Period 6 (1900-Present) Study Guide 1

Period 6 (1900-Present) Study Guide 1 Unit 6 Study Guide: This is not keyed to the chapters in your book, so you will have to do some looking to find these!

6.1 Science and Environment: Rapid advances in Science altered the understanding of the universe and developed new technology which changed how people saw and communicated with each other.

6.1.1 There were rapid advances in science that spread throughout the world, assisted by new technology:

A) What were some new modes of communication and transportation that virtually eliminated the problem of geographic distance? Give at least 5

B) Briefly describe the new science models that changed human understanding of the world including the person responsible for it:

a. Theory of relativity:

b. Big Bang Theory:

c. Psychology: roots in Period 5 with Freud:

C) How did the Green Revolution change food production and chemically/genetically produced agriculture?

D) What medical innovations increased ability of humans to survive? What effects did they have? (think big ideas like antiseptic, antibiotics, penicillin, polio vaccine)

E) How did energy production change in period 6? Think about the progression through fossil fuels

6.1.2 Huge population growth in Period 6 leads to drain on the environment.

A) What is the link between global warming and increased population?

B) What affects does global warming have on the environment?

C) What is the link between high population and clean water and air? Period 6 (1900-Present) Study Guide 2 6.1.3 Disease, scientific innovations and conflict lead to demographic shifts.

A) Diseases associated with poverty continue. Pandemics continue,

a. Outbreaks of Cholera were prevalent where, when why?

b. Briefly describe the 1918 influenza pandemic:

B) Improved military technology and new tactics increased levels of wartime casualties.

a. What were four new weapons of WWI?

b. What were the political, economic and demographic effects of the use of the atomic bomb by the USA on Japan during WW II?

c. What were the affects of the new tactic of trench warfare on WWI?

d. What was the affects of the new tactic of the use of Agent Orange in SE Asia during the Vietnam Conflict?

6.2 Global Conflicts and their Consequences: At the beginning of Per 6 Europe dominated global political order. Over the course of the period, people in states around the world challenged this order, seeking to redistribute power while Europe tried to maintain the status quo. This conflict led to unprecedented wars and human casualties.

6.2.1 At the beginning of 20th century Europe dominated the political order both on land and sea but this changed by the end of the century.

A) Older land based empires of Ottoman, Russia and Qing collapsed due to internal and external factors. (Think in terms of economic hardships, political/social discontent, technological stagnation and military defeat)

a. Why did the Ottoman Empire fall and was dissolved at WWI? (Include Crimea, Egypt in answer)

b. What led to the Russian Revolt which saw Kerensky and later Lenin take power? (think about the czar & WWI) Period 6 (1900-Present) Study Guide 3 c. What led to the defeat of the Qing Dynasty in China?

B) Some colonies negotiated their independence.

a. How did India gain its independence in 1948 from Britain?

b. How did the Gold Coast of Africa gain its independence from Britain?

C) Some colonies achieved independence through war.

a. Briefly describe Algerian independence from France.

b. Briefly describe Vietnam’s independence from France.

6.2.2 New ideas of anti-Imperialism contributed to the dissolution of empires and creation of new states.

A) Nationalism leaders in Asia and Africa challenged imperial rule.

a. How did Mohandas Gandhi achieve nationalism in India? What methods did he use?

b. How did Ho Chi Minh achieve nationalism in Vietnam? What methods did he use?

c. How did Kwame Nkrumah achieve nationalism in Ghana?

B) Transnational movements sought to unite people across national boundaries. How did communism link Eastern Europe post WWII?

6.2.3 Political changes were accompanied by major demographic and social consequences.

A) The redrawing of old colonial boundaries led to population resettlements.

a. How did population shift as a result of the India/Pakistan partition? Period 6 (1900-Present) Study Guide 4

b. How did population shift as a result of the Zionist Jewish settlement of Palestine (creating Israel in 1948)?

C) The migration of former colonial subjects to the former empire maintained cultural and economic ties between the colony and the empire even after the dissolution of the empire.

a. Examples: South Asian migrated to ______

b. Algerians migrated to ______

c. Filipinos migrated to ______

D) The proliferation of conflicts led to many forms of ethnic violence and the displacement of people resulting in refugee populations.

a. Briefly describe the ethnic violence in each of the following. Where did it happen? When? Why? Effects?

a.i. Armenia:

a.ii. The Holocaust:

a.iii. Cambodia:

a.iv. Rwanda:

b. Briefly describe the displacement of peoples. Include above plus WHERE did they go?

b.i. Palestinians with the creation of Israel

b.ii. Darfur in the Sudan, Africa

6.2. 4 Military Conflicts occurred at an unprecedented rate on a global scale in per 6. Period 6 (1900-Present) Study Guide 5 A) World War I and World War II were the first “Total Wars”-governments used ideologies (fascism, nationalism, and communism) to mobilize all their state’s resources for the purpose of waging war. They also used propaganda to mobilize these people.

B) The sources of global conflict in the first half century varied. Give two examples (who/where/when) of how each of the following created global conflict:

a. imperialist expansion by European powers or Japan

b. competition for resources

c. ethnic conflict

d. great power rivalries between Great Britain and Germany

e. Nationalist ideologies

f. economic crisis created by the Great Depression

C) The global balance of economic power shifted after end of WWII and rapidly evolved into the cold war.

What two states emerge as superpowers during the cold war name the state and the basic ideology of each that was also a competing factor of the Cold War:

E) Define the following new military alliances created by the Cold War:

a. NATO

b. Warsaw Pact

c. These alliances led to proxy wars in Latin America, Africa and Asia

F) The dissolution of the Soviet Union effectively ended the Cold War.

6.2.4 Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups—including states—opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified conflicts

A) Groups and individuals challenged many wars of the century and some promoted nonviolent as a way to bring about change.

a. How did the following challenge war?

a.i. Example: Thich Quang Duc burned himself (self-immolation) in protest to the persecution of Buddhists in South Vietnam in 1963

a.ii. Picasso in his Guernica Period 6 (1900-Present) Study Guide 6

a.iii. Antinuclear movement during the Cold

b. Briefly describe Examples of nonviolence

b.i. Gandhi in India:

b.ii. Martin Luther King in USA

B) Briefly describe how the following groups or individuals promoted alternatives to European(western) rule. When/hos

a. Communist leader Lenin in Russia

b. Communist leader Mao Zedong in China

c. Anti-Apartheid movement in South Africa

d. Tiananmen Square protesters that promoted democracy in China

C) Militaries and militarized states often responded to the rising conflicts in ways that further intensified conflict. Briefly describe the following ways that conflict arose or was intensified

a. Military dictatorship in Chile under Pinochet

b. Military dictatorship in Spain under Francisco

c. Military dictatorship in Uganda under Idi Amin Period 6 (1900-Present) Study Guide 7

D) Briefly describe the following movements and how they used violence against civilians to achieve political aims

a. IRA (Irish Republican Army)

b. Al-Qaeda

6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society and Cultur

6.3.1 States responded in a variety of ways to the economic challenges of the 20th century

A) In the communist states of Soviet Union and China, governments controlled their national economies

a. Describe how Stalin used the 5 Year Plans to control the Soviet economy

b. Describe how Mao Zedong used the Great Leap Forward to control the Chinese economy

B) At the beginning of the century in the USA and parts of Europe, government played a minimal role in the national economy. With the Great Depression, governments began to take a more active role in the economy. Briefly describe how the following showed government involvement.

a. The New Deal in the USA

b. Fascism in Italy

C) In the newly independent states after World War II, governments often took on a strong role in guiding economic life to promote development.

a. Briefly describe how the Nasser in Egypt promoted economic development in Egypt.

D) At the end of the 20th century, many governments encouraged free market economic policies (gov stays out of economy) and promoted economic liberalization. Briefly describe how each of the following promoted laissez faire Period 6 (1900-Present) Study Guide 8 a. USA through Ronald Reagan

b. Britain under Margaret Thatcher

c. China under Deng Xiaoping

d. Chile under Pinochet

6.3.2 State, communities, and individuals became increasingly interdependent, a process facilitated by the growth of institutions of global governance (international organizations)

A) Briefly describe the international organizations that formed to maintain world peace. Note the timing, strengths and weaknesses.

a. League of Nations

b. United Nations

B) Economic institutions sought to spread the principles and practices associated with free market economics throughout the world. Briefly describe the following:

a. International Monetary Fund (IMF)

b. World Bank

c. World Trade Organization (WTO)

C) Humanitarian organizations developed to respond to crises throughout the world. Briefly describe the following:

a. UNICEF

b. The Red Cross Period 6 (1900-Present) Study Guide 9

c. Amnesty International

d. Doctors without Borders

e. World Health Organization (WHO)

D) Regional Trade agreements created regional trading blocs designed to promote the movement of capital (money) and goods across national borders. For the following, note the participants in each and the goal of each

a. ASEAN (Association of SouthEast Nations)- organization of 10 nations in SE Asia formed in 1967 in order to promote economic and political stability in the region through collaboration among the members. Following slow start after Vietnam War grew in 1970s. Reduced internal tariffs and encouraged foreign investments by limiting restrictions

b. European Union

c. NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)-

E) How do the following provide examples of Movements throughout the world protested the inequality of environmental and economic consequences of global integration (coming together).

a. Greenpeace

b. Earth Day

6.3.3 People conceptualized society and culture in new ways; some challenged old assumptions about race, class, gender, often using new technologies to spread reconfigured traditions.

A) The notion of human rights gained traction throughout the world. How do these illustrate that notion?

a. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights Period 6 (1900-Present) Study Guide 10

b. Women’s rights

c. End of White Australia Policy- policy of restricting all non-Europeans from moving (emigrating to) Australia. This policy was put in place to especially restrict Chinese and later Japanese –great example of racism in Oceania. After WWII there was a move to encourage new people to Australia to bolster the population. Government dismantled program, officially ending in 1973.

B) Increased interactions among diverse peoples sometimes led to the formation of new cultural identities and exclusionary reactions

a. New Cultural Identity: Mix of African and French cultures = Negritude was a literary movement in the 1930s -50s starting in France that was influenced by the Harlem Renaissance in New York. The movement was begun by French speaking Africans (think Imperialism in North and West Africa) who wanted to examine western values and reassess those in relation to African culture. They wanted to glorify black pride and warned against assimilation to western culture, but rather look to own African animistic culture for guidance.

b. How were the following examples of exclusionary reactions? (to exclude-to keep out-to keep separate)

b.i. Race riots in USA in 1960s

b.ii. Citizenship restrictions-Examples: White Australia Policy, US restrictions

6.3.4 Popular and consumer culture became global

A) Sports were widely practices and reflected national and social aspirations. How do the following examples show global and national goals? (think about early restrictions of these and a change over time to include more people esp in b & c)

a. World Cup Soccer

b. The Olympics

c. Cricket Period 6 (1900-Present) Study Guide 11 B) Changes in communications and transportation technology enabled widespread(global) diffusion of music and film. What is the origin of each of the following? Culture/values spread? Media used?

a. Reggae

b. Bollywood