 Source: Kurian, G. T. (1997). The illustrated book of world rankings. Armonk, NY : Sharpe Reference. Table 268. Daily Newspaper Circulation, p. 331

42. “POPEDULV” (Population age 25 and over with third level education (%), published 1997) Population age 25 & over with third level education (%), published 1997 Source: Kurian, G. T. (1997). The illustrated book of world rankings. Armonk, NY : Sharpe Reference. Table 236. Academic Attainment, p. 295

43. “FREEMRKT” (Level to which country is free market or state regulated, 2001) Five-point scale of level to which country is free market or state regulated, 2001 Sources: Table: Index of Economic Freedom through search at

Note: According to detailed analysis of “Regulation” at , the following is the “Regulation Grading Scale”:

1 - “Very low - Existing regulations straightforward and applied uniformly to all businesses; regulations not much of a burden for business; corruption nearly nonexistent.” 2 - “Low - Simple licensing procedures; existing regulations relatively straightforward and applied uniformly most of the time, but still burdensome in some instances; corruption, although possible, rare and not a problem.” 3 - “Moderate - Complicated licensing procedure; regulations impose substantial burden on business; existing regulations may be applied haphazardly and in some instances are not even published by the government; corruption can be present and poses some minor strain on businesses.” 4 - “High - Government-set production quotas and some state planning; major barriers to opening a business; complicated licensing process; very high fees; bribes sometimes necessary; corruption present and burdensome; regulations impose a great burden on business.” 5 - “Very high - Government impedes the creation of new businesses; corruption rampant; regulations applied randomly.”

Scale: 1 – very low 2 – low 3 – moderate 4 – high 5 – very high

44. “FEMMANAG” (Percent of females in administrative or managerial positions, 2000) Percent of females in administrative or managerial positions, 2000 Source: Table 3. Gender empowerment measure

45. “AVHOUSIZ” (Average household size, published 1997) Average household size, published 1997 Source: Kurian, G. T. (1997). The illustrated book of world rankings. Armonk, NY : Sharpe Reference. Table 20. Average Household Size, pp. 31-32

46. “INDABORT” (Number of legally induced abortions per 100 live births, published 1997) Number of legally induced abortions per 100 live births, published 1997 Source: Kurian, G. T. (1997). The illustrated book of world rankings. Armonk, NY : Sharpe Reference. Table 27. Legal Induced Abortions, p. 39

47. “MILEXGDP” (Military expenditures as a percent of GDP, various years) Military expenditures as a percent of GDP, various years Source: Table: Military expenditures - percent of GDP Note: North Korea listed as 25%-33% in source; appears as 29% in data set

48. “FOODPRIN” (Food production per capita growth rate (%), 1979-1993) Food production per capita growth rate (%), 1979-1993 Source :Kurian, G. T. (1997). The illustrated book of world rankings. Armonk, NY : Sharpe Reference. Table: Food Production Per Capita Growth Rate, p. 149

49. “CRIMERTE” (Crime rate per 100,000 population, published 1997) Crime rate per 100,000 population, published 1997 Source: Kurian, G. T. (1997). The illustrated book of world rankings. Armonk, NY : Sharpe Reference. Table 256. Crime Rate, pp. 315-316

50. “LITERACY” (Literacy as percent of total population, various years) Literacy as percent of total population, various definitions, various years Source: Table: Literacy

51. “VOICACCT” (Voice and Accountability, 1999) Voice and accountability as a measure of quality of governance, based on data from 1997-1998. Source: through

Note: According to Excel file available from , “The six governance indicators in this worksheet are measured in units ranging from about -2.5 to 2.5, with higher values corresponding to better governance outcomes.”

52. “POLISTAB” (Political Stability/Lack of Violence, 1999) Political stability and lack of violence as a measure of quality of governance, based on data from 1997-1998. Source: through

53. “GOVTEFF” (Government Effectiveness, 1999)

Government effectiveness as a measure of quality of governance, based on data from 1997-1998. Source: through

54. “REGFRAME” (Regulatory Framework, 1999) Regulatory framework as a measure of quality of governance, based on data from 1997- 1998. Source: through

55. “RULELAW” (Rule of Law, 1999) Rule of law as a measure of quality of governance, based on data from 1997-1998. Source: through

56. “CONTCORR” (Control of Corruption, 1999) Control of corruption as a measure of quality of governance, based on data from 1997- 1998. Source: through

57. “ONLINE” (Percent of population online, various years) Percent of population online, various years Source: How many online?: Tables for Africa, Asia/Pacific, Europe, Middle East, Canada & USA, and Latin America

58. “CIGARETT” (Cigarette consumption per adult (annual average), 1992-1998) Cigarette consumption per adult (annual average), 1992-1998 Source: Table 7. Leading global health crises and challenges: Cigarette consumption per adult (annual average) 1992-98.

Note: According to , Cigarette consumption per adult (annual average) 1992-98 refers to “The sum of production and imports minus exports of cigarettes divided by the population aged 15 and above.”

59. “GINI” (Gini index, calculated based on data from various years) Gini index, calculated based on data from various years Source: Table 12. Inequality in income or consumption: Inequality measures: Gini index

Note: According to , the Gini index “Measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or consumption) among individuals or households within a country deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A value of 0 represents perfect equality, a value of 100 perfect inequality.

60. ‘TOTARMED” (Total armed forces (Index, 1985=100), 1999) Total armed forces (Index, 1985=100), 1999 Source: Table 19. Refugees and armaments: Total armed forces (Index, 1985=100), 1999

Note: According to , total armed forces refers to “Strategic, land, naval, air, command, administrative and support forces. Also included are paramilitary forces such as the gendarmerie, customs service and border guard, if these are trained in military tactics.

61. “GDI” (Gender-related development index, calculated based on data from various years) Gender-related development index, calculated based on data from various years Source: Table 21. Gender-related development index: Gender-related development index (GDI) value

Note: According to , Gender-related development index is “A composite index measuring average achievement in the three basic dimensions captured in the human development index – a long and health life, knowledge and a decent standard of living – adjusted to account for inequalities between men and women…”

62. “GEM” (Gender empowerment measure, calculated based on data from various years) Gender empowerment measure, calculated based on data from various years Source: Table 22. Gender empowerment measure: Gender empowerment measure (GEM) Value

Note: According to , Gender empowerment measure value is “A composite index measuring gender inequality in three basic dimensions of empowerment – economic participation and decision- making, political participation and decision-making and power over economic resources…”

63. “WOMMINLV” (Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total), 1999) Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total), 1999 Source: Table 25. Women’s political participation: Women in government at ministerial level (as % of total) 1999

64. “TAI” (Technology achievement index, calculated based on data from various years) Technology achievement index, calculated based on data from various years Sources: Table 30. Technology achievement index: Technology achievement index (TAI) value and HDR 2001 Errata for Singapore

Note: According to , Technology achievement index is “A composite index based on eight indicators in four dimensions: technology creation, diffusion of recent innovations, diffusion of old innovations and human skills…”

65. “MNYRSCHL” (Mean years of schooling (age 15 and above), 2000) Mean years of schooling (age 15 and above), 2000 Source: Table 31. Investment in technology creation: Mean years of schooling (age 15 and above), 2000

Note: According to , Mean years of schooling refers to “The average number of years of school attained by the population aged 15 and above.”

66. “CELLSUBS” (Cellular mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people), 1999) Cellular mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people), 1999 Source: Table 33. Diffusion of technology: Information and communications: Cellular mobile subscribers (per 1,000 people), 1999

Note: According to , Cellular mobile subscribers refer to “People subscribing to a communications service in which voice or data are transmitted by radio frequencies.” 67. “HIVAIDS” (Adults living with HIV/AIDS (% age 15-49), 1999) Adults living with HIV/AIDS (% age 15-49), 1999 Sources: Table 7. Leading global health crises and challenges: People living with HIV/AIDS: Adults (% age 15-49) 1999 and Table 28. Basic indicators for other UN member countries

Note: According to , People living with HIV/AIDS are “The estimated number of people living with HIV/AIDS at the end of the year specified.”

68. “WOMVOTE” (Year women received right to vote) Year women received right to vote Source: Table 25. Women’s political participation: Year women received right to vote

Note: According to , “Data refer to the year in which right to vote or stand for election on a universal and equal basis was recognized. Where two years are shown, the first refers to the first partial recognition of the right to vote or stand for election.” In this data set, the later of the two years, when full recognition was given, is included in the data set.

Also, according to , “Women’s right to vote and stand for election has not been recognized” in the following countries: Brunei Darussalam, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Erimates. In addition, “Brunei Darussalam, Oman, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia have never had a parliament.”

69. “GDPPC99” (GDP per capita (PPP US$), 1999) GDP per capita (PPP US$), 1999 Sources: Table 1. Human development index: GDP per capita in (PPP US$), 1999 and Table 28 Basic indicators for other UN member countries

Note: According to , GDP is gross domestic product and PPP is purchasing power parity.

70. “HDI1999” (Human development index, 1999) Human development index, 1999 Source: Table 1. Human development index: Human development index (HDI) value, 1999

Note: According to , Human development index is “A composite index measuring average achievement in three basic dimension of human development –a long and healthy life, knowledge and a decent standard of living…”

71. “RICH10” (Richest 10% share of income or consumption, various years) Richest 10% share of income or consumption, various years Source: Table 12. Inequality in income or consumption: Share of income or consumption (%): Richest 10%

Note: According to , Richest 10% share of income or consumption (%) is “Based on national household surveys covering various years. Consumption surveys produce lower levels of inequality between poor and rich than do income surveys, as poor people generally consume a greater share of their income. Because data come from surveys covering different years and using different methodologies, comparison between countries must be made with caution.”

72. “WOMPARL” (Seats in parliament held by women (as % of total), 2001) Seats in parliament held by women (as % of total), 2001 Source: Table 22. Gender empowerment measure: Seats in parliament held by women (as % of total)

Note: According to , seats in parliament held by women “Refers to seats held by women in a lower or single house or an upper house or senate, where relevant.” Also, “Data are as of 8 March 2001.”

73. “EDUGNP” (Public expenditure on education (as % of GNP), 1995-1997) Public expenditure on education (as % of GNP), 1995-1997 Source: Table 9. Commitment to education: public spending: Public expenditure on education (as % of GNP), 1995-1997

Note: According to , public expenditure on education refers to “Public spending on public education plus subsidies to private education at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. It includes expenditure at every level of administration –central, regional and local…”

74. “WTTARIFF” (Weighted mean tariff (%) - All products, various years) Source: Table 6.6. Tariff barriers

Note: According to , “Weighted mean tariff is the average of effectively applied rates weighted by the product import shares corresponding to each partner country.” Also, according to , “Data [for South Africa] refer to the South African Customs Union (Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland).”

75. “TRADEGRW” (Growth in real trade less growth in real GDP (percentage points), 1989- 1999) Source: Table 6.1. Integration with the global economy

Note: According to , “Growth in real trade less growth in real GDP is the difference between annual growth in trade of goods and services and annual growth in GDP. Growth rates are calculated using constant price series taken from national accounts and are expressed as a percentage.”

76. “IMPORTAR” (Arms trade imports, % of total imports, 1997) Source: < http://www.worldbank.org/data/wdi2001/pdfs/tab5_7.pdf> Table 5.7. Defense expenditures and trade in arms

Note: According to , “Arms trade comprises exports and imports of military equipment usually referred to as “conventional,” including weapons of war, parts thereof, ammunition, support equipment, and other commodities designed for military use.”

77. “INTERDIS” (Total International Disputes, Global Rank Score, 1999-2000) Sources: , Table: Total International Disputes

Note: According to , “International disputes are defined by the CIA World Factbook to include a wide range of situations that range from traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral claims of one sort of another. The Total International Disputes variable counts the total annual number of international disputes that appear annually in the CIA World Factbook. In cases where a country claims a territory that is also claimed by a number of other countries, disputes are counted for each of the other countries individually. If a country has multiple disputes with another country, again these are counted separately. For the global rank based index (nine point scale) of the Total International Disputes variable, where 1 is ‘no disputes’ and 9 is ‘many disputes.’” Also, according to , “For indexes like (2-3), an average was calculated (I.e 2.5) in order to determine the GRS.”

78. “ARMEDCON” (Armed Conflict, Global Rank Score) Source: Table: Armed Conflict

Note: According to , “Indexes like (2-3) were converted into their average (2.5) in order to calculate the GRS.”

79. “ECONORG” (Economic Organizations, Global Rank Score, 2000) Source: , Table: Economic Organisations

Note: According to , “The number of organizations, based on CIA World Factbook data on memberships, coded by the CIFP as having a mandate focusing primarily on economic matters. To construct an index of membership in economic organizations, the total GDP represented by each organization (based on the total GDPs of all member states [using 1998 GDP figures at Market Prices in 1995 US$ millions]) was calculated. These organizational totals were summed for each country to provide an indication of the strength of the Economic Organizations to which the country belonged. Countries were sorted from highest to lowest, divided into nine equal categories, and then assigned numbers ranging from 1 to 9 based on the category to which they belonged (where 1 = High Membership and 9 = Low Membership).”