Wimax09 Paper Related to Applications and Services, Deployment and Regulations

WiMax09 Paper – Related to applications and Services, Deployment and Regulations

WiMAX – Greener Technology Good news is it is mostly true that environmental effects of technology have gotten better with Despite Seemingly Endless newer versions and standards. So our assumption Interoperability! is that WiMAX would eventually come out as greener technology while having lesser impact Abstract: on the normal biological activities of worldly From the onset of the human civilization humans species including humans. relied on communication yelling, lighting fire, beating drums and even using birds. It is the Now we will review the main concerns for evolution of communication skills that made regulations of the existing base stations and their humans one of the best species though they lack enormous growth throughout the world to many natural instincts and abilities of other support the last mile in PCS bringing broadband species. The advent of technology and to every hand held devices, laptops or home evolutionary revisions gave humans visions and entertainment devices. missions beyond ordinary human limitations. The PCS using WiMAX, G3, G4 technology has Let us review 'What Is WiMAX?' empowered many citizens around the world WiMAX stands for Worldwide providing sense of security, entertainment and Interoperability for Microwave Access. professional advantage while staying in touch WiMAX is a wireless metropolitan-area network with family and friends. But everything has pros standard primarily for broadband internet access. and cons and so the use of PCS using the WiMAX provides an alternative internet wireless electromagnetic spectrums covering Earth with access technology to broadband cables and additional electromagnetic waves especially digital subscriber lines (or DSL). WiMAX more in densely populated places where the use networks enable a variety of options for is also the most. This paper will present a broadband connections. WiMAX networks are comparative review of existing base stations and essentially a larger version of a Wi-Fi network. cell phones technological requirements and related concerns in the light of the promise of WiMAX

Introduction Like all other industry the benefit of the doubt is always given to the cell phone industry, in this case, because of related economic activities and job creation. Thus most studies of the real effects of placing base station antennas hidden in neighbourhoods, behind signs and trees remain incomplete, inconclusive or conflicting citing lack of scientific proof. The question is what is scientific proof when it comes to complex human Fig. 1 WiMAX networks provide wireless body, environment and physio-psychological connection to the internet via base stations and analysis of most species? If we become really access points [2]. (courtesy – Tom Lecklider, honest to ourselves it would be obvious that our Evaluation Engineering) scientific proofs are limited to the availabilities and effectivities of our testing equipments which The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it are the real food for the analysis by trained suitable for the following potential applications: human brains we call scientists. But the report • Connecting Wi-Fi hotspots to the Internet. that ultimately comes out of industry or • Providing a wireless alternative to cable and government to press is after political and DSL for "last mile" broadband access. economical filtering making honest tests and • Providing data and telecommunications concerns for true effects conflicting the other services. reports. This is true in most other cases as well • Providing a source of Internet connectivity as be it cigarette smoking, alcohol, X-Rays, part of a business continuity plan. That is, if a Medicines or global warming! business has a fixed and a wireless Internet connection, especially from unrelated providers, Author: Deepak Sarkar, 1 Member IEEE, 844 Royal Oak Ave, Victoria, BC V8X 3T2, Canada; Tel: 250-412-2896; E-Mail: [email protected] WiMax09 Paper – Related to applications and Services, Deployment and Regulations they are unlikely to be affected by the same electromagnetic fields that illuminate part or the service outage. whole body and surrounding environment where • Providing portable connectivity. millions of species maintain delicate echo system. That is the main fear of unknown effects WiMAX promises greener technology of invisible rays! WiMAX World EMEA 2008 [4] exhibitors and sponsors with WiMAX related news/products People used to look for all health related seemed committed to reduce the environmental assurances from World Health Organization impact of their network infrastructure on the (WHO) but WHO’s statement about the environment while allowing more flexibility in radiations effects seem to resonate with industry their network deployments. and some Government agencies which cautiously make neutral statements leaving citizens at the At WCA [5] Silicon Valley Symposium, Nov. 4- mercy of false assurances! 6, 2008, San Jose, CA, Green Technology was one of the featured topics! Here is WHO’s general conclusion in relation to WiMAX and Health: Eltek Valere [6] has developed a new, “ Considering the very low exposure levels and environmentally friendly way to power 3G/4G research results collected to date, there is no WiMAX networks. The Flatpack2 Power System convincing scientific evidence that the weak RF reduces power consumption, lowering signals from base stations and wireless networks environmental impact. cause adverse health effects.”

Eltek has done its research to show why green This is not a researched statement from WHO power makes sense for the wireless industry. The but the old Power Line Utility Company’s claim U.S. wireless industry alone uses more than five regarding radiation effect despite many known billion units (1 unit = 1 kWh) of power per year. cancer cases around the world including The by-product of generating all that power is 4 Washington D.C. School near Power Line. million tons of CO2 greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. Additionally, seventy What this kind of ambiguous irresponsible percent of operator expenses go to powering statement from WHO undermines is that in network equipments. essence WiMAX could be better in radiation control than existing technologies if and only if The use of AC-to-DC power systems causes a lot properly implemented following guidelines. of energy to be wasted, because conversion efficiency is very low resulting in between 8 and The irony of denial of radiation effects only 15 percent of power being wasted — equalling insults the victims around the world and 750 million units and 600 thousand tons of humiliates many definitive studies done with unnecessary waste each year. honesty which suggest otherwise!

There are about 200,000 base stations in the Facts encouraging public concerns U.S., requiring an average of 5000 energy units The number of scientists warning manufacturers, to operate, with about 1500 units wasted. The the media, and governments of the health Flatpack2 system is expected to reduce this dangers caused by electromagnetic pollution is power loss significantly. continually increasing. This has now reached the point where the Cellular Telecommunications Why people are worried despite welcoming Industry Association will start publishing this new technology? information on the amount of radiation that enters users' heads when they use various Tools though can be useful but often result in wireless phones by requiring manufacturers to unexpected hazards causing injury which is true submit data -- called SAR's for "Specific for most tools including vehicles and guns. That Absorption Rate" of radiation. The information is why people learn to take safety precautions will be included in the product literature inside and follow Government regulations to cell phone packaging. The reason for the avoid/minimize danger. But unlike other tools publication of SAR's on the packaging of cellular people have no control over radiated phones is due to the growing public pressure on Author: Deepak Sarkar, 2 Member IEEE, 844 Royal Oak Ave, Victoria, BC V8X 3T2, Canada; Tel: 250-412-2896; E-Mail: [email protected] WiMax09 Paper – Related to applications and Services, Deployment and Regulations cell phone safety. George Carlo, a public health independent studies find worrisome results researcher who spearheaded a three-year, $27 which often are ignored/refutated by industry to million research program for the cellular guard their investments and by Government telephone industry on possible health risks agencies for political advantage! associated with such devices said in his report that the radio frequency radiation from wireless Their main argument is based on the claim that phone antennae "appears to cause genetic Radio Frequency (RF) does not have sufficient damage in human blood," while another case energy to damage cell structures. study uncovered a "statistically significant Thus, the RF energy [1] is considered as "non- increase" in neuro-epithelial brain tumours ionizing". Non-ionizing radiation (NIR) is a among cell phone users. general term for certain parts of the electromagnetic spectrum with energies that are Here are the suspected effects of exposure to too weak to break atomic bonds. They include intensive levels of high frequency extremely low frequency (ELF) fields, electromagnetic energy: radiofrequency and microwave (RF/MW) fields, • Loss of memory, infrared radiation, visible light and ultraviolet • Parkinson's, Alzheimer, Leukemia, (UV) radiation. • Headaches and brain tumours As non-ionizing radiation cannot break chemical "The public wants to know, and a couple of bonds, the general assumption is that there is no months ago a blue ribbon panel set up by the similarity between the biological effects of British government said outright this information non-ionizing radiation and ionizing radiation should be on the box. So there is growing (such as x-rays). pressure worldwide to make this information available to consumers," But human diseases and abnormal -Louis Slesin, editor and publisher of Microwave behaviours/functions of certain body parts may News speaking to CNN. not necessarily require breaking of the chemical bonds although may be an effect of long term Most industry and Government Organization exposure inflicted by nearby base stations or a including World Health Organizations base their cell phone too close to body tissue! studies of safety based on Specific Absorption Rate of Radiation (SAR) of human tissue of Leukemia contributes about one third of all radiated electromagnetic fields inside the human cancers in children below the age of fifteen but body. the causes of which are mostly unknown.

In Britain National Recording Preservation Board (NRPB) [8] has confirmed long-standing Powerwatch claims that many of the base stations that irradiate the public with the highest levels of microwaves are being put up without any need for public or council consultation.

These are wall-mounted and lamp-post antennas that come under a "de minimis" planning loophole which basically means if they aren't too Fig. 2 Shows a SAR test setup. The plastic visible then the mobile phone operators can just sphere is filled with a liquid formulated to put them up following a 28 day "notice of simulate the RF absorption characteristics of a installation" sent to the local council. Many in human head [7]. (Courtesy – Tom Lecklider, Councils do not even record these on their Evaluation Engineering) register of mobile phone base stations. But SAR test alone cannot answer all other The full expression is "de minimis non curat effects on the vital chemical reactions inside the lex", a Latin phrase that means "the law does not body which enables effective communications care about very small matters". This shows among various body parts as well as maintains contempt for public concerns about adverse and enhances memory! Thus various Author: Deepak Sarkar, 3 Member IEEE, 844 Royal Oak Ave, Victoria, BC V8X 3T2, Canada; Tel: 250-412-2896; E-Mail: [email protected] WiMax09 Paper – Related to applications and Services, Deployment and Regulations health effects, as victims do not consider being irradiated as "a very small matter". Volume of cell phones around the world has been increasing exponentially as more and more Tenfold Increase in Probability for Women countries are embracing the convenience of new getting Cancer? technologies in bringing people together. But the ▪ A 2004 study in Israel [9], published in the environmental concerns due to short life span of International Journal of Cancer Prevention, cited a model (approx. 18 months on average) are 10 times increased risk for women developing being compensated by the rise of recycling cancer in the group of 622 people who lived companies like ReCellular [3] which collected within 350 metres of a 10 metre high GSM estimated 4 million cell phones in 2007 and mobile phone mast compared with a group of successfully converting them to reconditioned 1222 women who lived further away from the handsets and accessories while recycling one (1) mast (with similar housing, lifestyles, etc). million pounds of materials in 2007 reclaiming: • Gold, silver and palladium from circuit boards German Study - FREIBURGER APPEAL [10] • Copper wiring from phone chargers ▪ Several thousand qualified German doctors • Nickel, iron, cadmium and lead from battery have signed the "Freiburger Appeal". This states packs their experience that a wide range of symptoms • Plastic from phone cases and accessories and conditions have increased in incidence in the last few years and they are convinced it is Concerns in Taiwan: pulsing microwave pollution from cell-phone A group of lawmakers from the ruling and systems that are causing these opposition camps urged the government to problems including: impose strict controls on the erection of WiMAX • Learning, concentration and base stations, which they said pose a greater risk behavioural disorders; to the health of those living nearby since • Blood pressure fluctuations; WiMAX base stations will be more powerful • Heart rhythm disorders; than cell phone base stations in transmitting • Brain-degenerative diseases and electromagnetic radiation. epilepsy; • Various cancers; Taiwan Environmental Protection Union also • Headaches and migraines; warned against WiMAX citing that some 20 • Chronic exhaustion; inner agitation; residents in Tainan City diagnosed with cancer • Sleeplessness, disturbed sleep and are victims of electromagnetic radiation released daytime sleepiness; by cell phone base stations. • Tinnitus like symptoms; and • Rashes and redness skin inflammation However, officials from the Environmental problems. Protection Administration (EPA) and the Industrial Development Bureau (IDB) under the What makes technology greener? Ministry of Economic Affairs were reserved • Less overall power needed for production about their concerns over the negative health • Less overall power consumptions by the end effects of WiMAX. products • Less commuting for work which translates to Implementation in Japan: less fossil fuel burning Among worldwide controversies and suspicion • More time to care for the planet by individual Japan is spearheading nationwide citizens implementation using the BroadOne WX300 mobile WiMAX base station from Fujitsu, What makes technology environmentally among the smallest, most power-efficient in the friendly? industry designed to meet the global • Products use less toxic materials requirements for mobile WiMAX networks. • Disposable items are easily recyclable • Upward compatibilities of hardwares to There is fundamental difference between minimize waste WiMAX and traditional cellular. While the goal • None or minimum effects on humans and the of the traditional cellular telephone systems is to echo system provide a 9-dBi SNR or better everywhere with Author: Deepak Sarkar, 4 Member IEEE, 844 Royal Oak Ave, Victoria, BC V8X 3T2, Canada; Tel: 250-412-2896; E-Mail: [email protected] WiMax09 Paper – Related to applications and Services, Deployment and Regulations no dead spots and low multipath, the WiMAX 1. "Radiation, Mobile Phones, Base Stations and methodology requires the best average SNR over Your Health" by Prof Ng Kwan-Hoong, the coverage area with no dead spots and is much University of Malaya. less concern with multipath. Thus WiMAX 2. WIMAX AND HEALTH – L2, EMF deployments would require good optimization Explained Series, for best configuration to guarantee quality http://www.emfexplained.info/?ID=25133 broadband reception following environmental 3. ReCellular News, and ecological standards. http://www.recellular.com/about/news42.asp 4. Industry-Leading Vendors to Unveil Ground- WiMAX is quietly ramping up with strongest breaking WiMAX Products and Technologies at growth in the developing countries without much WiMAX World EMEA 2008, Business Wire Cable/DSL infrastructures and 3G technology 5. Green Technology, WiMAX Funding and [11]. Femtocells [12] for WiMAX, fully featured Deployment Among Featured Topics at WCA but very low power mobile phone basestations , Silicon Valley Symposium, would eventually equip people with broadband http://www.wcai.com/images/pdf/2008_wca10- capabilities without the need of Cable/DSL 16.pdf which is like having own in-house base station 6. Eltek Valere Intros Green Power Solution for with comparable radiation that people experience WiMAX Networks, from most common household electronic http://green.tmcnet.com/topics/green/articles/244 devices. WiMAX can be a DSL replacement [13] 58-eltek-valere-intros-green-power-solution- integrating the WiMAX chipset into the wimax-networks.htm femtocell giving users a totally wireless solution. 7. Happiness Is a Low-SAR Cell Phone, Tom Lecklider, Senior Technical Editor, Evaluation Finally, WiMAX (wireless broadband) can Engineering severely cut down on the wired infrastructures 8. Power Watch, Low Height High Power Base that crowd city streets causing inconveniences Station Scandal with messy digging during installations and 9. Ronni Wolf1,3 and Danny Wolf2, Increased repairments as well as wires hanging from Incidence of Cancer near a Cell-Phone neighbourhood poles. Thus WiMAX also Transmitter Station (pp. 123-128) equates to less copper usage throughout the 10. FREIBURGER APPEAL, Interdisciplinary world and less mining means more green Society for Environmental Medicine e. V., unspoilt nature. http://www.enviroproducts.com.au/pdf/freibruge rappeal .pdf Conclusion 11. WiMAX Macrocell Base Stion, WiMAX People must be conscious and worried about Industry, http://www.wimax- radiation effects on Earth because health is industry.com/ar/22p.htm wealth and good environment relates to 12. David Chamber, Think Femtocell, qualitative sustainability. But based on the http://www.thinkfemtocell.com/WiMAX/WiMA analysis in this short paper it can be the best X-femtocells-who-s-making-them.html educated conclusion that WiMAX technology 13. Simon Albury, 3-Way Networks, WiApps, would eventually be greener and echo system Innovative Wi-Fi, WiMAX and Wireless friendlier with coordinated conscious honest Applications, motivations, related practical effective http://www.eionwireless.com/blog/?p=27 regulations, pre-emptive on-going studies for revelations and appropriate corrections from Industry, Governments, and concerned private organizations. Some irresponsible/ignorant political decisions and by-laws, as in the case of Britain, only help a good technology suffer from unnecessary hostility and make technologists defensive! Only with united conscious efforts WiMAX could certainly make the 21st Century a Century of connectivity.

References: Author: Deepak Sarkar, 5 Member IEEE, 844 Royal Oak Ave, Victoria, BC V8X 3T2, Canada; Tel: 250-412-2896; E-Mail: [email protected]