Biology Final Study Guide, Semester 2 2013

Biology Final Study Guide, Semester 2 – 2013

 Know the stages of the cell cycle and what happens at each stage.

 Know that the rates of cell division in eukaryotes vary greatly within an organism from each type of cell.

 What limits the maximum size of a cell?

 What does the process of mitosis and cytokinesis produce?

 What is cytokinesis?

 What stage does the process of organizing and condensing DNA into its compact form?

 The group of proteins that organizes and condenses long strands of DNA into tight coils.

 Know the phases of mitosis and what happens at each stage.

 Know the difference between sex cells and somatic cells.

 Know the difference between haploid cells and diploid cells.

 Know that there are 46 chromosomes in the human genome and 23 chromosomes in a human sex cell/germ cell/gamete.

 What does a person receive from their parents genetically? EX: chromosomes

 Know the process of meiosis.

 Know what happens to the sex cells at fertilization.

 Know what homologous chromosomes are.

 Know the difference between Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

 What does an egg contribute to the embryo that a sperm does not contribute?

 Know the difference between a genotype and phenotype.

 Know that Mendel determined individual traits are inherited as discrete units. Be able to give an example of this.

 What made Mendel so successful in genetic research?

 Mendel concluded that there are two copies of each gene. In sexual reproduction who gives you each of the two copies (alleles)?

 Know the difference between genotype and phenotype.

 What is a genome?

 Be able to compare Homozygous vs. Heterozygous

 Be able to compare Dominant vs. Recessive  What is a Punnett square? How does it work? What do the boxes inside represent?

 Know probability and Punnett squares.

 Be able to compare a Monohybrid cross vs. dihybrid cross

 Know that when Mendel worked with dihybrid crosses he concluded that different traits are inherited separately.

 Know the process of crossing over.

 Know what a linked gene is.

 Know the difference between autosomal chromosomes vs. sex chromosomes

 Know what a carrier is.

 Know what sex-linked genes are.

 Are sex-linked recessive genes expressed the same in males and females? Why or why not?

 Be able to compare Incomplete dominance vs. codominance. Be able to give an example of each.

 What is a polygenic traits? Know that many traits are polygenic.

 Sex linked disorders vs. autosomal disorders

 What is a pedigree chart?

 Know nucleotide base pairs. A, C, T, G (know they are named for the nitrogen-containing base)

 Which bases pair up?

 Know the complementary base sequences DNA to DNA or DNA to RNA

 What is a double helix? Who discovered the double helix?

 What holds base pairs together on the double helix? What kind of bond?

 Know the process of replication, transcription and translation. What do these processed create? How?

 Know the central dogma of molecular biology.

 What is the main function of DNA polymerase?

 What happens directly after a DNA molecule is unzipped?

 What does it mean when we say that DNA replication is semiconservative?

 When replicating DNA how are errors detected and fixed?

 What is the main function of tRNA?

 What happens after RNA polymerase recognizes the transcription start site of a gene?  What is a codon?

 How many amino acids are used to make up all of the proteins in the human body?

 Where does translation occur?

 When do most mutations take place?

 Know the different kinds of mutations. Silent, Frameshift, Point mutation

 What are some examples of a mutagen (something that can cause a mutation to occur?)

 Know what a restriction enzyme is and how it is used.

 Know what sticky ends are.

 Know how/why gel electrophoresis is used.

 Know what a clone is and an example.

 Know these terms: recombinant DNA, genetic engineering, transgenic

 Know individual vs. population vs. community

 What is a species?

 Know the theories of uniformitarianism vs. catastrophism vs. gradualism

 What is evolution?

 Know adaptation vs. variation

 Know natural selection vs. artificial selection vs. descent with modification vs. fitness

 What is suggested by the similarity of early embryos of different species of vertebrates?  Know gene pool, allele frequency, gene flow, hybridization, recombination, genetic drift, sexual selection, founder affect, bottleneck effect

 Know disruptive selection vs. stabilizing selection vs. directional selection

 What is the measure of how commonly a particular allele occurs in a population? (Answer: Allele Frequency)

 The normal shuffling of alleles during meiosis results in this….

 Know intrasexual selection vs. intersexual selection

 Know speciation: temporal vs. behavioral vs. geographic